The Digestive System
Pernicious anemia develops if there is a vitamin ________ deficiency. A. C B. B6 C. B12 D. D
B12
Where does the bicarbonate secreted by the pancreas come from? A. bicarbonate in the blood B. CO2 in the blood C. acini cells D. pancreatic islets
CO2 in the blood
Slow wave depolarization triggers depolarization of smooth muscle by opening voltage—gated ________ channels. A. K+ B. Na+ C. Ca2+ D. Ach
Ca2+
Slow waves of the intestine are conducted through what type of cells? A. gastric cells B. microflora cells C. SXR Cells D. Cajal cells
Cajal cells
Somatostatin is produced in the stomach by A. goblet cells. B. parietal cells. C. G cells. D. D cells.
D cells
Aminopeptidase and carboxypeptidase are classified as endopeptidases.
F
Bile is produced by the gallbladder.
F
Blood from the digestive organs enters general circulation and eventually reaches the liver for processing.
F
Colipase is secreted by the duodenum and functions in fat emulsification.
F
Digestion of starch starts in the stomach.
F
H+/K+ ATPase pumps transport H+ against its concentration gradient out of the lumen of the stomach while transporting K+ in the opposite direction.
F
Inhibiting hepatic function has no effect on blood clotting.
F
Inhibiting the actions of the parietal cells would stimulate protein digestion.
F
Low-density lipoproteins functions to remove and degrade cholesterol.
F
Most of the food is digested and absorbed through the wall of the stomach.
F
Paracrine regulators are part of the extrinsic regulation of the GI tract.
F
Parasympathetic antagonists would stimulate gastrointestinal motility.
F
Protein digestion would decrease if lactase were not present on the brush border.
F
Secretin stimulates chief cells to secrete pepsinogen.
F
Sympathetic nerve fibers can cause the release of HCl from parietal cells.
F
The appendix is a short, thin out-pouching of the ileum.
F
The first of the three phases of extrinsic control of gastric function is the gastric phase.
F
The gastrointestinal tract generates monomers from polymers by condensation.
F
The intrinsic regulation of the GI tract is conferred by the autonomic nervous system.
F
The superior portion of the esophagus contains smooth muscle in its wall.
F
____________ are hepatic phagocytic cells of the reticuloendothelial system. A. Hepatocytes B. Kupffer cells C. Langerhan cells D. Merkel's cells
Kupffer cells
Increased production of cytochrome P450 enzyme to break down hormones and drugs is mediated through the stimulation of what kind of receptor? A. specific anion receptor B. SXR receptor C. enterogastrone receptor D. enterokinase receptor
SXR receptor
Absorbed lipids are initially transported by the lymphatic system.
T
Absorptive cells of the gastrointestinal tract are located within the mucosa.
T
Active transport of Na+ into intestinal cells allows the osmosis of water.
T
Aldosterone affects salt and water absorption in the intestine.
T
An important function of the liver is producing ketone bodies from fatty acids.
T
Anemia often results due to a lack of intrinsic factor.
T
Bile is derived from cholesterol.
T
Chylomicrons are combinations of lipid and protein formed in intestinal epithelial cells.
T
Diarrhea often results when the osmolarity of the fecal matter in the colon is increased.
T
Excess use of antibiotics can kill the normal intestinal microflora, increasing inflammation by pathogenic bacteria.
T
Excessive amounts of porphyrin heme groups in the liver is toxic and called porphyria.
T
Exocrine secretions of the digestive system include enzymes and bicarbonate.
T
Fats are digested into fatty acids and glycerol.
T
GI tract hormones affect the organs that secrete them.
T
GIP both inhibits gastric motility and increases the release of insulin from the pancreas.
T
Gastric hydrochloric acid secretion is regulated through both negative and positive feedback mechanisms.
T
Histamine release will cause more acid to be released in the stomach.
T
Micelles, made of biles salts, have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions that allow them to emulsify fats and dissolve in water.
