The Thirteen Colonies and the British Empire
Bacon's Rebellion: Nathaniel Bacon, an impoverished gentleman famrer, sized upon the greivances of the western farmers to lead a rebellion against SIr William Berkeley's government -Bacon and others resented the economic and political control exercised by a few large planters in the Chesapeake area.
- He raised an army of volunteers and, in 1676, conducted a series of raids and massacres against American Indian villages on the Virginia frontier. ----Berkeley's government in Jamestown accused Bacon of rebelling against royal authority. ------Bacon's army succeeded in defeating the governor's forces and even burned the Jamestown settlement. -------Soon afterward, Bacon died of dysentery and the rebel army collapsed. ----Governor Berkeley brutally suppressed the remnants of the insurrection, executing 23 rebels.
Both Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay
-both were settled by English Protestants who dissented from the official government-supported church of england, also known as the Anglican Church -The Church of England has broken away from the control of the pope in Rome. -the dissenters adopted John Calvin's doctrine of predestination, the beleif that God guides those he has selected for salvation even before their birth -England's King James I, viewed the religious dissenters as a threat to his religious and political authority and ordered them arrested and jailed
Despite tobacco, by 1624 the Virginia colony remained near collapse
-more than 6,000 people had settled there, but only 2,000 remained alive -the virginia company made unwise decisions that placed it heavily in debt
the first settlers of Jamestown suffered greatly, mostly from own mistakes.
-settlement;s location in a swampy area along james river resulted in fatal outbreaks of dysentery and malaria -many settlers were gentlemen unaccustomed to physical word -gold seeking adventures refused to hunt or farm. -one key souse of goods was from trade with american indians -- but when conflicts erupted between settlers and the natives trade would stop and settlers went hungry. -starvation was persistent issue in jamestown
In the late 1600s, protestant resentment against a catholic proprietor erupted into a brief civil war
-the protestants trimpuhed, and the Act of Toleration was repealed. -Catholics lost their right to vote in electrons for the Maryland assembly. -in the late 18th century, maryland's economy and society was much like that of neighboring Virginia, except that in Maryland there was greater tolerance of religious diversity among different protestant sects.
unlike the french and spanish colonists, the english brought a tradition of representative government
-they were accustomed to holding elections for representatives who would speak for property owners and decide important measures, such as taxes, proposed by the king's government
Leaving boston, Roger Williams fled southward to Narragansett Bay, where he and a few followers founded the settlement of Providence in 1636. =the new colony was unique in 2 respects
1) it recognized the rights of american indians and paid them for the use of their land 2) William's government allowed Catholics, Quakers, and Jews to worship freely. Williams also founded one of the first Baptist churches in America
Although it was short lived, Bacon's Rebellion, or the Chesapeake Revolution, highlighted 2 long lasting disputes in colonial Virginia
1) sharp class differences between wealthy planets and landless or poor farmers -2) colonial resistance to royal control These problems would continue into the next century, even after the general conditions of life in the Chesapeake colonies became more stable and prosperous
More important than mercantilism in the early 18th century was the growth of slavery. By 1750, half of Virginia's population and two-thirds of South Carolina's population were enslaved. Here's why slavery became increasingly important, especially for Southern colonies.
1. Reduced migration:Increases in wages in england reduced the supply of immigrants to the colonies. 2. Dependable workforce:Large plantation owners were disturbed by the political demands of small farmers and indentured servants and by the disorders of Bacon's Rebellion. They thought that slavery would provide a stable force totally under their control. 3. Cheap labor:As tobacco prices fell, rice and indigo became the most profitable crops. To grow such crops required a large land area and many inexpensive, relatively unskilled field hands.
England's government added a mercantilist policy wish a series of Navigation Acts between 1650 and 1673, which established three rules for colonial trade.
1. Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by English or Colonial-built ships, which could be operated only by English or colonial crews. 2. All goods imported into colonies, except for some perishables, had to pass through ports in England. 3. Specified or "enumerated" goods from colonies could be exported to England only. Tobacco was the original "enumerated" good, but over the years, the list was greatly expanded.
William Penn is a young convert of the Quaker faith. his dad served the king as a victorious admiral. The elder Penn opposed his sons religious beliefs but respected his sincerity and gave him wealth.
Also, the royal family owed the father a debt, they paid William in 1681 in the form of American land for a colony called Pennsylvania, or Penn's woods.
The Navigation Acts had mixed effects on the colonies. The acts caused New England shipbuilding to prosper, provided Chesapeake tobacco with a monopoly in England, and provided English military forces to protect the colonies from potential attacks by French and Spanish.
But, the acts also severely limited the development of colonial manufacturing, forced Chesapeake farmers to get low prices for their crops, and caused colonists to pay high prices for manufactured goods from England.
