The Reformation

The 30 year's war effect on religion

Germany lost what little unity it had, its 300 states were basically independent to choose their own religions. Calvinism became allowed.

Henry, Henry and Henry

Henry VIII - despised Luther, he was named "Defender of the Faith" by the pope after writing an angry pamphlet about Luther, he had several marriages, divorces and remarriages, he passed a group of laws that took away the popes power in England by restricting the pope from interfering with a kings divorce and remarriage, and Parliament legalized Henry's divorce to Catherine. Parliament voted to approve the act of supremacy which made the king not the pope the official head of the church. Henry also ordered Thomas More to be executed because he refused to support the Act of Supremacy Henry II - member of the Valois dynasty, the family that had ruled France since 1328, severely injured in a jousting tournament Henry III - Last ruler of the Valois dynasty, assassinated. Henry of Guise: For a while, it seemed as if this henry would become king, but the populous sided against him because he had an alliance with Spain. He was also assassinated. Henry IV - aka Prince Henry of Navarre, leader of House of Bourbon and a Huguenot, he gained support from Protestants and Politiques -- who advocated for peace, however, the people of Paris opposed him, so he became a Catholic. He declared that Huguenots could worship in peace and set up at least one house of worship in each district. This declaration of religious toleration = the Edict of Nantes. He devoted the rest of his reign to rebuilding France and restoring its prosperity. But he was later stabbed to death.

Henry VIII's wives and children

Henry married Catherine of Aragon. They had six children and only one survived, Mary Tudor. Next, he married Anne Boleyn and they had one daughter, red-headed Elizabeth. Henry is very upset because Anne promised him a son. Meanwhile, Mary Tudor became "Bloody Mary" and hated her father for kicking out Catherine and her. Anne Boleyn was beheaded eventually. Then, he married Jane Seymour who died in the childbirth of Henry's first son, Edward. Edward was the first ruler that promoted Protestantism. Mary ruled next and brought the pope back in power and promoted Catholicism. Lastly, the most powerful one was Elizabeth who ruled and brought back protestantism.

The French Wars of Religion

House of Bourbon, a family of French nobles who had become Protestants vs. House of Guise, a noble family who championed Catholicism. They each hated each other and wanted to overthrow the Valois monarchy and start a dynasty of their own. Catholic mobs in Paris hunted Protestants from their beds and murdered them, 12,000 Protestants killed! This is because of Catherine de Medici aka helicopter mom, who wanted to influence King Charles IX her son, who's loyal advisor was a protestant noble, Coligny. Catherine arranged for Coligny to be murdered but the son found out and said "I consent. But then you must kill all the Huguenots in France so that none shall be left to reproach me." Coligny and 12,000 others died.

Enforcement of Anglicanism

The Anglican church was very similar to the catholic church, the only difference was that the king of England was the religious leader instead of the pope. Henry converted people to the church of England by seizing church property and dividing it among his followers.

The Spanish

Very catholic and intolerant of other religions. This led to political system that was outdated due to stagnation. Agricultural based society with no innovation. Mercantilism was their economic system but it was closed and didn't allow for growth and development. In the New World, there were colonies set up in central and southern america. The Encomienda system was the government for the New World, where there would be one leader that would have all the power. The effects of this system are still seen today in modern day countries such as Venezuela.

Scientific Method

This is the way of going about an experiment. It includes 1. Systematic Observation 2.Measurement 3. Experiment 4. Formulation 5. Testing 6. Modification of Hypothesis

Copernicus

This man was one of the men of the Scientific Revolution. He studied planetary movement for more than 30 years and then challenged the geocentric theory, introducing his own: the heliocentric theory which was the first new view in about 2000 years. Wrote "On the Revolutions of the heavenly bodies." His ideas were radical, inspired people to challenge old assumptions, and angered the church. Gave rise to the word "revolution"

Scientific Revolution

This revolution began in the mid 1500's when there was a radical change in the scientific ways of thinking. The revolution was mostly confined to Protestant country's because of their tolerance of ideas. Some important people in the revolution were: Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Fahrenheit and Celsius, Harvey, and Vesalius.

Kepler & Brahe

Tyco Brahe was a scientist during the Scientific Revolution. He studied astronomy and the planets and came on the verge of discovering something, but died before that could happen. Kepler was a student of Tyco Brahe. Kepler continued on Brahe's work and came up with the Laws of Planetary Motion by using the scientific method and direct observation. His laws were 1. Planets revolve in ellipses, 2. Planets move faster as their orbits approach the sun, 3. Orbit time depends on distance from the sun.

