The Life Span Human Development for Helping Professionals Ch 4

working models

a mental representation of self, others and relationships. prototypes of social functioning that affect the child's expectations and behaviors in future relationships

easy babies (40%) (temperament style)

placid positive regular to rhythms less active easy to care for

disorganized-disoriented

attachment category babies who produce contradictory and bizarre behaviors in "Strange sit test" showing both an inclination to approach the mother when stressed and a tendency to avoid her when she approaches.

anxious ambivalent

attachment category babies show a great deal of distress on separation from their mothers and who act angry when reunited alternately approaching and resisting her or respond listlessly to her efforts to comfort do not explore room after

avoidant babies

attachment category babies who fail to cry when separated from mothers in a strange situation test. actively avoid or ignore her when she returns turning away.

still-face paradigm

baby in seat across from mother. mother interacts normally (baseline) then... mother becomes unresponsive as if baby wasn't there (still face episode) mother resumes normally (reunion episode)

other-directed coping behaviors

baby intensifies behaviours that usually "work" especially gazing intently at mother and vocalizing

ethologists

biologists who do careful observations of animal behavior in natural environments

safe haven

caregiver a source of comfort when distressed.

basic emotions

core affects that have old neurobiological underpinnings (Izard) -joy/happiness -interest -sadness, -anger, -disgust -fear biological reasons for these. disgust = not eat potential poisons etc

emotion regulation

cornerstone of emotional well being and positive adjustment. strategies and behaviors we use to moderate our emotional experiences to meet the demands of different situations and achieve goals

emotion schemas

the product of experience and culture including -memories -thoughts -images -non cognitive elements.

temperaments

different emotional and behavioral characteristics

differential susceptibility

difficult temperamental qualities such as high reactivity makes infants more susceptible to environmental influences in general

emotional intelligence

emotional IQ the ability to -perceive emotions -identify and understand their meaning -integrate them with other kinds of cognition

social referencing

emotional information given by caregivers to help child interpret situations that are ambiguous. "visual cliff"

differential emotions theory (DET)

emotions are universal naturally occurring phenomena mediated by evolutionary old sub cortical brain structures universally recognizable innate, basic emotions emerge within the first 2 to 7 months of post-natal life

difficult babies (temperament style) (10%)

fearful irritable active irregular less positive affect.

slow-to-warm-up babies (15%) (temperament style)

fearful wariness to new situations less intense and negative than difficult babies

high reactive

frequent vigorous limb activity high levels of muscle tension react irritably to sensory stimulation like new smells or sounds

insecurely attached

high levels of anxiety

oxytocin

hormone that is released in the hypothalamus and modulates the transmission of impulses. enhanced in pregnancy, labor, deliver and lactation. promotes physical proximity responsive care giving empathy affection

attention-persistence (infant trait aspect of temperamet)

length of uninterrupted orienting or attention to a single activity

separation anxiety

infant will protest being separated from the mother and will greet her happily when she returns

irritability or negative emotionality (infant trait)

infant's tendency to react with fussiness to negative or frustrating events

synchrony

infant-adult interactions characterized by repetitive-rythmic organization baby looks at mom, mom gazes back baby smacks her lips, mom may smack or smile

attachment theory

infants connection with the primary caregiver as his first attachment relationship... how it changes and what it means for the child's psychosocial life.

adult attachment inventory (AAI)

interview where adults describe memories of parenting they received and how they think it influenced their development. Then categorized as having 1 of 4 attachment styles: autonomous (secure) dismissing (insecure) preoccupied (insecure) unresolved (insecure)

reactive attachment disorder (RAD)

lack of ability to form affectional bonds with other people and a pattern of disturbed social relationships. occurs when a child receives grossly neglectful or pathological care in the early years

proximity maintenance

maintains proximity between infant and caregiver nurturing the emotional bond

securely attached

most babies are found to be. distress when separated from the mother (crying and trying to go after her) greet her upon her return and seek comfort go off and explore room

low reactive

opposite of high reactive

genetic vulnerability (diathesis-stress)

physiological makeup makes them more prone to negative effects of unsupportive parenting or stress

rhythmicity (infant trait)

predictability of sleep, feeding, elimination etc

self-conscious emotions

pride shame embarassment empathy guilt

secure base

protective resource as child develops and learns

self directed coping behaviors

self stimulate by rocking sucking rubbing hair

attachment as a system

serves 3 purposes (proxemity maintenence) maintains proximity between infant and caregiver nurturing the emotional bond (secure base) potential for on going protection (safe haven) haven for the infant when distressed ALL BABIES SEEM TO NEED THIS

behavioral inhibition

shyness

positive affect (infant trait)

smiling and laughing especially to social stimuli

Phineas Gage matrix

syndrome of cognitive dysfunctions such as -poor planning -poor decision making -inability to take another's perspective -problems in sustaining employment

fearfulness or reactivity (infant trait)

the infant's proneness to cry or pull away from new stimuli

activity level (infant trait)

the intensity and quality of movements

stranger anxiety

to be wary of strangers and to seek the comfort and protection of the caregiver when a stranger is present.

strange situation test

twelve month olds and their mothers brought to a room where the child experienced a series of eight 3 minute episodes each introducing changes in the social situation some of which were stressful (i.e. mother leaves baby with stranger) study the infant and what happens in each

limbic system

visceral brain or site of emotions

goodness of fit model

when adults provide care that is adjusted to the temperament of an infant, even difficult early temperaments are unlikely to lead to later adjustment problems.

basic trust

when care is timely sensitive to the infants needs consistently available

intergenerational transmission

when parents repeat with their children the patterns of trauma, rejection and maltreatment they experience with their parents