THE ROMANS
The Latins
They lived in a region of Latium, spoke Latin, were herders and farmers. They were soon taken over by the Etruscans.
The Greeks
This group settled in southern Italy and Sicily. They influenced the peoples of Rome. They passed things to the Romans such as knowledge of growing olives and grapes, the alphabet, sculpture and architecture. Culture diffusion!
persecute
To punish people for their beliefs.
pillage
To rob.
roads
To transport goods and soldiers quickly
Romulus and Remus
Traditional story of how Rome began. Twins abandoned and rescued by a wolf, raised by a shepherd . Grew to build Rome. Romulus later killed Remus
the "Good" Emperors
Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninius Pius, Marcei Aurelian, Nerra
Aqueducts
Transported water to the cities using a system of arches
Remus
Twin to Romulus, he was killed by his brother after making fun of him for starting to build Rome
Basilica
a Roman building found in every town, where business deals, official ceremonies and law courts took place
peninsula
a body of land that is surrounded by water on three sides, for example, Italy
monarchy
a form of government where absolute power is passed on in the family, for example from father to son
century
a group of about 80-100 men in the Roman army
Empire
a large area of territory controlled by a powerful country
tribe
a large community of people who are all distantly related
Aqueduct
carried water into Rome
aqueduct
channel bringing water to Roman towns, sometimes on raised arches
Carthage
city in North Africa, main competitor to Rome until it was defeated in 202 BC
Scipio
defeated Hannibal and Carthage
Emperor Diocletian
divided Rome into East and West in an attempt to better administer the Empire
legion
division of the Roman army, usually about 4000-6000 men (including foot-soldiers and cavalry) called legionaries
2nd Punic War
during this war, the general Hannibal attempted to lead the Carthaginians across the Alps with 60 elephants
Republic
early Roman political system in which rulers were elected by the citizens. Started with the defeat of the Etruscans in the 6th century BC, ended when Augustus came to power in
tribune
elected Roman officials who were appointed to protect the ordinary people (plebeians) against unfair treatment
Hadrian
emperor who built a wall in England at the northern most point of the empire
Aeneas
escaped Troy to find the Romans
Constantine
first Christian emperor
Romulus
first king of Rome, killed twin brother Remus to get power
"Breads & Circuses"
food and entertainment to "appease" the people
citizen
free adult males who could vote and had special rights in the Roman state. People in provinces could earn Roman citizenship by, for example, serving in the army for 25 years
Hannibal
from Carthage, crossed the Alps with his army, including elephants to invade Italy, killed himself with poison from a ring
Spartacus
gladiator who led a slave revolt
policy
guidelines for making decisions, rules
Economical Reasons that led to the Fall of Rome
heavy taxes, there wasn't enough money to support a very large civilization and there was a decrease in trade and manufacturing
Tribunes
helped protect Plebeians' rights, elected by the Citizens Assembly
consul
highest and most powerful official in the Roman Republic. Two were elected for a year at a time
governor
highest official in a Roman province
Brutus
killed Caesar because he thought he had too much power and his ancestor had kicked out the last king of Rome so he thought he needed to follow in his footsteps
patrician
nobles of Rome who owned large estates and were descended from the founders of the city, the upper class of Rome
magistrates
officials that were appointed to be judges, to look after the city's finances and other jobs
Consuls
only 2 and ruled for 1 year
Senate
only Patrician men are a part of it, voted on laws and made decisions to run Rome
forum
open market square in a Roman town or city where all the important public buildings were found
Plebeians
ordinary citizens
plebeian
ordinary peasant farmers and craftsmen, the lower class of Rome
census
organized method of counting members of a population. Allowed Rome to implement taxes
Etruscans
people from Etruria , ( north of Rome) that took control of Rome and Latium. Ruled Rome for more than 100 years. Built up Rome, streets, temples. Skilled metal workers Rome became rich from mining and trade
Cicero
politician, lawyer, and orator
Forum
public area in front of Senate where Sulla put the heads of his enemies
Tribunes
representatives of the Plebeians who served in the Tribal assembly
Senators
retired magistrates who participated in the Senate
River Tiber
river that runs through Rome and provided fertile farmlands, which helped the population and settlement grow
Octavian, Lepidus, & Marc Antony
rulers of the 2nd Triumvirate
Tarquins
ruling Etruscan family of Rome, Very cruel, enslaved people to make their lives comfortable
Alps Mountains
separate Italy from the rest of Europe
Apennine Mountains
separate the peninsula East and West
Gladiators
slaves or prisoners of war who fought to the death in the Colosseum
Latifundia
slaves that were forced to work on huge estates/farms in the Roman Empire
Diocletian
split the empire into 2
Tiberius
successor of Augustus
Octavian
the 1st emperor of Rome. Caesar's nephew. Changed his name to "Augustus" meaning "Exalted One"
Consuls
the 2 men who represented the Executive Branch of the Republic
Triumvirate
the 3 men who ruled simultaneously in Rome
Paul
the Apostle most responsible for spreading Christianity to the Eastern Roman Empire including Greece
Peter
the Apostle thought to have built the first Church in the city of Rome
Christos
the Greek word meaning "Messiah"
Carthage
the North African Civilization that Rome went to war with; was once a colony of the Phoenicians
Mediterranean sea trade
the Punic wars were fought to see who could control this
Circus Maximus
the Roman arena where Charioteers would race
Aqueducts
the Roman-engineered constructions that brought fresh water to the city from the mountains
Reason Caesar was killed
the Senate feared that Caesar wanted to make himself King of Rome
conquest
the process of conquering or taking over land to expand one's territory
Caesar, Pompey, & Crassus
the rulers of the 1st triumvirate
Ptolemy
the scientists who falsely believed the Earth was the center of the universe
Spartacus
the slave who led the longest revolt in Roman history
Roman Legions
the superior military of the Roman Republic
Pantheon
the temple that was built by Hadrian for the Roman gods.