T
Normal levels of intestinal microbiota help protect us from pathogenic bacteria.
T
The brush border is a term used to describe the mucosa of the small intestine.
T
The intestinal microbiota have a mutualistic relationship with humans.
T
The lining of the intestine provides a physical barrier against microorganisms and their toxins.
T
The vagus nerve stimulates gastrin secretion during the cephalic phase of gastric function.
T
Triglycerides are remade in intestinal epithelial cells before combining with proteins to form chylomicrons.
T
Venous and arterial blood mix in a liver lobule.
T
Very-low-density lipoproteins are produced by the liver.
T
The movement of digested food into the blood or lymph is A. ingestion. B. deglutition. C. absorption. D. segmentation.
absorption
What is the function of enterokinase secreted by the brush border? A. activates the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin B. breaks down dipeptides C. causes the stomach to produce gastrin D. causes release of pancreatic digestive enzymes
activates the protein-digesting enzyme trypsin
What commonly ingested substances are absorbed through the stomach wall? A. water and alcohol B. antacid and water C. alcohol and aspirin D. penicillin and aspirin
alcohol and aspirin
What allows the intestinal microbiota to live in the large intestine? A. protection by innate and adaptive immune systems B. the anaerobic environment C. availability of nutrients D. All of the choices are correct.
all of the choice are correct
Exopeptidases include A. trypsin. B. aminopeptidase. C. elastase. D. chymotrypsin.
aminopeptidase
Acid chyme is buffered by __________ secreted from the pancreas. A. mucus B. bicarbonate C. ammonia D. urea
bicarbonate
As bile is produced, it drains into A. bile canaliculi. B. hepatic veins. C. the central vein. D. sinusoids.
bile canaliculi
Drugs such as Zantac and Tagamet help treat gastritis and ulcers by A. blocking H2—histamine receptors. B. blocking H1—histamine receptors. C. inhibiting proton pumps. D. killing bacteria.
blocking H2—histamine receptors
What substance is necessary for the hydrolysis of complex food molecules? A. specific enzyme B. acid C. water D. Both a specific enzyme and water are correct.
both a specific enzyme and water are correct
Which of the following zymogens is activated by trypsin in the small intestine? A. lipase B. carboxypeptidase C. ribonuclease D. amylase
carboxypeptidase
___________ is a principal bile acid. A. Chenodeoxycholic acid. B. Lactic acid. C. Uric acid. D. Both lactic acid and uric acid.
chenodeoxycholic acid
Pepsin would not be found in the stomach if the __________ cells were destroyed. A. goblet B. parietal C. D cells D. chief or zymogenic
chief or zymogenic
Bile salts are derivatives of A. sodium chloride. B. hemoglobin. C. bilirubin. D. cholesterol.
cholesterol
The stomach churns food into a pasty material called A. a bolus. B. chyme. C. chyle. D. saliva.
chyme
__________ is a condition in which large number of liver lobules are destroyed and replaced by permanent, scar-like connective tissue. A. Jaundice B. Hepatitis C. Cholecystitis D. Cirrhosis
cirrhosis
Free amino acids are absorbed into the blood stream by A. simple diffusion. B. cotransport with H+. C. facilitated diffusion. D. cotransport with Na+.
cotransport with Na+
Stress would cause GI motility and secretions to be A. increased. B. decreased. C. unchanged.
decreased
Atrophy of the pancreatic acinar cells occurs in response to A. increased gastrin secretion. B. decreased sympathetic stimulation. C. decreased cholecystokinin secretion. D. increased secretin secretion.
decreased cholecystokinin secretion
Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? A. store food B. kill bacteria C. digestion of most foods D. move chyme into the duodenum
digestion of most foods
Which of the following is NOT produced by the liver? A. hydroxylated steroid hormones B. uric acid C. digestive enzymes D. bilirubin
digestive enzymes
Most protein digestion occurs in the A. mouth and esophagus. B. stomach and duodenum. C. duodenum and jejunum. D. pancreas and duodenum.
