The Nile River Valley- UNIT 5 MS. Kohlmann 6th grade

To the Egyptians, the Nile was the "creator of all good" The Egyptians praised it in a hymn.

"you create the grain, you bring forth the barley, Assuring perpetuity (survival) to the temples. If you cease you toil and your work, Then all that exists is in anguish (suffering)"

levels of Ancient Egypt's social class

* Top: Pharaoh * 2nd Level: Priests and Nobles * 3rd Level: Scribes and Government Officials, Craftspeople and Merchants (skilled workers) * 4th Level: Farmers (unskilled workers) * Bottom (largest) level: Laborers and Slaves

from about 3100 BC to 332 BC a series of _____ ruled Egypt

30 dynasties

Embalmers would dry the dead body for

40 days, then wrap the person using hundreds of yards of linen.

The mummification process took about

70 days.

Sphinx

A mythical Egyptian beast with the body of a lion and the head of a human.

Papyrus

A reed that grew wild along Nile River in Egypt. They use the long thin reeds to weave rope, sandals, baskets, and river rafts, and produce coarse ( to make paper)

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies.

Hieroglyphics

An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas and sounds

Who could be mummified?

At first, only pharaohs could be mummified, but over time, religious views changed and anyone had the opportunity, if they could afford it.

why the ancients Egypt's structures survived?

Because Egypt has a hot, dry climate.

Why the Egyptians civilization developed peacefully?

Because they were protected by their physical environment. The Egyptians rarely faced the danger of invasion, due to the cataracts and the desert that isolated them and kept them from invaders.

What two rivers join in East Africa to form the Nile River?

Blue and White Nile

Who prepared the dead bodies for burial?

Doctors

Who was the people that permanent settlements were created by early groups who farmed the land and built villages along the Nile's banks.

Earliest Egyptians and Kushites

Nile area would be called

Egypt

Location of Nile River Valley

Egypt, Africa

Khufu

Egyptian pharaoh who built the great pyramid. It took 20 years to complete and is the largest pyramid in the world

how did Egyptians farm during the dry season?

Egyptians farmers irrigated their crops. They scooped out basins, or bowl-shaped holes, in the earth to store river water. Then they dug canals to extended from the basins to the fields, allowing water to flow to their crops.

The Egyptians developed the first functional calendar based off this.

Egyptians observed the star, Sirius, and how it returned to the same position in the sky every 365 days.

how did Egyptians farm?

Farmers planted wheat, barley, and flax seeds while the soil was still wet. Over time, they grew enough food to feed themselves and the animals they raised.

Anubis

God of the dead and mummification

The Nile River travels

It travels from Upper Egypt (south) to Lower Egypt (North)

the early Egyptians called their land

Kemet

The Nile Delta is called

Lower Egypt

Namer established a new capital

Memphis

what has been called the "lifeblood" of Egypt?

Nile River

The natural flow of the Nile's currents carried boats

North

Egyptians developed a writing system known as Hieroglyphs.

Over time, they went from about 700 to 6,000 symbols. They symbols represented sounds and whole words/phrases

Well known gods

Ra, Osiris, Isis , Anubis

The Nile borders the largest desert in the world

Sahara

Thutmose III

Stepson of Hatshepsut; considered a great pharaoh of the New Kingdom of Egypt.

The Blue Nile joins the White Nile in

Sudan

Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt

The Nile Delta is called Lower Egypt. The land upstream, to the south, is called Upper Egypt. United by Narmer

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, Center of government and culture along the Nile.

People marvel at Egyptians ruins located in present day- Egypt. These ruins include:

The enormous stone Sphinx

Giza Pyramids

The largest and best-preserved pyramids. Consists of the Pyramid of Khufu, the Pyramid of Khafre, the Pyramid of Menkaure and The Great Sphinx.

In the Nile river valley,we see the effect that water has on the landscape

The lush, green Nile valley and delta contrast sharply with the barren deserts that stretch out on either side of the river.

Nile Delta

The most fertile area of land in Egypt located end of the Nile River where it empties into the Mediterranean Sea

The earliest Egyptians moved into this narrow green river valley from less fertile areas.

They farmed and built villages along its riverbanks.

Fact of Nile River

This river is the longest in the world--about 4,000 miles long

After Hatshepsut disappearance, who tried to destroy all records of her existence?

Thutmose III

The discovery of which Pharaoh tomb was what made him very famous?

Tutankhamen

Who was the boy Pharaoh who returned Egypt to a polytheistic religion?

Tutankhamen

Narmer

United upper and lower Egypt

The land upstream to the South is called?