Gaul
the territory that Caesar helped to conquer earning him favor with the Roman people
Romulus & Remus
the twins who founded Rome
Gravitas
the values/characteristics of discipline, strength and loyalty that were followed by Romans
Rubicon River
the waterway Caesar crossed to lead his troops into Rome defying Pompey and the Senate
Roman entertainment
theater, games in Colosseum, chariot races, circuses
latins
they migrated to Italy around 800 B.C. and settled along the Tiber River in small villages scattered over seven low-lying hills. They built the original settlement at Rome - atop Palatine Hill. These setters were considered to be the first Romans.
Pax Romana
time of peace and prosperity. lasted from Augustus' to Marcus Aurelius's reigns from 27 BCE to 180BCE
veto
to vote no, to decide against something
Etruscans
tribe that ruled Rome until the 6th century BC. When their harsh king, Tarquin the Proud, was defeated, Rome decided not to have a king and started a republic instead
Latin
tribe who founded Rome. Also the official language of the entire Roman Empire
Republic
type of government Rome had after they kicked out the last king, until Augustus made emperor
Caesar (Julius Caesar)
100 BC-44 BC. Roman general during the Republic, conquered Gaul, expeditions to Britain, popular hero with his troops and the ordinary people of Rome. Competed with and defeated Pompey for power in 48 BC. Became dictator for life, but was killed by his Senators
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
2 men who attempted to reform the Republic through the equitable spread of land
Pax Romana
200 year period of peace in Rome. Roman Peace. There were 5 important rulers during this time (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius).
Punic Wars
3 wars fought between Carthage and Rome. Rome won all three
End of Western Roman Empire
476 CE
synagogue
A Jewish place of worship; a temple.
disciple
A follower.
Republic
A government where some citizens have the right to vote.
gladiator
A prisoner, criminal, or slave who served as a professional fighter in Rome. The most famous place they fought at, was the Colosseum.
dictator
A ruler with total control over the peopld. Example: Julius Caesar.
Punic Wars
A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.
Patrician
A wealthy, land-holding, upper-class, group of powerful Romans, that made up the Senate in Rome.
barbarians
A word that Romans used to refer to anyone outside the empire who did not share in the Greek or Roman cultures. Some barbarian tribes were the Vandals, the Visogoths, the Ostrogoths, the Huns.
catacomb
An underground room used as a burial place.