duodenum and jejunum
Protection against atherosclerosis is believed to be associated with an A. elevated HDL-cholesterol. B. elevated LDL-cholesterol. C. elevated total cholesterol. D. elevated VLDL-cholesterol.
elevated HDL-cholesterol
What role do biles salts play in digestion? A. emulsify lipids for digestion by enzymes B. gives color to the feces C. needed for water reabsorption D. they play no role in digestion
emulsify lipids for digestion by enzymes
Peristalsis is regulated by the A. sympathetic nervous system. B. parasympathetic nervous system. C. enteric nervous system. D. somatic nervous system.
enteric nervous system
What provides intrinsic regulation of the GI tract? A. hormones B. autonomic nervous system C. enteric nervous system D. All of the choices are correct.
enteric nervous system
Histamine secretion by the stomach would be prevented by destruction of the A. D cells. B. G cells. C. chief cells. D. enterochromaffin-like cells.
enterochromaffin-like cells
What structure keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing? A. epiglottis B. laryngopharynx C. soft palate D. tongue
epiglottis
Sensory neurons within intestinal plexuses that travel in the vagus to the CNS are called A. extrinsic afferents. B. intrinsic afferents. C. paracrine regulators. D. myenteric afferents.
extrinsic afferents
Secretion of enterogasterone is stimulated by _____ in the chyme. A. protein B. acid C. glucose D. fats
fats
Which of the following is NOT a barrier to acid and pepsin damage in the stomach? A. adherent layer of mucus B. bicarbonate C. gap junctions between epithelial cells D. rapid turnover of epithelial cells
gap junctions between epithelial cells
Amino acids and peptides in the stomach lumen stimulate acid secretion during the ________ phase of gastric secretion. A. gastric B. cephalic C. hepatic D. intestinal
gastric
Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones is NOT secreted by the small intestine? A. secretin B. gastric inhibitory peptide C. gastrin D. cholecystokinin
gastrin
__________ stimulates ECL cells to secrete histamine which stimulates HCl release from parietal cells. A. Secretin B. CCK C. Gastrin D. Ghrelin
gastrin
_________________ is a disorder in which acidic gastric juice travels up the esophagus. A. Gastroenteritis B. Gastroesophageal reflux disease C. Pernicious anemia D. Gastritis
gastroesophageal reflux disease
Converting glucose into glycogen is the process of A. glycogenesis. B. glycogenolysis. C. gluconeogenesis. D. lipogenesis.
glycogenesis
__________ is secreted by the ileum and colon and stimulates intestinal secretion of Cl- thereby causing elimination of NaCl and water in the feces. A. Guanylin B. Motilin C. Serotonin D. Nitric oxide
guanylin
"Traveler's diarrhea" results when A. enterogastrone secretion is inhibited. B. gastrointestinal motility is stimulated by increased parasympathetic outflow. C. guanylin receptors in the ileum and colon are stimulated by enterotoxins. D. cholecystokinin secretion is inhibited.
guanylin receptors in the ileum and colon are stimulated by enterotoxins
The outer surface bulges of the large intestine are called A. crypts. B. cecum. C. haustra. D. colon.
haustra
Bile pigment is a derivative of A. heme group without iron B. iron C. globin part of hemoglobin D. cholesterol
heme group without iron
Bile is produced by A. Kupffer cells. B. gall bladder cells. C. hepatocytes. D. sinusoids.
hepatocytes
Which of the following may be beneficial in treating gastric ulcers? A. epinephrine B. histamine blockers C. gastric inhibitory peptide D. carboxypeptidase
histamine blockers
Which of the following processes is NOT a liver function? A. lipogenesis B. gluconeogenesis C. hydrolysis of sucrose D. glycogenolysis
hydrolysis of sucrose
Which of the following is NOT a function of intestinal microbiota? A. production of B vitamins B. ferment indigestible contents of the chyme C. production of vitamin K D. hydrolyze proteins
hydrolyze proteins
The __________ stimulates decreased gastric motility. A. gastroileal reflex B. GLP-1 reflex C. ileogastric reflex D. GIP reflex
ileogastric reflex
Vitamin B12 is primarily absorbed in the A. duodenum. B. jejunum. C. ileum. D. cecum.
