The heart and blood vessels Test 5

What valves are associated with deoxygenated blood? And the oxygenated blood?

deoxygenated are tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve oxygenated are bicuspid valve and aortic valve

trabeculae carneae

internal ridges in both ventricles

pectinate muscles

is the anterior right atrial wall has internal muscular ridges.

Where is the heart located?

it is located between the lungs in the mediastinum.

papillary muscles

located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves.

What mechanisms assist the venous return?

one-way valves, skeletal muscle contractions, pressure changes during breathing

chordae tendineae

(tendinous cords), colloquially known as the heart strings, are tendon-resembling fibrous cords of connective tissue that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart.

What vessels carry oxygenated blood toward the heart?

4 pulmonary veins

What is a vascular sinus, such as the coronary sinus? (The definition is in the Chapter 10 Blood Vessels)

A vascular (venous) sinus is a vein with a thin endothelial wall that has no smooth muscle to alter its diameter. Coronary sinus Receives blood from the following veins and delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium. great cardiac vein middle cardiac vein small cardiac vein anterior cardiac vein

What is the external feature that is located between the two ventricles?

Anterior interventricular sulcus - Separates two ventricles anteriorly. Posterior interventricular sulcus - Separates two ventricles posteriorly.

Which valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle?

Aortic valve

What are the apex and the base of the heart?

Apex - is the lower, pointed end to the left, 5th intercostal space. Base - is the broader, upper portion.

Compare and contrast between arteries and veins.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and veins carry oxygen-poor blood back from the body to the heart. Veins have the same essential three layers as the arteries. Veins have valves Veins have a larger lumen than arteries. Veins lack the external or internal elastic laminae. Arteries have high pressure. Arteries no wall

What vessels make up the microcirculation?

Arteries, capillaries, venules

What is pericardial fluid and where is it located?

Between the two inner visceral layers is the pericardial cavity that contains pericardial fluid, a lubricating fluid that reduces friction between the layers as the heart moves.

What regulates the blood flow through a capillary?

Blood flow through the capillary beds is controlled by precapillary sphincters to increase and decrease flow depending on the body's needs and is directed by nerve and hormone signals.

What vessels permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids?

Capillary

What structure drains all the cardiac veins?

Coronary sinus

What is the external feature that is located between the atria and ventricles?

Coronary sulcus - Separates atria from ventricles.

What is the serous pericardium?

Deeper layer thinner, more delicate membrane. Consists of two layers: Outer parietal layer, fused to fibrous pericardium and Inner visceral, layer or epicardium.

What arteries function as a pressure reservoir? And as distributing arteries?

Elastic arteries act as pressure reservoir Muscular arteries are distributing arteries

Which is more serious: a blockage in an end artery or in anastomosis?

End artery

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

It permits blood to flow one way only, from the left atrium into the left ventricle This valve is more commonly called the mitral valve because it has two flaps (cusps) and looks like a bishop's miter or headdress.

What is the fibrous pericardium?

Outer layer which prevents overstretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors the heart in the mediastinum.

What vessels carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs?

Pulmonary trunk and arteries

Which valve prevents backflow of blood into right ventricle?

Pulmonary valve

What are the first paired vessels to branch from the aorta?

Right and left coronary arteries

Which is the heart's natural pacemaker?

Sinoatrial (SA) node - initiates each heartbeat and thus is the heart's natural pacemaker

What is the correct order as the conduction system of the heart?

Sinoatrial (SA) node - initiates each heartbeat and thus is the heart's natural pacemaker. atrioventricular (AV) node atrioventricular (AV) bundle or bundle of His right and left bundle branches Purkinje fibers

What vessels carry deoxygenated blood to the heart?

Superior vana cava Inferior vana cava Coronary sinus

What vessels carry blood to the heart? (right and left)

Superior vana cava from the head and arms. Inferior vana cava from the abdomen and legs. 4 pulmonary veins.

What blood vessels deliver blood to the right atrium?

Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus

At rest, what type of vessels contains the largest portion of blood?

Systemic veins and venules contain, at rest, about 64% of the blood volume and are therefore called blood reservoirs.

What vessel carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body?

The Aorta

What vessels carry blood away from the heart? (right and left)

The Aorta, arteries (red) carry oxygen and nutrients away from your heart The pulmonary trunk and arteries

What is the inner endocardium layer composed of?

The inner endocardium layer is composed of connective tissue covered by endothelium that is continuous with the endothelium of the blood vessels.

fossa ovalis- located in right atrium

The interior of the heart has an interatrial septum that separates the atria; this septum has an oval depression called the fossa ovalis.

What are the branches of the left coronary artery? And right coronary artery?

The left coronary artery (LCA), which divides into the left anterior descending artery and the circumflex branch, supplies blood to the heart ventricles and left atrium. The right coronary artery divides into smaller branches, including the right posterior descending artery and the acute marginal artery.

Which chamber of the heart has the thickest wall?

The left ventricle has the thickest walls because it needs to exert so much force to push blood around the systemic circuit.

The thickest layer of an artery is ________.

The middle layer, the tunica media

What is the outer epicardium layer composed of?

The outer epicardium layer is composed of mesothelium and connective tissue.

what is the left side of the heart associated with?

The right side of the heart is associated with the deoxygenated blood while left heart is with the oxygenated blood. In addition, Arteries carry the blood away from the heart while veins carry the blood back to the heart.

what is the thick, middle myocardium layer composed of?

The thick, middle myocardium layer is composed of cardiac muscle tissue.

Define anastomosis and end artery.

The union of branches of two or more arteries supplying the same body region is called an anastomosis; anastomoses provide alternative routes Arteries that do not anastomose are called end arteries; occlusion of an end artery interrupts the blood supply to the target tissue and may result in necrosis of that tissue.

Name 3 types of capillaries.

There are three main types of capillaries: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal

Which valve prevents backflow of blood into right atrium?

Tricuspid valve

What vessels supply oxygen and nutrients to the walls of large blood vessels?

Vasa vasorum

What are the functions of arterioles? What vessels are known as resistance vessels?

Very small branch of an artery that delivers blood to a capillary. Known as resistance vessels. regulating blood flow from arteries to capillaries regulating blood pressure Arterioles known as resistance vessels

aortic semilunar valve

act to prevent backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles during ventricular diastole and help maintain pressure on the major arteries. The aortic semilunar valve separates the left ventricle from the opening of the aorta.

pulmonary semilunar valve

are located at the connections between the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle, and the aorta and the left ventricle. These valves allow blood to be pumped forward into the arteries, but prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.

Which valve prevents backflow of blood into left atrium?

bicuspid valve

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

brings blood from all parts of the body inferior to the diaphragm.

superior vena cava (SVC)

brings blood from most parts of the body superior to the heart.

Define tunica internal, tunica media, and tunica externa.

inner tunica internal (intima) which consists of: endothelium basement membrane internal elastic lamina- make the layer. middle (thickest) tunica media which consists of: elastic fibers which provide compliance (i.e., distensibility) smooth muscle fibers outer tunica externa which consists of: primarily elastic and mainly collagen fibers and connecting tissue a less prominent external elastic lamina that contains the vasa vasorum in larger blood vessel

tricuspid valve

is one of the two main valves on the right side of your heart. Normally, the tricuspid valve has three flaps (leaflets) that open and close, allowing blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle in your heart and preventing blood from flowing backward.

coronary sinus

receives blood from most of the vessels draining the wall of the heart.

Blood flow through the heart, starting with superior vena cava, place the structures into the correct order: For example, SVC -> _______________ right ventricle ____________________ lungs left atrium ________________ aorta.

right atrium pulmonary trunk and arteries left ventricle

internal septum

separates the atria, this septum has an oval depression called the fossa ovalis.

Blood in the right atrium flows into the right ventricle through the ?

tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve)

Is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium also called epicardium?

yes