Plebeians connect
Connect -Fought until had a part in Republic -Less rights than Patricians, but still paid taxes and had to serve in army
Twelve Tables (Tablets) connect
Connect - Plebians rebelled until laws were written and posted
Democracy connect
Connect - Romans conquered the Greeks who used Democracy
Republic connect
Connect - Rome had a republic before Empire
Empire connect
Connect - Rome was an Empire after the end of the Republic
Province connect
Connect - Rome was divided into provinces to make it easier to rule
Interdependent connect
Connect - Rome was interdependent on conquered lands to supply food to feed large population
Senate connect
Connect - advised consuls, mostly always patricians
Patricians Connect
Connect - ruled the Senate, could have political, military, or religious jobs
Consul connect
Connect - two to share power
Veto connect
Definition - "I forbid", vote against
Veto define
Definition - "I forbid", vote against
Twelve Tables (Tablets) define
Definition - Roman laws
Plebeians define
Definition - common citizens of Rome
Senate define
Definition - elected by citizens, make laws
Consul define
Definition - elected ruler of Roman Republic
Province define
Definition - land divided up
Empire define
Definition - land ruled by one leader
Interdependent define
Definition - to depend on others for own need
Republic define
Definition - type of government, citizens elect representatives
Patricians Define
Definition - wealthy, powerful citizens of Rome
Democracy define
Definition -government for the citizens, by the citizens
Roman Imports
Grain Slaves Silk Cotton Spices Timber Wild animals
City design
Grid (blocks) Paved streets Public baths Forum Theaters Temples (except the city of Rome itself - built over time, unplanned
Julius Caesar
He was made dictator (absolute ruler) in 45 BC. He realized Rome needed reforms, so he gave land to the poor and increased the Senate to 900 members. By increasing the Senate, he weakened the power of it. He was assassinated by some senators 44 BC.
triumvirate
It is a government by 3 (tri) people with equal power.
Present-day countries in Roman Republic
Italy, France, England, Egypt, Spain
Augustus Caesar
Originally named Octavian, he was Caesar's nephew and became Rome's first Emperor, thus the end of the Roman Republic and the start of the Roman Empire in 44 BC
central location
Rome's ___________ in the Mediterranean Region made it perfect to control a large empire
vandal
Someone who destroys (vandalizes) property.
concrete
Strong did not requite special, skilled labor cheap faster to construct than cutting stone Fireproof Mixed with volcano ash
Twelve Tables
The earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians. These twelve codes became the foundation of Roman law. The laws talked about property, crime, family, theft, marriage and inheritance. They were engraved on tablets of metal and put on display at the Forum in the city of Rome, so that everyone could see them.
veto
The power to stop a law from passing.
assembly
where the Plebeians and Patricians met to elect consuls, magistrates and tribunes
Augustus/Octavian
...
Mark Antony
Caesar's best friend and general, had a relationship with Cleopatra, part of 2nd triumvirate
Hannibal
Carthaginian general who was defeated by Rome in 202 BC
Hannibal
Carthaginian military commander who, in the Second Punic War, attempted a surprise attack on Rome, crossing the Alps with a large group of soldiers, horses, and elephants.
Carthaginians
North African people from Carthage who were Rome's main rival for control of the Mediterranean until 202 BC
Colosseum
the place where gladiators would compete
emperor
the powerful ruler of the Roman Empire, from Augustus onwards. They were not elected and did not have to consult the Senate
Gospels
the primary source of Jesus' life in the 1st 4 books of the New Testament
Aeneas
wrote by Virgil, trojan prince who flees after the war with father and son, ends up in Italy where he marries a local princess founded Rome
Virgil
wrote the epic poem called "Aeneid"
3rd triumvirate
...
Social Reasons that led to the Fall of Rome
Army was made up of foreigners, there was a mix of cultures, slavery and Christianity.
Rome Empire spread to what three continents?
Asia, Europe, Africa
External Reasons that led to the Fall of Rome
Barbarians invaded Rome because there was so much chaos that allowed them to attack and conquer areas.
Reasons for he Fall of Rome
Economic- decreed trade/agriculture & inflation Social unrest- gap between rich and poor Moral decay- killing for entertainment Political Decay- Corrupt officials Military Upheaval- use of mercenaries
Constantine
Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)
Caesar Augustus
First Emperor of Rome
1st triumvirate
Julius Caesar, Crassus, Pompey
peninsula
Land surrounded by water on three sides.
Mediterranean Sea
Large body of water that touches borders of northern Africa, Europe, & Asia Minor.
Etruscans
Latins neighbors across the Tiber River, Romans borrowed many ideas from them.
Legal System
Lawyers Innocent until proven guilty Twelve Tablets - wrote down laws and put in public place
The Etruscans
Lived in the northern part of Rome, and soon controlled it by 650 BC. They turned Rome into a huge city. They introduced the toga and the Roman army borrowed their military organization.
