The endocrine system

Aldosterone

"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys.

How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary?

0

is called a ligand

A small molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, usually a larger one

The posterior pituitary gland secretes

ADH

posterior pituitary produces

ADH and oxytocin

A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP

Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated.

Which of the following hormones contributes to the regulation of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance?

Anti diuretic hormone

What hormone do the c-cells secrete and what is the function of this hormone?

Calcitonin, decreasing the concentration of Ca2+ in the blood

Which of the following types of hormones bind to intracellular receptors, which act on the DNA to increase transcription?

Gonadal and Adrenocortical (steroid based hormones)

Which of the following hormones triggers liver, skeletal muscle and bone to produce Insulin-like growth factors which then stimulates cellular uptake of nutrients which are used to synthesize DNA and proteins needed for cell division? It also stimulates most cells to enlarge and divide but major targets are bone skeletal muscle.

Growth Hormone

Which of the following statements about insulin is true?

Insulin facilitates the movement of intracellular glucose transporters to the cell membrane.

Thyroid hormone contains the mineral

Iodine

adrenal gland (Suprarenal)

Located on top of the kidney consists of the adrenal cortex (outer portion) middle portion (adrenal medulla)

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels

adrenal medulla

Made up of chromaffin cells

thyroid hormone

Metabolic hormone. Produces in T3 and T4 and calcitonin

posterior pituitary gland

Neural tissue

Which of the following hormones are transported down the axons of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract to the posterior lobe of the pituitary?

Oxytocin and ADH

When blood calcium levels are low

PTH is released to stimulate osteoclasts

Which cells release a hormone which is responsible for inhibiting osteoclast activity, inhibiting the release of calcium from the bone matrix and stimulates calcium uptake and its incorporation to the maxtrix?

Parafollicular cells

What hormones do the chief cells produce?

Parathyroid hormones, stimulates bone tissue to release Ca2+ into the blood

The hormone melatonin is secreted from the

Pineal gland

Insulin (beta cells)

Protein that helps decrease blood glucose

Pancreas

Regulates the level of sugar in the blood (insulin and glucagon)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (tropic)

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

parathyroid glands

Stimulates osteoclasts to release calcium

Follicular cells from the thyroid secrete the hormone

T3 and T4

What hormones do the follicular cells secrete and what is their function?

T3 and T4, increasing basal metabolic rate

Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone?

TSH

The secretion of thyroid hormones is controlled by

TSH from the anterior pituitary

Cushing's disease is a disorder caused by

abnormally high levels of cortisol

Iodide ions cross from the bloodstream into follicle cells via ________.

active transport

Epinephrine

adrenaline

Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true?

all of the above: which are: It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx. The parathyroid glands are embedded within it. It manufactures three hormones

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

androgens

Chemical signaling that affects neighboring cells is called ________.

b. paracrine

luteinizing hormone (tropic)

causes ovulation; stimulates the secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum; causes the secretion of testosterone in the testes

What secretory cell type is found in the adrenal medulla?

chromaffin cells

hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

connects hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephrine

The production of melatonin is inhibited by

exposure to bright light

Which of the following can result from hyperparathyroidism?

fractures

Which of the following can result from the hyperparathyroidism?

fractures

anterior pituitary

glandular tissue

If an autoimmune disorder targets the alpha cells, production of which hormone would be directly affected?

glucagon

zona fasciculata

glucocorticoids (cortisol)

zona reticularis

gonadocorticoids (androgens)

Anatomically the parathyroid glands are located

in the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland

Glucagon (alpha cells)

increase blood glucose

nonepinephrine

increases heart rate, dilates and constricts certain blood vessels flight response

Anatomically, the hypothalamus is connected to the pituitary gland via the ________

infundibulum

The production of FSH by the anterior pituitary is reduced by which hormone?

inhibin

posterior lobe

is neural tissue derived from a downgrowth of brain

The adrenal glands are attached superiorly to which organ?

kidneys

zona glomerulosa

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

The hypothalamus is functionally and anatomically connected to the posterior pituitary lobe by a bridge of

nerve axons

A student is in a car accident, and although not hurt, immediately experiences pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and rapid breathing. What type of endocrine system stimulus did the student receive?

neural

Gonads

ovaries and testes

blood glucose levels are regulated by?

pancreas

What cells secrete melatonin?

pinealocytes

The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to ________.

prepare the breasts for lactation

adrenal cortex

produces corticosteroids (aldosterone and cortisol)

follicle

produces estrogen

Which of the following responses is not part of the fight or flight response

reduced mental activity

endocrine glands

secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

adrenal medulla

secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)

pineal gland

secretes melatonin

The gonads produce what class of hormones?

steroid hormones

Estrogen

stimulates development of female sex characteristics; helps regulate menstrual cycle

growth hormone (tropic)

stimulates growth of bones and muscles

ADH

stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water

Prolactin

stimulates milk production

Follicle-stimulating hormone (tropic)

stimulates production of ova and sperm

Testosterone

stimulates sperm production; develops male secondary sex characterstics

Progesterone

stimulates the uterus to prepare for pregnancy and breast development

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Tropic)

stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones

Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

Cortisol

stress hormone

When blood calcium levels are low, PTH stimulates ________.

the activity of osteoclasts

The development of a goiter indicates that ________.

there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles

The thymus secretes

thymosin

A newly developed pesticide has been observed to bind to an intracellular hormone receptor. If ingested, residue from this pesticide could disrupt levels of

thyroid hormone

T4

thyroxine

T3

triiodothyronine