Most European kingdoms, in the 17th century adopted the economic policy of mercantilism, which looked upon trade, colonies, and accumulation of wealth as the basis for a country's military and political strength. To mercantilist doctrine, a government should regulate trade and production to enable it to be self-sufficient.
Colonies were to bring raw materials to a parent country for the growth and profit of that country's industries. Colonies only existed to enrich the parent country.
In many respects, mercantilist regulations were unnecessary, since England would be the colonies primary trading partner in any case. Furthermore, the economic advantages from the Navigation Acts were offset by their negative political effects on British-colonial relations.
Colonists resented the regulatory laws imposed by the distant government in London. Especially in New England, colonists defied the acts by smuggling in French, Dutch, and other goods.
England was finally in a position to colonize the lands : by defeating a large spanish fleet- the SPanish Armada- in 1588,
England had gained a reputation as a major naval power.
In 1732, a thirteenth colony, Georgia, was chartered. It was the last of the British colonies and the only one to get direct financial support from the government in London. There's two reasons for british interest in a new starting southern colony.
First, Britain wanted to make a defensive buffer to protect the prosperous South Carolina plantations from the threat of Spanish Florida. Also, thousands of people in England were jailed for debt. They thought it would relieve overcrowded jails if debtors were shipped to America to start over.
Quakers believed in equality of all man and women, nonviolence, and resistance to military service.
Furthermore, they believed that religious authority was found in each person's soul and not the bible or any outside source. Quakers in England were executed and jailed for this belief
in 1630, about a thousand Puritans led by John Winthrop sailed for the Massachusetts shore and founded Boston and several other towns. -a civil war in england in 1630s drove some 15,000 more settlers to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a movement known as the
Great Migration
Unlike other proprietors who governed far in England, Penn crossed the ocean to watch the founding of a new town on the Delaware River named Philadelphia.
He brought a plan for grid pattern of streets, which was later imitated by other American cities. Also unusual was Penn's attempt to treat the American Indians fairly and not to cheat them when they purchased land.
In 1632, King Charles I subdivided the Virginia colony.
He chartered a new colony on either side of Chesapeake Bay and granted control of it to George Calvert ( Lord Baltimore), as a reward for this Catholic Nobleman's service to the crown. -the new colony of maryland thus became the first proprietary colony.
Penn put his beliefs to the test with his land, planning to make a new colony for religious refuge or Quakers and other persecuted people, to enact liberal ideas in government, and generate income and profits for himself.
He got a colony with a frame of government, which allowed a representative assembly elected by landowners, and a written constitution, The Charter of Liberties, which guaranteed freedom and worship for all unrestricted immigration.
South of Hartford, a second settlement in the Connecticut Valley was started by John Davenport in 1637 and given the name New Haven
In 1665, New Haven joined with the more democratic Hartford settlers to form the colony of Connecticut. -the royal charter for Connecticut granted it a limited degree of self-government, including election of the governor.
The British government was often lax in enforcing the acts, and the agents in the colonies were corrupted. Occasionally though, the crown would attempt to overcome colonial resistance to its trade laws.
In 1684, it revoked the charter of Massachusetts Bay because that colony had been the center of smuggling activity.
A new king, James 2, succeeded to the throne in 1865. He was determined to increase royal control over the colonies by combining them into larger administrative units and doing away with their representative assemblies.
In 1686, he combined New York, New Jersey, and the various New England colonies into a single unit called the Dominion of New England. Sir Edmund Andros was sent from england to serve as governor of the dominion.. The governor made himself unpopular by levying taxes, limiting town meetings and revoking land titles.
1702, Penn allowed the lower three countries of Pennsylvania their own assembly.
In effect, Delaware became a separate colony, even though its governor was the same as Pennsylvania's until the American Revolution
New Hampshire: The last colony to be founded in New England was New Hampshire. originally part of Massachusetts Bay, it consisted of a few settlements north of Boston. -hoping to increase royal control over the colonies,
King Charles II seperated New Hampshire from the Bay colony in 1679 and made it a royal colony, subject to the authority of an appointed governor
Believing that the territory of New York was too large to administer, James split it in 1664. He gave the section of the colony located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. -in 1674, one proprietor receive West New Jersey and the other East New Jersey. To attract settlers, both proprietors made generous land offers and allowed religious freedom and an assembly -eventually, they sold their proprietary interests to various groups of Quakers.
Land titles in the Jerseys changed hands repeatedly, and inaccurate property lines added to the general confusion -to settle matters, the crown decided in 1702 to combine the 2 Jerseys into a single royal colony : New Jersey
Rodger Williams went to Boston in 1631 as a respected Puritan minister. He believed, however, that the individual's conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. -his teachings on this point placed him in conflict with toher puritan leaders, who ordered his banishment from the Bay Colony,
Leaving boston, Rodger Williams fled southward to Narragansett Bay, where he and a few followers founded the settlement of Providence in 1636.
from their very beginning, the American colonies began taking steps toward self-rule: Aboard the Mayflower in 1620, the Pilgrims drew up and signed a document that pledged them to make decisions by the will of the Majority -this document known as the
Mayflower Compact, was an early form of colonial self-government and a rudimentary/basic written constitution.