Galileo

______________ was a great scientist. He discovered the law of pendulums at a young age by watching a chandelier swing. While teaching at Pisa he conducted an experiment in which he dropped objects of different weights off the tower of Pisa and discovered that they all fall at the same time. Galileo also made the telescope. He disproved many of Aristotle's ideas which had been believed for hundreds of years and for these "radical ideas" he was arrested by the church and put on house arrest for the rest of his life.

Erasmus

(1466- 1536). Born in Rotterdam. He was honored by many for his brilliant writings and wrote in Praise of Folly. He was a scholar or a Christian humanist who showed his religious ideas in his barbs that targeted the clergy.

Luther's beliefs and writings

(1483- 1546). Martin Luther challenged the church and led a religious revolution. He was born in Germany and afraid of his father. He was struck by lightning and bargained to become a priest if he could be saved. He became a priest and devoted his life to god, yet he still felt sinful. In reading a passage of the bible, he had a realization that praying and fasting were not keys to salvation, a strong faith was all that mattered. "thereupon I felt myself to be reborn and to have gone through open doors into paradise."

Causes of the Reformation

1. Worldliness of Renaissance Popes 2. Abuses and Illiteracy among lower clergy 3.Spread of religious ideas through printing

Printing press (1450)

A device invented by Johannes Guttenberg. It made it possible to publish and share many works. It gives people freedom of speech and of the press to publicize ideas. Although it allows ideas to spread it also creates expression and violence. It is a lot like the internet today because even though silly ideas are published, it is a place where brilliant ideas can be shared. This leads to many developments and revolutions. Luther's ideas caused the reformation partly because so many people read them in so short a time. Many writers criticized the catholic church. These ideas could spread quickly and cheaply because of the press. It made the bible available to all that could read, so people could read and interpret it for themselves. Their interpretations, like Luther's sometimes varied from the church.

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

A very strict catholic order formed by Ignatius of Loyola. Afer he was hit by a cannonball in his right leg, Ignatius reflected on himself and Jesus. He wrote the book Spiritual Exercises, which layer out a day by day plan of meditation, prayer, and study. They were very disciplined and obedient, and were basically a spiritual army who would go anywhere for the pope 1. They founded many schools throughout Europe, with taught classical studies and theology. 2. Converted non-christians to catholism with missionaries 3. Prevented protestantism from spreading

Anglican Reformation

After Henry has parliment allow his divorce, Thomas Cramer and Thomas Cromwell made him the King of Protestantism. Henry closed all monasteries and bribe the rich and powerful. He used the parliment to make him powerful. Under Henry, the anglican church was very similar to the Catholic church. The priest had to remain celibate, and the bible was translated to english for his own benefit. He was more concerned of political affairs so he seized the land and money of many.

Edict of Nantes

After the civil wars, Henry IV came to power. He was the leader of the Bourbon and therefor a protestant. For the sake of his country, he choose to give up his religion and converted to catholic, so paris welcomed him as their king. In 1598, Henry created this doctrine to declare religious toleration. It said that Huguenots could worship in peace.

Savanrola

An Italian friar named Girolamo Savonarola who came to Florence to preach in 1490. He called for reform of the church and helped overthrow Piero de Medici. Florentines eventually turned against him and he was executed after he demanded the populous burn their vanities. This showed how easily a leader could change people's religions.

Mercantilism

An economic system based on internal trade and control of resources. Where the country takes materials and resources for themselves and doesn't let anyone else get them. It is a closed system where raw materials and colonies are exploited. A big empire is helpful because more colonies=more power and profit. The issues are that maintaining a large empire is very expensive, inflation can happen easily and there are diminishing returns (point at which the level of profits or benefits gained is less than the amount of money or energy invested). Also there is a lack of the middle class, innovation is stifled, and there is failure to develop.

Capitalism

An economic system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. There is risk and return. The more money you invest as your capital, the risk of losing money increases as well as the return that you could potentially receive.

Huguenots

Calvinists in France

Council of Trent and Index of Forbidden books

Catholic bishops and cardinals met in Trent and agreed on the following doctrines: - The pope's interpretation of the bible was final -Christians could not be saved by faith alone, but by faith and good works. -The bible and church tradition shared equal authority in christian's lives. Indulgences, pilgrimages, and relics were all allowed, but the selling of false indulgences was not. Index of Forbidden books: Paul IV drew up a list of books that were considered dangerous to the catholic faith which included protestant bibles. These offensive books were burned.

Peace of Augsburg

Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, sought to stamp out Protestantism and unite Germany religiously and politically. He took military action against Protestant princes of Germany, who joined together to make the Schmalkaldic league. These battles ended in this treaty (1555). Charles V ordered all german princes for an imperial diet in Augsburg. In the treaty, it was decided that german princes could choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism, all other forms of protestantism were outlawed. Charles was not happy with this, as it resulted in religious division and strayed from the institutions of the middle ages that he hoped to preserve. He later retired and split up his land between his son, Philip II, and his brother.

