The Renaissance #2- Worksheets and Handouts

Example of how the Catholic Reformation achieved its basic goals.

"Tireless Catholic reformers, like Francis de Sales in France, had succeeded in bringing back Protestant converts"

The topics that Machiavelli wrote about

"ends justify the means", maintain power, do anything to achieve goals, enemy of corruption, realistic look on politics

What did Jan van Eyck do?

Created masterpieces that did not speak to politically relevant ideas but rather were of high quality and rich paints.

Identify the steps in the Scientific Method

(Find a problem) Raise a question/propose a hypothesis, test the hypothesis employing observation or controlled experimentation, use results to draw a conclusion or create a scientific law, repeat the process to either reaffirm results or make slight adjustments.

In what year was the Martellus World Map printed and published? The Waldseemuller World Map?

1489; 1507

The Vitruvian man is named after...

A Roman Architect

Who was Gutenberg?

A goldsmith in Mainz, Germany

What is a scriptorium?

A writing room (monks wrote manuscript book in here with pen and ink)

In what ways did Albrecht Durer's engravings reflect his own time period and culture, including his travel to another country?

Albrecht Durer was German born, but traveled to Italy to study Italian masters. Engraving is when an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid. The artists use the plate to make prints. In this time during the Renaissance, religious upheaval was going on and his engravings portrayed this theme. Albrecht used his engravings to spread Renaissance ideas to northern Europe.

How did Erasmus's training as a priest sharpen his critique of the Church?

Because of his training as a priest, Erasmus was disturbed by the corruption in the church and called for reform. As a priest he believed everybody's chief duties were to be open minded and show good will to everyone. An example of this is his belief that everyone deserves to read the bible, and how he scorned those who thought only the educated should be able to. This lead him to translate the bible into the vernacular.

What inference can you make about the connection between the Waldseemuller Map and the published 1493 letter on Columbus?

Because of the printing press, the published letter of Columbus contributed to the discovery of the American continents in the Waldseemuller World Map.

What are some examples of how the Medicis' great wealth and influence transformed Florence into a prominent Renaissance city?

Because the Medicis were so wealthy, they could be patrons of the artists of the Renaissance, including poets, philosophers, and artists. Lorenzo the Magnificent was considered an ideal Renaissance leader.

In what ways did the scientific method differ from earlier approaches to learning?

Before the scientific method was created, scientists did not know about hypothesizing or having repeated experiments for more accurate results.

Why was religious persecution widespread during the Reformation?

Both Catholics and Protestants fostered intolerance and persecuted radical sects like the Anabaptist because they thought that they were like witches and Jews. Tens of thousands of women accused of being witches had died between 1450 and 1750. Witches were seen as anti-Christian because people thought that they performed with he aid of the devil. Midwives and herbalists were also targeted. Jews were targeted as well. They were expelled from Christian lands, synagogues were burned, and they had to live in different parts of the city called ghettos.

Topics that both Machiavelli and Castiglione wrote about

Both are authors who wrote about respected behaviors in the Renaissance Era.

What were the contributions of the philosophers Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes?

Both argued that the truth is known after a long process of investigation and challenged traditional teachings that sought to make the physical world fit in the with the teachings of the church. Bacon stressed experimentation and observation, while Descartes stressed human reasoning as the best road of understanding.

How can a circle be drawn around a man, according to Vitruvius?

By placing the fixed end of a compass in the navel

What is significant about the fact that during the dissolution, Henry "granted some of these lands to nobles and other high-ranking citizens"?

By providing land to these groups of people, he was able to accumulate their support. He wanted to win and use the support of the wealthy which was more valuable than those of lower-rankings to transform the Anglican Church into the Church of England.

What religion dominated Europe in 1500?

Catholicism

By 1560, which two main branches of Christianity existed in Western Europe?

Catholicism and Protestantism

Where was Columbus when he wrote his letter?

Columbus was on his return voyage to the Americas when he wrote this letter.

Topics that Castiglione wrote about

Compared ideals of men and women; manners, skills, learning, virtues that members of a court should have

The prefix ana- is taken from the Greek language. One meaning of the prefix is against. What do you think is the meaning of the word Anabaptist?