Roman Exports
Olive oil Wine Pottery Marble Glass
2nd triumvirate
Marc Antony, Octavian, Lepidus
Ides of March
March 15, 44 BE. The day Caesar was assisignated
Cleopatra
Mark Antony and Julius Caesar both fell in love with her
Important water bodies
Mediterranean Sea and Tiber River
the "Bad" Emperors
Nero, Caligula, Donitia
Roman Army
Requirement to join Well trained Built roads when not fighting Weapons - helmet, shields, javelins, spears Strict punishment for not doing army job Paid, sometimes way to earn land
Fall of Rome
Roman Empire too big to govern Not enough food Lack of religious freedom Invaders -Germanic Tribes - from the north - reclaim freedom and land
Pompey
Roman general during the Republic, cleared pirates out of the Mediterranean, won back Asia Minor (modern Turkey), conquered Syria and Palestine, had support of the Senate. Competed with Caesar for power of Rome and was killed in 48 BC
Senate
Roman parliament that gave advice to the consuls. Ended up controlling the Roman Republic
centurion
Roman soldier in charge of a group of about 80-100 men called a century
colonia (colony)
Roman town in a province, lived in only by retired Roman soldiers and their families
gladiator
Roman warriors who fought to the death against other gladiators or animals
The Ides of March
The day Julius Caesar was assassinated, March 15th. "Beware, the Ides of March". The word "ides" means the 15th day of March, May, July, or October and the 13th day of every other month. They believe the word is an Etruscan word....interesting, right?
Julius Caesar
The Senate feared this leader's power and killed him
polytheism
The belief in or worship of many gods and goddesses.
Plebeian
The common, regular people of Rome. They were the farmers, artisans, and merchants who had little wealth or power. They elected tribunes to represent them in government.
Senate
The governing "body" of Rome. Made up of 300 members from the upper-class Patricians. They interpreted the laws and were the most powerful.
paterfamilias
The head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death.
Pope
The leader of the Roman Catholic church.
The Alps
The mountain range in northern Italy. They run E to W and W to E.
The Appennines
The mountain range running down through Italy. They run N to S and S to N.
Tribunes
The people who represented the Plebians (common people) in government. They had "veto" power.
Tiber River
The river where Rome was founded.
emperor
The ruler of an empire.
caesar
The title given to a Roman ruler.
Consuls
The two officials (people) that were elected by the Senate. One manages the government, while the other one commands the army.
republic
a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
amphitheater
a round arena in a Roman city where gladiator fights took place
dictator
a ruler who could take decisions without consulting the Roman Senate. In the Roman Republic, he could be appointed in an extreme emergency to hold absolute power for six months. This allowed decisions to be made more quickly
legion
a smaller group in the army
Occulus
a structure used to observe the night sky placed inside the dome of the Pantheon
dictator
a temporary ruler instituted during times of crisis
province
area conquered by the Romans and governed by them as part of the
Colosseum
arena where gladiators fought in Rome
auxilia
army units made up of conquered armies and friendly tribes. Soldiers served for 25 years and received citizenship at the end of their service
End of Eastern Roman Empire
becomes the Byzantine Empire with its capital in Constantinople
Patricians
landowners in the early republic of Rome
Emperor Constantine
legitimized Christianity when he passed the Edict of Milan
Tiber River
location where Rome was founded
Emperor Theodosian
made Christianity the official religion of Rome
Julius Caesar
made himself dictator for life, assassinated by Marcus Brutus for having too much power, had a relationship with Cleopatra, made Octavian his heir instead of his Egyptian son, part of 1st triumvirate
Dictator
man who ruled for 6 months in times of an emergency with all the powers of a king
Assembly
men of Rome who were not in Senate, but helped run government
Gaul
more or less the area of modern France, occupied by the Gauls
Attila
most feared ruler of the Huns who were located in Central Asia
Emperor Constantine
moved the capital from the city of Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople
Byzantine
name given to the Eastern Roman Empire after the collapse of the Western Empire
Plebeians
the common people in the early republic Rome
Greeks
the culture where Romans' adopted their deities from, and the crops of grapes and olives
Political Reasons that led to the Fall of Rome
the government was too small to run such a large area, lack of fixed succession to the throne, and empire was divided into 2, with most of the money being in the East and not in Rome.
legacy
the influence that, for example, the Roman Empire had on other countries, even after their Empire had disappeared
Empire
the large area of territory controlled by a powerful country
12 Tables
the law code of the Roman government which was hung in the Roman marketplace, the Forum
Romulus
the legendary founder and first king of Rome, around 753 BC
Judeism
the monotheistic religion that Christianity had its roots in
Etuscans
the most influential group who first built the city of Rome and introduced the Arch into architecture
barbarian
the name the Romans gave to the tribes on the northern frontiers of their Empire including Goths, Huns, Franks, etc.
Latin
the native people living around the area of the Tiber River contributed to the Roman civilization by giving its common language of _______
Concrete
the new building material the the Romans used to improve the construction of roads
arch
used to build bridges, aqueducts, sewers, amphitheaters, and temples with minimal material
Patricians
wealthy families of Rome, men are part of the Senate
Battle of Actium in 31 BCE
when Marc Antony was defeated by Octavian