What caused problems in France throughout the 16th century?

Clashing religious groups in France caused problems throughout the sixteenth century. France was deeply divided over religion. Most of France's population was Catholic, but a sixth were Calvinists, called Huguenots. The Calvinists believed in theocracy, so they did not pledge allegiance to earthly rulers. The Calvinists and Catholics hated each other, and they constantly attacked each other's churches and beat each other. Two families were also causing strife in France. The house of bourbon (protestant) and the house of Guise (catholic) both wanted to overthrow the Valois dynasty. They fought in over nine civil wars for the crown.

Rembrandt

Dutch painter who painted commoners and daily life. His most famous work was the "night watch." His paintings of groups reflected Dutch views of religious tolerance by painting Catholics, Protestants, and Jews.

Treaty of Westphalia

Ferdinand II's son (the new Holy Roman emperor) agreed to this peace treaty that favored his enemies (Sweden, France, and Protestants). The terms: France takes Alsace (fertile land on the bank of the Rhine), Sweden takes land (on the North sea and the Baltic sea), Princes of Germany had independence from the Holy Roman Empire, Calvinism had equal privileges as Lutheranism and Catholicism, and the Dutch Republic (United Provinces) became independent state. Germany became even less unified. France became powerful and Austria and Spain became less powerful.

Harvey & Vesalius

Harvey and Vesalius were both scientists in the field of anatomy. Harvey published a book on anatomy in 1628 and also showed that the heart was a pump. Vesalius also published a book which was filled with detailed drawings of human anatomy. He showed human anatomy was different than an animal's.

Henry VIII

He became the king of England in 1509 and was a devout Catholic who did not like Luther. Political loyalty proved more important to him than religious loyalty. His wife was Catherine of Aragon, a very powerful woman who was well connected. They had a daughter named Mary. Henry VIII is concerned that he does not have a son and realizes that he must divorce his wife and remarry if he wants more children. The Catholic church frowns upon divorce. The pope declined his request to separate them under the influence of a relative of Catherine of Aragon. Next, the King requested the help of the parliament and they legalized Henry's divorce with Catherine. A Henry married Anne Boleyn and they had one daughter named Elizabeth. Henry became the head of the church and it became the church of England. Henry closed all English monasteries and seized their wealth and lands. This increased royal power. He seized the lands of nobles and rising middle class to raise money. Henry did not make any changes to Catholic rituals which demonstrates the similarities between Protestantism and Catholicism.

France

In 1559, France was severely weakened from its wars with Spain and their king, Henry II of the Valois family, had been killed in a jousting match. Henry had three sons, but each were weak and their mother, Catherine de Medici, ruled France in their name. After the French civil wars, the Calois dynasty ended after the rule of Henry III. He was assassinated after he ordered the murder of the Catholic Duke of Guise, an ally of Spain who almost came to the throne. Henry IV of the Bourbon family was the heir to the throne, and he created religious tolerance in France. He to was later assassinated.

St. Bartholomew's day

In 1572, Catholic mobs in Paris hunted down protestants and murdered them. About 12,000 Huguenots were killed. This massacre was largely caused by Catherine de Medici, who was catholic, but ordered the death of protestants for political reasons. Catherine approved the massacre to keep her son Charles, who was king at the time, under her power.

Catholic Counter Reformation

In the 1500s, the catholic church had two goals: 1. Strengthen and purify the catholic church and end corruption. 2. Fight Protestantism. 1. Paul III directed an investigation of simony, indulgence selling, and other abuses. 2. Approval of the Jesuit order 3. Catholic bishops and cardinals met in Trent and agreed on the following doctrines: - The pope's interpretation of the bible was final -Christians could not be saved by faith alone, but by faith and good works. -The bible and church tradition shared equal authority in christian's lives. Indulgences, pilgrimages, and relics were all allowed, but the selling of false indulgences was not. 4. Index of Forbidden books: Paul IV drew up a list of books that were considered dangerous to the catholic faith which included protestant bibles.

Bible authority

Luther believed all church teachings should be based on the bible. The pope was a false authority in his mind. He thought the church should only accept the bible, not the pope's teachings. This was one of Luther's main ideas.

Priesthood of all believers

Luther believed each person had a relationship with God and all people with faith were equal. There was no need for priests to interpret the bible. This was one of Luther's main ideas.

Salvation by faith alone

Luther believed faith in God was the only way to salvation. People could not win salvation by good works, but by belief and faith in God. This was one of Luther's main ideas.

95 theses

Martin Luther took a public stand and was offended by the deeds of the friar John Tetzel. Tetzel sold indulgences to build a Roman Cathedral. This was corruption in the church and people thought they could buy their way into heaven. On October 31, 1517, he decided to write 95 formal statements and posted them. Many scholars debated with him and someone printed his works. His ideas began to spread creating the Reformation, a religious crisis.