The meaning is against baptism. This is true because the Anabaptists were a group of people who believed that babies were too young to know what they were doing when they got baptized.

What inference can you make about change in the price of books in Europe between 1471 and 1500?

The price would go down because there were more printing presses.

What arguments can be made that exploration was a very important consequence of the printing press?

The printing press greatly contributed to exploration because they printed items that made others more likely to want to travel and explore.

How did the printing press help Luther's protest against the Catholic Church?

The printing press had a significant impact on the success of the Protestant reformation. It printed 300,00 of Luther's books every year, which enable the quick spread of Reformation ideas and change in the Catholic Church.

Do you think the printing press is likely to have has a significant effect on exploration in the late 1400s and early 1500s?

The printing press is likely to have had a significant effect on exploration in the late 1400s and early 1500s because it made it easier to access resources such as maps.

How was exploration affected by the printing press?

The size of the known world doubled

Prior to the Renaissance, painters were paid on the basis of...

The square footage of their paintings

What inference can you make about changes in people's interest in geography?

With more knowledge about geography being easily accessible, more people would be interested in learning and exploring geography though books.

Is there a connection between the spread of Protestantism and the spread of the printing press?

With the printing press, more books and ideas about the religion were able to be spread all across Europe. This allowed many people to be exposed to the religion and later convert to Protestantism.

Did the printing revolution bring immense changes to Northern Europe?

Yes, printing books became a lot cheaper and easier to produce than copied works. Education and new ideas increased as a result.

Before the Renaissance, there was no concept of...

artists

Many cultures of the world, especially non-Western cultures, place a high value on _______________________ visual traditions.

preserving

When art historians of the nineteenth century saw that the art of some non-Western cultures did not change for thousands of years, they classified the works as...

primitive

Who was Johannes Gutenberg?

the inventor of the printing press

What impact did Renaissance ideas have on medicine during the Scientific Revolution?

During the Renaissance, physicians began a new focus on studying the human body. Instead of assuming things without evidence or believing whatever the church said, people began to study things based on scientific evidence and experiments. Using there scientific method for learning about the human body lead to innovation in medicine.

What countries, or parts of countries, were all or mostly Protestant in 1560?

England, Scotland, Norway, Sweden, and Denmark

Who authored a book in 1550 entitled Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects, which rocketed several Renaissance artists to fame?

Giorgio Vasari

What can be found at the top of the Great Chain of Being?

God

Explain how the work of Patriarch had an intellectual impact on generations in Europe after the Renaissance.

He assembled a library of Greek and Roman manuscripts in monasteries and churches. In later years, his efforts and others enabled the works of Cicero, Homer, and Virgil to again become known to Western Europeans.

According to Luther, what will happen to people who pay the Catholic Church to get out of purgatory and into Heaven?

He claims that they will be "eternally damned", making them incapable of salvation.

What did Albrecht Durer do?

He engraved his designs on metal plates and examined religious upheaval/revelation.

Why did Luther gain an immediate following?

He got an immediate following because of the printing press. With this he was able to spread the 95 Theses quickly overnight. This create some sort of outrage and debate all around.

What did Pieter Bruegel do?

He set classical and religious themes on a painting incorporating peasants and involving them in society. He created these works of art with vibrant colors and a style that created a liveliness about the painting.

Rabelais

He shared his thoughts on deep, controversial subjects like religion. He was deeply religious, but he also had doubts on the church.

Thomas More

He wrote about an ideal society (utopia) where everyone is equal, educated, and where criminals would be put to justice, rather than executed.

The Vitruvian man sketch shows a proportional relationship of...

Height to arm span

Why was the pope's denial of Henry VIII's request for an annulment so critical to the formation of the Church of England?

Henry VIII wanted a male heir with a good claim to the throne. In order to get a male heir he had to remarry which was not possible if the Pope chose to not annul the marriage. Because the Pope refused to annul the marriage, Henry decided to break from the Catholic faith and adopt ideas from the Protestant Reformation.

Shakespeare

His writings were about everyday life. He tackled Renaissance ideas like individual importance.

What arguments can be made to support the claim that the Protestant Reformation was a very important consequence of the printing press?

Ideas and morals of the religion were able to spread quickly and efficiently due to the printing press. If the printing press did not exist, Protestantism would not have spreads as quickly and would not have been as influential as it was.

