The Endocrine System

Peptide hormone

Consists of chains of amino acids. these modules range from short amino acid chains.

Adrenal Medulla

Contains large, rounded cells similar to those found in other sympathetic ganglia.

Asthma, arthritis, and psoriasis

Corticosteroids are used to treat what ailments?

Second messenger

Functions as an enzyme activator or inhibitor, but the net result will be a change in the cells metabolic activities

Stress, infection, and changes in the fluid and minerals in blood.

How can hormone levels be influenced?

The pineal gland synthesizes melatonin which causes people to get tired, and the circadian rhythm is how deep people's sleep is.

How do you explain the relationship between the pineal gland and circadian rhythms

More heat is generated and body temperature rises when the metabolic rate increases.

How does the calorigenic effect of thyroid hormones help us adapt to cold temperatures?

Erythropoietin stimulates the production of red blood cells. The increase in the number of erythropoietin elevates blood volume.

How does the kidney hormone erythropoietin cause an increase in blood pressure?

Suppressing the immune system

In general, corticosteroids work by:

Pancreas

Lies in the J-shaped loop between the stomach and small intestines

Slowed growth

Long term use of a steroid inhaler by children can cause what side effect?

Injected

More serious side effects occur when steroids are

Adrenal Cortex

Produces more than two dozen different steroid hormones. these are vital

Ovaries. Located on either side of the uterus. They produce ova or eggs and the hormone estrogen.

What are the female reproductive glands? Where are they located? What do they produce?

Hormones and glands

What are the main parts of the endocrine system?

Testes. Located outside of body in scrotum. They produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.

What are the male reproductive glands? Where are they located? What do they produce?

The two hormones may have opposing or antagonistic affects, have additive or synergistic effects, and produce different but complementary effects in specific tissues and organs. One hormone may have a permissive effect on the other, the first hormone is needed for second to produce its effects.

What are the possible results when a cell receives instructions from two different hormones at the same time?

They control the pituitary gland by producing chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions from the pituitary.

What do the nerve cells in the hypothalamus control?

Controls flow of energy and your body during stressful situations. It releases adrenaline.

What does the adrenal gland control?

It is the master gland and controls all of the other endocrine glands

What does the pituitary gland control?

Growth hormones and helps a mother produce milk when she has a baby.

What does the pituitary gland produce?

Regulates body's pace- fast or slow. It determines how much calcium in blood and bones.

What does the thyroid gland do?

It produces the hormone thyroxine and controls the rate as which food is turned into energy, body temperature, hunger, and thirst.

What does the thyroid gland produce and control?

The hypothalamus produces regulatory hormones. Release/inhibit hormones.

What hypothalamus control mechanisms are used to effect endocrine activity in the anterior pituitary?

Iodine

What is a dietary ingredient necessary to make thyroxine?

Progesterone

What is a hormone involved in secondary sex characteristics in females?

Testosterone

What is a hormone involved in secondary sex characteristics in males?

Leptin

What is a hormone produced by adipose cells?

Progesterone

What is a hormone that prepares the body for pregnancy?

Aldosterone

What is a hormone that prevents the loss of sodium ions?

Cortisol

What is a steroid hormone that reduces inflammation?

Endocrine

What is a type of gland that secretes hormones into the blood?

Prednisone

What is the best known corticosteroid?

Thymus

What is the gland involved with the immune system?

Insulin

What is the hormone that lowers blood glucose levels?

Glucagen

What is the hormone that raises blood glucose levels?

Insulin injection

What is the treatment for diabetes type 1?

Metformin

What is the treatment for diabetes type 2?

1. Secretes regulatory hormone that control the activties of endocrine cells in the pituitary glands. 2. Acts as an organ to release hormones into the circulation at the posterior pituitary. 3. Contains autonomic centers that control the endocrine cells of the adrenal medullae through sympathetic divison.

What three mechanisms does the hypothalamus use to regulate the activities of the nervous and endocrine systems?

Adrenal glands

Where are natural corticosteroids produced?

Right on top of kidneys

Where is the adrenal gland located?

It is located below the stomach. It produces insulin and controls your metabolism. If it is not working, you may have a problem digesting and controlling sugar intake.

Where is the pancreas located? What does it produce and control? What happens if it is not working?

Right under the brain

Where is the pituitary gland located?

The thymus is located right in front of the heart. It is more active right before puberty. It works with the immune system. If it is not working, it does not reject germs and it lets them into the body.

Where is the thymus located? What does it work with? What happens when it is not working?

Below the voice box

Where is the thyroid gland located?

The adrenal glands need time to start producing natural hormones.

Why is it necessary to slowly stop the use of steroids, rather than abruptly stoping?

Hypothalamus

A collection of specialized cells that is located in the lower central part of the brain, it's the primary link between the endocrine and nervous system.

Endocrine System

A system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone to regulate the body. It is an information signal system.

Target

After a hormone leaves a gland, it travels to a(n) ?

General Adaption Syndrome

All stressors produce the same basic pattern of hormonal and physiological adjustments. It is the stress response

Hypophyseal Portal System

Portal systems ensure that all the blood entering the portal vessels will reach the intended target cells before returning to the general circulation

First messenger

Target receptors on the cell membrane.

Pancreas

The ? Is both an endocrine organ and an exocrine organ.

Hormones

The body's chemical messengers, transfer info and instructions from one set of cells to another. Each one affects only the cells that are programmed to receive and respond to its message.