ileum
The majority of hydrolysis of disaccharides occurs by the actions of enzymes found A. in the pancreatic juice. B. in the brush border of the small intestine. C. in saliva. D. in the gastric mucosa.
in the brush border of the small intestine
Secretion of insulin from the pancreas is increased in response to A. increased secretin. B. increased GIP. C. increased guanylin. D. increased gastrin.
increased GIP
Enterogasterone will _____ gastric function. A. stimulate B. inhibit C. have no effect on
inhibit
____________ is required for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12. A. Vitamin D B. Calcium C. Intrinsic factor D. Vitamin C
intrinsic factor
Which is NOT true of conjugated bilirubin? A. bilirubin is combines with glucuronic acid B. it is not water soluble C. it is converted into urobilirubin in the intestine D. it is produced in the liver
it is not water soluble
Clotting factors are produced by the A. liver. B. pancreas. C. stomach. D. duodenum.
liver
The enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates come from all of the following EXCEPT the A. pancreas. B. duodenum. C. liver. D. salivary glands.
liver
Which of the following is NOT part of the gastrointestinal tract? A. pharynx B. liver C. small intestine D. esophagus
liver
The enterohepatic circulation is between the _____ and _____. A. liver, stomach. B. liver, pancreas. C. liver, intestine. D. liver, gallbladder.
liver, intestine
Chewing of food is A. deglutition. B. mastication. C. peristalsis. D. segmentation.
mastication
Which of the following motility processes is NOT correctly matched to its description? A. peristalsis - rhythmic, wave-like contractions B. mastication - removal of wastes C. ingestion - taking food into the mouth D. deglutition - swallowing
mastication - removal of wastes
In which of the following areas does carbohydrate digestion occur? A. mouth and stomach B. duodenum and pancreas C. stomach and pancreas D. mouth and duodenum
mouth and duodenum
Damage to which tunic of the GI tract would directly affect Auerbach's plexus? A. mucosa B. submucosa C. muscularis D. serosa
muscularis
The mucosa of the esophagus is A. stratified cuboidal epithelium. B. pseudostratified columnar epithelium. C. simple columnar epithelium. D. nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Zymogens are inactive forms of __________ enzymes. A. stomach B. liver C. pancreatic D. small intestine
pancreatic
The enzyme with the most basic pH optimum is A. pancreatic lipase. B. pepsin. C. maltase. D. salivary amylase.
pancreatic lipase
Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium associated with A. peptic ulcers. B. hiatal hernia. C. acid reflux. D. pancreatitis.
peptic ulcers
Wavelike muscular contraction of the gastrointestinal tract is called A. peristalsis. B. segmentation. C. deglutition. D. mastication.
peristalsis
Which of the following is one of the phases of swallowing? A. pharyngeal B. peristalsis C. reflux D. segmentation
pharyngeal
The conjugation of nonpolar compounds in the liver makes them _____ and water _____. A. polar; soluble B. polar; insoluble C. cationic; soluble D. cationic; insoluble
polar; soluble
A _____________ has the following pattern of circulation: capillaries -> veins -> capillaries -> veins. A. portal system B. sinusoid C. lobule D. glomerulus
portal system
What is the function of Paneth cells of the small intestine? A. produce mucus B. divide by mitosis to make new mucosa cells C. produce lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides D. produce digestive enzymes
produce lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides
Inhibition of exocrine pancreatic secretions results in A. decreased insulin secretion following meals. B. decreased bile synthesis and secretion. C. production of an acidic chyme. D. stimulation of enterokinase activity.
