The Skeletal System
the matrix of the compact bone
(hardened minerals and collagen fibers) surrounding each central canal is deposited in rings termed lamellae (sing. lamella).
Rectus abdominis
(with Lineament alba); flexes and rotates lumbar region of the vertebral column; "sit-ups".
How many vertebrae comprise the thoracic region of the spine?
12
Humans normally have _ pairs of ribs.
12
How many bones is the human body made of?
206
Identify the typical number of vertebrae that fuse during development to form the coccyx.
3-5.
In the lab, a researcher finds that the threshold stimulus to induce an action potential in a muscle fiber's sarcolemma was 3.0 volts. Which of the following would result in muscle tension?
3.0 and 4.0 volts.
How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
5
Name the number of vertebrae that fuse together to form the sacrum.
5
How many vertebrae make up the cervical region of the vertebral column?
7
There are ________ carpal bones located in the wrist, which form ________ rows of bones.
8; 2
Sternum
A flat bone that's located anteriorly and medially. It is commonly compared to a necktie based on appearance and location. It has three parts, the superior manibrium(the knot of the tie and where the clavicles and first 2 pairs of ribs are articulated), middle body(elongated portion where majority of ribs will attach) and the xiphoid process(projects off the body of the sternum, comprised of highly cartilage when we are younger and ossifies later in life).
synarthrosis
An immovable joint is a(n)
Histology of compact bone
Arranged in circular units called osteons, at the center of each osteon, there will be a central canal also called the haversion canal. This will contain blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone tissue. The central canal is surrounded by concentric layers of matrix that we called lamellae. And between the layers we have osteocytes located within lacunae.Because this matrix is hardened, so the resources reach the osteocytes through the canaliculi, which look like little cracks in the bone with are formed by osteocytes sending out cytoplasmic rejections that hep them form connections to other osteocytes and transport resources from cell to cell in the bone.
Which vertebra lacks both a body and spinous process?
Atlas
Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g. shaking the head "no".
Atlas - axis
Identify the region of the sacrum that articulates with the hip bone.
Auricular surface
Identify a unique characteristic of a typical cervical vertebra.
Bifid spinous process
Osteocytes
Bone cells
transversus abdominis
C
Another name for the axis is:
C2
Which region of the vertebral column contains the smallest vertebrae?
Cervical region
comminuted fracture
Comminuted fractures such as the fracture of the femur, shatter the affected area into a multitude of bony fragments.
Which of the following occurs during the contraction phase?
Cross-bridge cycling is taking place.
Internal oblique
D
Identify the articulation site for the head of a rib.
Demi-facet
External Intercostals
Elevate ribs during during inhalation and increases the size of the thoracic cavity.
Ribs
Exist in pairs and articulate with the vertebral column posteriorly. Anteriorly, most ribs attach to the sternum via costal cartilages. 2 pairs of ribs that don't articulate with the sternum which are pairs 11 and 12 because they don't attach to the sternum. Rib pairs are named 1-12 from top to bottom.
________ is a type of angular movement that increases the angle between articulating bones.
Extension
rectus abdominis
G
External oblique
H
Long Bones
Have a shaft and two enlarged ends. "Bones that are relatively long and slender, consisting of a shaft with two ends are".
Epiphysis
Have an ephysial line that is the remnant of the growth plate and they also form joints and articulate with other bones. To reduce friction with the other bones, they have highlen cartilage that covers their articular surface and it has a glossy and smooth appearance and used when there's a need to reduce friction. We call this the articular cartilage because to articulate means to form a joint.
Histology of Spongy bone
Have the trabeculae which give the bone a mesh like appearance. In a cross-section, spongy bone looks like it has branching to it. All of the dots on the surface are the canaliculi of the bone. In the picture, we can see that this is an example of spongy bone associated with yellow marrow.Spongy bones lack osteons and have trabeculae instead.
Greenstick fracture
In a greenstick fracture, such as this fracture of the radius, only one side of the shaft is broken, and the other is bent. This type of fracture generally occurs in children, whose long bones have yet to ossify(become rigid or fixed in position) fully.
The costal groove on a rib always faces:
Inferiorly
Differentiate between a lacuna and a canaliculus.
Lacuna: are in the matrix and they hold osteocytes. "Canaliculis are minute canals which connect lacuna and connect to the centra canal"
circumferential lamellae.
Layers of bony matrix at the outer and inner surfaces of bone and covered by the periosteum and the endosteum are
compact bone appearance
Looks smooth and solid, and is the thickest in the diaphysis(shaft).