Profit

Money after the investment. (Not including the capital)

Capital

Money that you invest.

The Dutch

Protestant nation that was very tolerant. Capitalism began here. The open-mindedness encouraged intellectual, artistic, and philosophic growth. Began as a hardworking nation and that continued and resulted in many discoveries. Capitalism created a lot of wealth and resulted in a higher standard of living, and created a diverse middle class. Thinkers from all over Europe came here because it was open to all ideas. This and the snowball effect resulted in a Golden Age.

The 30 year's war

The Czechs were angry that their king, Ferdinand II, was an Austrian and a Catholic. As a foreigner, he aroused national hatred. As a catholic, he challenged religious freedom of Lutheran german princes. As a Hapsburg, he posed a threat to the Bourbon kings in France. These enemies united against him. A protestant mob rioted the streets of Bohemia and Ferdinand sent an army to put down the revolt. Thus began the 30 years war. The war ended with France emerging as Europe's strongest state. The Hapsburg family declined in power. Germany's economy was ruined by plunder and war.

Hapsburgs

The most powerful royal family in Europe. Ruled the Holy Roman Empire. Married other powerful royals in Europe to gain more power and influence and grow their empire even more.

Diet of worms

The pope was powerless to Luther, but Charles V had control in Germany and summoned Luther to Worms in 1521 to stand trial. Charles issued an imperial order on May 26th claiming that Luther was a outlaw and heretic on this document. According to this edict, no one could help Luther and all his works were to be burned. However, he lived well and it could be argued if he was a failure or a success because many of his ideas spread in Germany and beyond. People who followed him were called Lutherans and revolted against papacy. This began a revolution. Some turned away because they felt like they needed a religious leader and Luther had betrayed them. Princes began to adopt these ideas and other princes went against Luther.

Charles V and his struggles

The ruler of the Holy Roman Empire during the time when Luther's ideas begin to spread. Has a hard controlling his empire because it was huge and not unified. The German princes used Luther as a pawn and were against _________. Summoned Luther to the Edict of Worms and declared Luther and heretic and an outlaw in the Edict of Worms. The German princes helped Luther escape and hid him. Retired to a monastery and split his huge empire between his two sons, Phillip II and Ferdinand II (gave it to his brother Ferdinand I first but only for a brief period of time.)

Philip II

The son of Charles V, Philip was given the territory of Spain, and some of Italy and France. He also took the kingdom of Portugal when their king died without an heir. Under Philip's rule, Spain became the biggest supporter of Catholicism and an enemy of Protestantism. Philip commanded the largest army in Europe and lived in the Escorial, a large castle and monastery where Philip ruled Spain singlehandedly. Philip fought against the Ottoman Muslims and the Protestants. 1. Philip sent a large army at the pope's request and defeated the Ottoman at the battle of Lepanto. This was a major victory for Catholicism. 2. Philip wanted to destroy Protestantism in his own lands. The Netherlands were Philip's biggest issue, and they revolted against him under William the Silent. England, under queen Elizabeth, openly aided the Netherlands and encouraged sea captains to raid Spanish treasure ships. In 1588, Philip sent a large fleet of ships known as the Armada to fight England, but it was destroyed.

Fahrenheit & Celsius

These men measured the boiling and cooling points of water. Each used a different type of mercury so Fahrenheit's scale is freezing at 32 degrees and the boiling point is 212. Celsius's scale is freezing at 0 degrees and boiling at 100. Their scales became the basis for temperature measurements.

Utopia

a book by Thomas More describing a perfect society - the word literally means a nearly perfect society without greed, corruption, war and crime, instead based on peace, reason and mercy, ____ means no place in greek

Colony

a place, usually far from the metropol, which is under the metropolis rule. Used for resources and power

Calvinist beliefs

believed that men and women were sinful by nature, only a handful of God's people (the elect) were saved by God's grace, it was the duty of the elect to rule society to glorify their lord. In addition, this groups supported revolts against ungodly rulers. Calvinist societies tended to be very disciplined and orderly because they all wanted to considered the Elect.

Bullion

gold or silver coins

Metropol

mother country

Predestination

the doctrine that states that God has known since the beginning who will be saved. These people that will go to heaven are called the elect.

Presbyterians

this group was founded by John Knox, John had gone to see how John Calvin organized his city, Knox returned to Scotland in 1559 and put his ideas to work. Each community church was governed by a small groups of laymen called elders or presbyters ---> ______!!!!

Thomas More

wanted to fix the church internally. not simply become a new church, wrote the book "Utopia," had a dilemma of being loyal to the king or the church