Raphael's painting The School of Athens shows a gathering of thinkers, scientists, and artists that included Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Leonardo. How does this grouping of people represent some Renaissance ideas and ideals?

Ideas were spreading from thinker to thinker and new ideas were being produced. This is how many ideas were spread and evolved. With all of these thinkers together in a room, great thoughts were produced. They were teaching each other and learning from each other.

What is the key difference between Lutheranism and Calvinism regarding salvation?

In Lutheranism, salvation is achieved through faith. In Calvinism, God alone predetermined who will be saved.

What was Martin Luther's main objection with the Catholic Church?

Indulgences in which people paid money tot he church to "absolve" or wash away their sins.

What does the term Counter-Reformation imply about the causes of this movement?

It imp[lies that the reformation is going against the Protestants.

How was the church affected by the printing press?

It was divided into several pieces; bibles could now be mass produced

What role did Italy's geography play in the development of the Renaissance?

Italy's location enabled it to form markets on the western Mediterranean and in Northern Africa. The trade gave wealth to Italy, forming and funding their Renaissance. The trade also spread ideas that would shape the Renaissance. Italy was also in the center which made Italy the perfect spot for trade.

Leon Alberti's accomplishments

Described architecture as "social art"

How can you argue that the printing press played an important role in stimulation exploration?

Due to the printing press, different discoveries were able to be known by the vast public leading to new discoveries and revelations. Without the printing press, Columbus would not have been able to spread his letter and therefore the maps would not have been expanded.

What inference can you make about change in literacy in Europe between 1471 and 1500?

Literacy would improve because more books were being made and given to new people every day.

What ideas did Luther share with humanist scholars?

Luther and humanist scholars wanted ordinary people to read and study the bible, so he translated parts of it into German. Luther argued that indulgences had no basis in the bible, the pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory, and that Christians can only be save through faith. His views on sacraments was that some should be accepted but ultimately, only god can erase sin. He also believed that the head of the Church were the ministers. The bible alone is the source of truth and people should read and interpret the bible for themselves.

Describe the sequence of events that led to Martin Luther successfully founding Lutheranism.

Luther drew up the 95 Theses against indulgences because of Tetzel's corruption. Almost overnight, the printing press distributed Luther's 95 Theses across Europe. They were also spread throughout Germany and Scandinavia. By 1530, the Lutherans were using a new name, Protestant, for those that protested papal authority.

Luther said that "Printing was God's highest act of grace." What did he mean by this?

Luther was very happy with the invention of the printing press. Luther, as the priest, felt that God had blessed them with the printing press and it was a way to spread the word of God around. He wanted everyone to have access to God and to the bible. It also spread his own ideas around. He was not like others who felt that the distribution of bibles went against them because now people had a hard copy to compare to what they preached.

What characteristics of ruling families in Italian city-states during the Renaissance would Machiavelli, author of The Prince, have appreciated?

Machiavelli's beliefs were that rulers should be able to use whatever methods were necessary to achieve their goals, that the ends justify the means. This benefits ruling families because they gained power and were urged to do whatever they want, as long as they achieve their goal.

In his letter tot he king of Spain, what did Columbus claim to have discovered?

Many islands in the Indian Sea, inhabited by men without number

How might bibles being printed affect the power of the Pope?

Many popes did not preach according to what the bible said, but rather what gained them power and support, With the truth of what Christianity was being revealed to the people, they would realize they were following a fraud and a liar, causing a loss of support for the Pope.

Who was Martin Luther?

Martin Luther was a Catholic priest who began the Protestant Reformation

What factors encouraged the Protestant Reformation?

Monks and priests were not happy with the amount of corruption there is in the Catholic Church. Then, Martin Luther published 95 statements that blew up at a tremendous rate and caused people to question the authority of the clergy and opened an era of reformation.

How did Newton use Plato's emphasis on mathematics in his work?

Newton started off with Plato's discoveries for mathematics. Newton realized that he could use math universally. With this, he applied it to his 3 Laws of Motion. Mathematics was used to create fundamental laws for the universe.

How many more printing presses were created in Europe between 1471 and 1500?

Over 100

What are two areas that were clearly affected by the printing press?