Vessels that supply long bones
Major one is Nutrient artery and vein which are the main blood vessels that supply the diaphysis and they branch once they are in the diaphysis to supply the osteocytes with nutrients, oxygen and the removal of waste.
Which landmark is composed of fused spinous processes?
Median sacral crest
Why does wave summation occur?
Muscle fibers are partially contracted when the next stimulus arrives.
VERTEBRAE: Cervical-neck Thoracic-thorax(ribs) Number of pairs match number of ribs. Lumbar-lower back and bear the most weight Sacral-fused vertebrae SACRUM Coccygeal-fused vertebrae TAILBONE
Name by first letter of the region and numbers, the number indicates location in region, 1 being superior.They increase in size the lower they go because they have to support more and more weight.
Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head "yes".
Occipital bone - atlas
Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.
Occipital condyles
Open (compound) versus Closed (simple) fracture
Open (compound) fractures project through the skin while Closed (simple) fractures are completely internal.Open fractures tend to be more dangerous than closed fractures due to a higher risk of infection and uncontrolled bleeding. In close fractures the bone ends can only be seen through an X-ray because the skin remains intact.
Outer layer of the bone.
Periosteum-around the bone/outer layer. Mostly Connective tissue with cellular level. Can provide a route for nerves and blood vessels to enter into the bone and allow the attachment of tendons and ligaments to the bone due to its connective tissue component. The cellular layer used for bone growth and repair.
Which region of the vertebral column is located superior to the thoracic region and which region is inferior to the thoracic region, respectively?
Superiorly: cervical and inferiorly: lumbar
Which of the following thoracic vertebrae is the largest?
T12
The human skeleton is organized into two major divisions:
The Axial skeleton and the Appendicular skeleton.
The major bones of the Appendicular skeleton are:
The appendages, meaning the upper and the lower limbs. In the attached imagine, other than the colored middle image, everything else including shoulders and hips is part of the appendicular skeleton.
trabeculae.
The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called
Rib ends
The vestiblar end has a lot of bone markings while the sternal end is flat.
Muscles of the anterior trunk/the diaphragm
Thee diagram, when related, has a curved appearance. So when it contracts it moves downward which increases the size of the thoracic cavity which is associated with inhalation. This drops the pressure of the thoracic cavity which aids in inhalation and air moving in.
True ribs
They articulate with the sternum.They move during respiration.They articulate with thoracic vertebrae.They are ribs one to seven.
The major bones of the Axial Skeleton are
Those of the skull, vertebral column, sternum and rib cage.
Identify the articulation site for a tubercle of a rib.
Transverse costal facet
Foramina located in the _____ is a characteristic of cervical vertebrae.
Transverse processes
Short bones
Usually cube shaped.
How do we classify bones?
We classify bones by the shape/physical features and the division of the human skeleton that they belong to: Axial or Appendicular.
Bony-Synostoses-
a location where there was a joint formed by a connective tissue that has ossified, turning it into an immovable joint. Two main locations for this - epiphyseal plates when the growth plates close and frontal suture in kids (which ossifies later)
A single motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it innervates is called a(n)
a motor unit
Treppe is the phenomenon that results in
a progressive increase in the force generated with repetitive stimulation
A movement away from the midline of the body is called
abduction.
Serratus anterior
abducts and rotates scapula upwards (boxing muscle).
Stand up and raise your left upper extremity to the side so that it is sticking straight out, parallel with the ground. Is that limb abducted or adducted?
adduction
Which movement would you have to make in order to return your left upper extremity to its starting position?
adduction
The bones of the forearm, or ________, consist of the radius and ulna.
antebrachium
periosteum
around the bone.
The clinical term for joint inflammation is
arthritis.
What structure covers the bony surfaces of a synovial joint to prevent the surfaces from touching? (Figure 9-1)
articular cartilage
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
When the left upper extremity is abducted, is it moving toward or away from the midline of the body?
away
What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?
axis
The dens process is found on the
axis.
Which of the following movements is a good example of flexion?
bending the elbow
Given that oxygen and nutrients are unable to diffuse efficiently through the hardened, mineralized extracellular matrix of compact bone, how do osteocytes survive?
bone cell cytoplasmic extensions
Minute canals called
canaliculi connect neighboring lacunae to each other and to the central canal.
Intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic of ________ tissue.
cardiac muscle
Identify the incorrect pair. gomphosis; articulation between tooth and bonesynarthrosis; immovable jointamphiarthrosis; slightly movable jointchondrosis; freely moving jointThey are all correct; there is no incorrect pair.
chondrosis; freely moving joint INCORRECT
Which of the following is most commonly fractured in a fall?
clavicle
Which of the following constitutes the pectoral girdle?
clavicles and scapulae
Which of the following produced an increase in stimulus frequency?
clicking the mouse in rapid succession
Identify the tailbone.
coccyx
Type of bone tissue
compact and spongy
When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension. This state of maximum tension is called
complete tetanus.
Irregular bones
complicated shapes that do not match other categories. Have complex shapes.
Transverse abdominis
compresses abdomen.
Depressed (or compression) fracture
compression/depressed fractures occur in vertebrae(33 individual, interlocking bones that form the spinal column) subjected to extreme stresses, such as those produced by the forces that arise when you land on your seat in a fall. Compression fractures are often associated with osteoporosis(a condition in which bones become weak and brittle). Seen in the flat bones of the skull, where the bone becomes pressed inward when fractured.
Structure of flat bone
consists of two parallel layers of compact bone/cortex and spongy bone in between.
Where would hyaline cartilage be found in the skeleton? Select all that apply.
costal cartilagestip of noseends of long bones
The most common type of joint inflammation is called
degenerative joint disease.
Internal Intercostals
depress ribs during forced exhalation.
Gross anatomy of long bones
diaphysis(shaft), epiphysis (wide parts at the end). Medullary cavity (Medulla means the inner or middle of something and cavity means space) so this means the space in the middle of something that helps lighten the bone, this can also be filled with adipose tissue in adults which is called yellow marrow which is based on appearance. The epiphysis ends are what articulate or form joints with other bones and this is the bone plate/creates the episial line with a line of different bone tissue?
Based on a functional classification, the hip joint is a
diarthrosis
A synovial joint is an example of a(n)
diarthrosis.
A ________ occurs when articulating surfaces are forced out of position.
dislocation
Displaced versus non displaced fracture
displaced fractures produce new and abnormal bone arrangements while non displaced fractures retain the normal alignment of the bones or fragments.
Lifting a stone with the tip of foot is
dorsiflexion.
Which of the following movements would you associate with chewing food?
elevation
Internal surface covering of long bones
endosteum-cellular layer within the bone that lines the internal surface. Aids in growth repair and remodeling of the bone.
The lining of the medullary cavity is called the
endosteum.
The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the
epimysium.
If you "open up" your elbow, making your arm straight, then your elbow is exhibiting:
extension
Ribs 8 to 12 are called ________ because they do not attach directly to the sternum.
false
The lumbar vertebrae are part of the appendicular skeleton.
false
The lumbar vertebrae are roughly the same size as vertebrae from the rest of the vertebral column.
false
What type of cartilage would be found in intervertebral discs?
fibrocartilage
Sutural bones
flat, irregular bones that comprise the human cranium(skull). - Also called wormian bones, are small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between the flat bones of the skull. They range in size from a grain of sand to a quarter. Their bodies are like pieces of jigsaw puzzle.
External and internal obliques
flex and rotate vertebral column; compress abdomen.
Nodding your head "yes" is an example of
flexion and extension.
Red bone marrow
found in spongy bone in adults such as flat or irregular bones and the epiphysis of specific long bones such as the humerus and femur.
The synarthrosis that binds the teeth to the bony sockets is a
gomphosis.
In ________ crystals of uric acid form within the synovial fluid of joints.
gouty arthritis
The trochlea is located on the
humerus
Which of the following bones will you find in the brachium?
humerus
long bone example
humerus
Appendicular skeleton includes:
humerus, carpals, clavicle, femur,
Which connective tissue is found between the ribs and the sternum?
hyaline cartilage
An extension past the anatomical position is known as
hyperextension
As the stimulus voltage increased, the resulting muscle tension
increased to a point until it reached a plateau
Which of the following produced an increase in stimulus intensity?
increasing the voltage applied.
A common injury to the ankle occurs by excessive turning of the sole inward, called
inversion
at the center of an osteon
is the central (haversian) canal containing blood vessels and nerves.
Spongy bone appearance
it has a mesh of bony spines called trabeculae, a lot of it is in the epiphysis.
Compression fractures associated with osteoporosis of vertebral bodies can distort the normal thoracic curvature of the vertebral column in a posterior direction. Such a distortion is called
kyphosis
Tiny cavities in the matrix called
lacunae (sing. lacuna) hold the living osteocytes.
osteocytes are located within
lacunae in compact bone.