production of an acidic chyme
The major stimulus for the secretion of HCl during the cephalic phase of gastric regulation is A. the smell of food. B. vagal stimulation of chief cells. C. release of histamine by ECL cells. D. vagal stimulation of parietal cells.
release of histamine by ECL cells
Which of the following is NOT a structure of the small intestine that increases its surface area? A. rugae B. villi C. plicae circularis D. microvilli
rugae
Place the tunics of the GI tract wall in the correct order from superficial to deep. A. submucosa, mucosa, serosa, muscularis B. mucosa, muscularis, submucosa, serosa C. serosa, submucosa, mucosa, muscularis D. serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
___________ are large capillary spaces separating hepatic plates. A. Hepatocytes B. Lobules C. Sinusoids D. Portal systems
sinusoids
What structure keeps food from exitting from the nose during swallowing? A. epiglottis B. nasopharynx C. soft palate D. tongue
soft palate
Bile is forced up the cystic duct through the closing of the A. sphincter of Oddi. B. lower esophageal sphincter. C. pyloric sphincter. D. ileocecal valve.
sphincter of Oddi
Which of the following is NOT true of 5-hydroxytryptamine? A. it is secreted by ECL cells of the intestinal mucosa B. stimulates intrinsic afferent to activate motor neurons for peristalsis C. stimulates secretion of Cl- and water D. All of the choices are not true.
stimulates secretion of Cl- and water
Which of the following is NOT an effect of CCK? A. stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice B. stimulates contraction of the gall bladder C. inhibits gastric motility D. stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in enzymes
stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice
Bicarbonate that protects the duodenum from peptic ulcers comes from all of the following EXCEPT: A. adherent layer of mucus B. Brunner's cells C. stomach D. pancreatic juice
stomach
Which tunic of the GI tract is very vascular and has many nerves and glands? A. mucosa B. submucosa C. muscularis D. serosa
submucosa
Why does the upper third of the esophagus have skeletal muscle in its wall? A. so you do not choke B. the first phase of swallowing is voluntary C. so that peristalsis can occur D. the first phase of swallowing is involuntary
the first phase of swallowing is voluntary
The acidic chyme entering the duodenum initiates all of the following actions EXCEPT: A. the intestinal phase of gastric function B. the release of serotonin from the duodenum C. the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas D. the release of bicarbonate into bile
the intestinal phase of gastric function
The liver will detoxify ammonia by converting it into A. uric acid. B. ammonium ions. C. urea. D. amino acids.
urea
Which of the following is NOT a major constituent of bile? A. cholesterol B. bilirubin C. urea D. lethecin
urea
Which of the following is NOT true about CCK (cholecystokinin)? A. released in response to fat and protein in the chyme B. stimulates the production of pancreatic digestive enzymes C. uses cyclic AMP as the second messenger to pancreatic acinar cells D. controlled through a positive feedback loop
uses cyclic AMP as the second messenger to pancreatic acinar cells
During the intestinal phase regulating gastric function A. the vagus nerve stimulates gastrin secretion. B. stomach distension stimulates acid secretion. C. vagal nuclei are stimulated by smelling food. D. gastric emptying is inhibited.
vagal nuclei are stimulated by smelling food
Damage to which of the following nerves would reduce GI secretions? A. glossopharyngeal nerve B. hypoglossal nerve C. vagus nerve D. phrenic nerve
vagus nerve
Cholesterol produced by the body is transported in the blood as A. high-density. B. low-density. C. very low-density. D. medium-density.
very low-density
The primary function of the large intestine is A. water and electrolyte reabsorption. B. mineral absorption. C. hormone degradation. D. degrading toxins.
water and electrolyte reabsorption
Pepsin would have the greatest activity A. immediately upon secretion into the stomach. B. immediately upon entering the duodenum. C. when the pH of the chyme is greater than 3. D. when the pH of the chyme is less than 3.
when the pH of the chyme is less than 3