Overseas exploration and the Protestant Reformation

What were the basic components of the Catholic Reformation?

Some basic components included the revival of the moral authority of the church. Also, the pope anointed reformers to end corruption within the papacy. Another basic component was the Council of Trent which established the direction that reforms should take. It reaffirmed the traditional Catholic views that Protestants had challenged. It also declared that salvation come through faith and good works. The council also provided strict penalties for worldliness and corruption among the clergy to end abuses in the church. It also establish schools to create a better educated clergy.

What aspects of Calvinism might have appealed to people in a time of uncertainty?

Predestination. Predestination is the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation. Therefore, if people were going through a rough patch in their life or they had committed sins that they regret, they would take comfort in knowing that god had already determined whether they were reaching salvation or not.

How might Mary's burning of "heretics" have strengthened the Protestant cause in England?

Protestants may have banded together in opposition to such cruel punishment.

What did Peter Paul Rubens do?

Rubens addressed topics in the Bible, mythology, and classical history.

What were some long-term impacts of Shakespeare's writings?

Shakespeare in his time, wrote 37 plays. His plays expressed universal themes in everyday realistic settings. Shakespeare also enriched the English language by adding 170-0 words. His legacy lives on today. His plays are still shown and read and his words are still spoken.

What did people depend on prior to the printing press for communicating?

Sign language, spoken language, picture drawing, picture writing, hieroglyphics (pictures plus letters), alphabetic writings and paper

Why did Protestants develop many different sects, rather than embracing Lutheranism?

Some sects had beliefs that weren't included in Lutheranism, different branches were developed, and everybody had different opinions about the Catholic Church and interpretations of the Bible.

What discoveries made between 1489 and 1507 appear on the Waldseemuller Map?

The American continents

How did the Elizabethan Settlement affect the Reformation in England?

The Elizabethan Settlement was a compromise of reforms for Catholics and Protestants so that they could coexist. This affected the Reformation by giving both Protestants and Catholics what they wanted officially and peacefully. Elizabeth's set of reforms brought unity after years upon years of conflict.

In what European cities, and in what languages, was the letter published in 1493?

The European cities that published this letter include Barcelona, Rome, Florence, Paris, etc. Languages include Spanish, Latin, Italian, German, and French.

Why were people encouraged to start questioning an institution as powerful as the Church?

The Renaissance's ideas were spread and accepted by many. This included returning to classical education and putting an emphasis on social reform. When people accepted these ideas, they attempted to shape their society in a way that made sense to them. Increasingly, they used these ideas to question the central force of their lives, which was the Church.

How might the Reformation have shaped the Church's response to Galileo's discoveries?

The church would not have like Galileo's discovery because it went against what the church said about everything revolving around the Earth. This discovery may prove wrong the fact that humans are the center of everything. They would also not like this discovery because they recently went through members of their church leaving for other beliefs and now it may happen again.

Why would the social, political, and artistic changes of the Renaissance encourage changes in science?

These changes influenced scientists to make observations and research the world they live in. Originally, many people based their knowledge off of what the church told them or the works of previous philosophers like Aristotle. However, the Renaissance placed a big focus on education and questioning one's surroundings. This curiosity encouraged many scientists to make advancements in their research and prove many known theories wrong.

What did Renaissance humanists have in common with ancient Greek and Roman thinkers?

They focused their studies on worldly subjects. They did not study much on religion. The humanists studies Roman and Greek culture to help understand their own. They also like the use of rhetoric.

Why did Calvin and other church leaders choose to set up a theocracy in Geneva?

They wanted their ideas put into practice. By setting up a theocracy in Geneva, Calvin's followers saw themselves as a new "chosen people" entrusted by God to build a truly Christian society. They stressed hard work, discipline, and morality which was seen as a model community.

Why, in 1493, would this discovery have been big news?

This discovery would have been big news because it occurred during the early stages of the printing press, making it easier for the information to spread.

Why did many scientists and the Church reject Copernicus' hypothesis that the universe was heliocentric?

This hypothesis was a threat to the long held beliefs about the universe. The education, science, and religion at the time was based on the old beliefs. The church taught in school that the earth was at the center of the universe and Copernicus' hypothesis could have threatened the Church's authority.