Upper Egypt

Egypt was made up of two large kingdoms

Upper and lower Egypt

Tutankhamen

a 10 year old pharaoh who ruled for nine years and then died unexpectantly; restored the old gods

Shadoof

a bucket attached to a long pole used to transfer river water to storage basins

Delta

a fan-shaped area of silt near where a river flows into the sea

Osiris

a god who judged Egyptians after death

The Nile Delta is a?

a large, triangular area along the Mediterranean Sea

The Nile was also

a major source of transportation. Egyptians would sail up and down the Nile to trade with one another.

Also government was necessary to develop

a process for storing and distributing grain during famines. And to solve conflicts over land ownership.

archaeologist

a scientist who learns about ancient people by studying the things they left behind.

The Nile flooded at the same time each year,

allowing farmers to predict when to plant crops.

Egyptians were polytheists

believing in many gods. They worshiped over 2,000 gods.

Nile River Valley

chronologically the second urban hearth, dating to 3200 BC

cataracts make traveling by ship along the Nile

difficult

Namer's kingdom lasted long after his death. The right to rule was passed from father to son to grandson. Such a line of rules from one family is called a

dynasty. When one dynasty died out, another took its place.

Protected from outside attacks by desert barriers, Egyptian farmers were able to ...

grow surpluses of food. (extra amounts of food)

Embalmers removed all the organs except for the

heart.

the early Egyptians lived

in the northern region of the Nile River Valley

the Blue Nile river begins

in the snowy mountains of eastern Africa.

The While Nile starts

in the tropics of central Africa.

what was good about the desert for the Egyptians

it kept the invaders outside

Why was the Nile River important to the Egyptians?

it was important to ancient Egyptians because it provided them with fertile soil and transportation of goods

Nile river importance

it was the most important factor in the development of ancient Egypt.

Kingdoms ruled by

king

Kemet

means "black lands" after the dark, rich soil

unique

one of a kind; different from all others

government was necessary to

oversee the construction, repair irrigation, ditched, dam, trade and farming.

Tools Egyptians developed to make their farming work easier

shadoof, geometry to measure the land, gathered papyrus.

so for government a group of villages merged to form

small kingdoms

The Egyptians took advantage of the region's winds patterns

so that they could travel and trade.

Egyptians doctors where the ones that performed

some of the world's first surgery. They used local herbs as medicine

Egyptians created shapes like

squares and triangles to serve as land boundaries. Every year, the Nile floods would wash away the land boundaries. Surveyors used precise geometric measurements to re-create the boundary lines. Egyptians viewed geometric shapes as sacred.

the change in landscape in Nile River can be so sudden that a person can

stand with one foot in fertile soil and one foot in barren sand

Catarcts

strong rapids where the Blue and White Nile join to form the Nile. A waterfall rapids in a River

If a grave robber stole,

that person's happiness in the afterlife would be taken away. This is why grave robbing was the most serious crime in ancient Egypt.

how did the ancient Egyptians depend on the Nile River to grow their crops?

the Mesopotamians controlled the floods of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to grow crops. Flooding in the Nile River was seasonal and consistent from year to year. So the floods were predictable. The Egyptians were ready and to take advantage of this cycle. When the water returned to their normal level in late fall, tick deposits of fertile soil remained.

As early as 5000 B.C. hunters and gatherers from drier areas of Africa and Southwest Asian began to move into ...

the Nile River valley.

Since the region receives little rainfall. Ancient Egyptians depended on

the Nile for drinking and bathing.

another physical features protected Egypt

the Nile's dangerous cataracts prevented enemy ships from attacking Egypt.

Dynasties are organized intro three time periods

the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom.

Gods were related to

the afterlife and nature.

A person's personal belongings were placed inside the tomb, these were to be used in

the afterlife.

Isis

the fertility goddess

Hatshepsut

the first female Egyptian pharaoh who expanded trade routes

Red Land

the name the Egyptians gave the desert land beyond the river valley because it was dry and lifeless

The fertile soil gave ancient Egyptians

the opportunity to grow a variety of crops.

Ra

the sun god

Egyptian doctors were some of the first

to really get to know the human body.

isolate

to separate from others

unify

to unite. To bring together into one group.

Throughtout the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom, Egypt was

usually united under a single ruler and enjoyed stable government

Mummification was expensive or inexpensive?

was expensive and not everyone could do it.

Narmer

was the King of Upper Egypt., conquered Lower Egypt and married one of the Lower Egypt's princesses, which unified upper and lower Egypt. Its the first time all Egypt was ruled by one king.

archaeologist also study the

wondrous pyramids and the mummies found buried in tombs once full or riches

The Egyptians also created a paper, they ended up becoming some of the

world's first books.