Synovial joints are considered very weak joints because of the great range of motion they allow. Which of the following structures helps to stabilize a synovial joint?
ligaments
In some individuals, body fat accumulates almost exclusively in the belly region. Because of the enlarged belly, the individual has a swayback appearance. The clinical term for this distortion of the vertebral curvature is called
lordosis
The part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles is the
manubrium
The superior part of the sternum is called the
manubrium
In the anatomical position, the ulna is located ________ to the radius.
medial
The ulnar nerve is exposed when it crosses the posterior surface of what process?
medial epicondyle
Adipose tissue is stored within the
medullary cavity.
The bones that form the palm are the
metacarpals.
Increasing the applied voltage in the simulation corresponds to which in vivo event?
motor unit recruitment
Which of these conditions more commonly occurs with advancing age?
osteoarthritis
sesamoid bone
patella
The layer of bone that is interwoven with tendons is the
periosteum.
The bones that form the fingers are the
phalanges.
Which foot movement enables the ballerina to stand on her toes?
plantar flexion
Another name for the thumb is
pollex
pectoralis major
prime mover of arm flexion; also adducts and medially rotates (push-ups).
Diaphragm
prime mover of inhalation; increases thorax volume.
marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone.
red
What type of arthritis is caused by an autoimmune disease?
rheumatoid arthritis
The true ribs are
ribs 1-7 and are called vertebrosternal ribs.
The ribs that have no attachment to the sternum are
ribs 11-12
An example of a synchondrosis is the articulation of the
ribs with the sternum.
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately inferior to the lumbar region?
sacral
Identify the bony posterior wall of the pelvis.
sacrum
This appendicular bone has a roughly triangular shape.
scapula
The most common distortion of the spinal curvature is
scoliosis.
Sesamoid bones
short bones that form within tendons. - They are usually small, round and flat. They are found at the joints of the knees, hands and feet. Few people have sesamoid bones at every possible location but everyone has sesamoid patella which are kneecaps. and they are kind of shaped like sesame seeds. Example: patella.
Which type of muscle tissue is under your conscious control?
skeletal
Voluntary movements are carried out by the contraction of
skeletal muscle
Which muscle tissue consists of multinucleate cells?
skeletal muscle
The muscle tissue that shows no striations is ________ muscle.
smooth
The muscle found in the walls of most hollow organs of the body is
smooth muscle
The medial end of the clavicle is also known as the ________ end.
sternal
flat bone
sternum, rib.
The short projections at the distal ends of both the radius and ulna are the
styloid processes.
The anterior surface of the scapula is smooth and concave. The name of the concave depression is the
subscapular fossa.
Successive vertebrae articulate at facets on the inferior articular processes of the superior vertebra and facets on the ________ of the adjacent inferior vertebrae.
superior articular processes
The movement of the forearm while twisting a doorknob is
supination and pronation.
The synarthrosis that binds the two parietal bones together is a
suture
A motor unit is defined as
the axon terminals of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it stimulates
NO force is generated during which of the following?
the latent period
When wave summation occurs,
the muscle force generated increases
Which of the following is proportional to the amount of tension produced by a skeletal muscle?
the number of motor units activated
osteon
the structural unit of of compact bone
As you move in an inferior direction along the vertebral column,
the vertebral bodies become relatively larger.
The spinous processes are especially long on __________ vertebrae.
thoracic
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately superior to the lumbar region?
thoracic
The ribs articulate with the
thoracic vertebrae.
What is the minimum voltage needed to generate active force in the skeletal muscle?
threshold voltage
The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called
trabeculae.
The lumbar vertebrae are found in the lower back.
true
The shape of the spinous process can be used to help determine if a vertebra is from the lumbar region.
true
The rapid rise and fall in force produced by a muscle fiber after a single action potential is a(n)
twitch
Which of these is a forearm bone?
ulna (radius?)
Flat bones
usually thin, curved and flattened. Example: rib.
irregular bone
vertebra
Axial skeleton includes:
vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs and sternum. Skull.
The tubercle of a rib is always much closer to the __________ end of the rib.
vertebral
If a second stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase has ended, a second, more powerful contraction occurs. This addition of one twitch to another is called
wave summation
When the frequency of stimulation of a muscle is great enough,
wave summation results and muscle twitches overlap.
The term ________ is used to describe an injury caused by displacement of the cervical vertebrae during a sudden change in body position.
whiplash
endosperm
within the bone.
trabeculae
word meaning little beams. Within spon
Tina falls and fractures her pisiform bone. What part of her body was injured?
wrist