Mercantilist policies had guided both the Spanish and French colonies from their inception.
Mercantilism began to be applied to the English colonies, but, only after the turmoil of England's civil war has subsided.
In the 17th century, English trade in enslaved Africans had been monopolized by a single company, the Royal African Company. But after the monopoly expired, many New England merchants entered the lucrative slave trade.
Merchant ships would regularly follow a triangular slave trade route. First, ships starting from a New England port would carry rum to West Africa. There the rum would be traded for lots of slaves. Then, the ship would set through the Middle Passage. Those Africans who survived the voyage would be traded as slaves in the West Indies. Third, the ship would return to New England with the sugar from America to be used to make rum.
The last colony to be founded in New England was
New Hampshire
Given a royal charter for a proprietary colony, a group of philanthropists led by James Oglethorpe founded Georgia's first settlement
Oglethorpe acted as the colonies governor and put in effect an elaborate plan for making the colony thrive. There were strict regulations, including bands from rum and slavery. Partly because of the constant threat of Spanish attack, the colony didn't prosper.
To attract more settlers to his new land, Penn hired agents and published notices through Europe, which promised political and religious freedom and good land terms.
Penn's land on the Delaware River had been settled by several thousand Dutch and Swedish colonists, who eased the arrival of the newcomers by Penn's promotion.
religious motivation, not the search for wealth, was the principal force behind the settlement of 2 other english colonies
Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay
to avoid persecution in England, several wealthy English Catholics emigrated to Maryland and established large colonial plantations. -they were quickly outnumbered, however, by Protestant farmes.
Protestants therefore held a majority in Maryland's assembly. -in 1649, Calvert persuaded the assembly to adopt the Act of Toleration, the first colonial statute granting religious freedom to all Christians. But, the statue also called for the death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus
A group of more moderate dissenters believed that the church of england could be reformed. -because they wanted to purify the church, they became known as
Puritans -the persecution of Puritans increased when a new king, charles I, took the throne in 1625. -seeing religious freedom, a group of Puritans gained a royal charter for the Massachusetts Bay Company ( 1629)
Despite the Glorious Revolution, mercantilist policies remained in force. In the 18th century, there were more English officials in colonies than in any earlier era.
Restrictions on colonial trade, though poorly enforced, were widely resented and resisted.
In 1644. Roger William was granted a charter from the Parliament that joined Providence and Portsmouth into a single colony,
Rhode Island -because this colony tolerated diverse beliefs, it served as a refuge for many
In 1670, in the southern Carolinas, a few colonists from England and some planters from the island of Barbados founded a town named for their king -by the middle of the 18th century, the economy was based on
South Carolina's large rice-growing plantations worked by enslaved Africans resembled the economy and culture of the west indies
Economic hardship and cultural differences with the Dutch led many of the Pilgrims to seek another haven for their religion -where
THey chose the new colony in America, then operated by the Virginia Company of London. -in 1620, a small group of Pilgrims set sail for Virgna abroad the Mayflower. -fewer than half of the 100 passengers on this ship were separatists; the rest were people who had economic motives for making the voyage.
The west of New Jersey had a large expansive forested land
That land originally settled by a peace-loving christian sect, the Quakers
1752, Oglethorpe and his group gave up the plan. Taken over by the British, Georgia became a royal colony. Restrictions on rum and slavery were removed.
The colony grew slowly by adopting the plantation system of South Carolina. Even so, at the time of the American Revolution, Georgia was the smallest and poorest of the 13 colonies.
In both Maryland and Virginia, landowners saw great opportunities. Landowners tried several ways to find the workers they wanted. -At first, the virgnia Company hoped to meet the need for labor using indentured servants.
Under contract with a master or landowner who paid for their passage, young people from the British Isles agreed to work for a specified period-usually between four to seven years in return for room and board. -In effect, indentured servants were under the absolute rule of their masters until the end of their work period. At the expiration of that period, they gained their freedom and either worked for wages or obtained land of their own to farm. = For landowners, the system provided laborers, but only temporarily.
only a few years before the confederation's demise, it helped the New England colonists cope successfully with a dire threat. -a chief of the Wampanoags named Metacom - known to the colonists as king Philip- he did what?
United many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers, who were constantly encroaching on the American Indians' lands -in vicious war, thousands on both sides were killed, and dozens of towns and villages were burned. -eventually, the colonial forces prevailed, killing King Philip and ending most American Indian resistance in New England
As the number of slaves increased, white colonists adopted laws to ensure that African Americans would be held in bondage for life and that slave status would be inherited. In 1641, Massachusetts became the first colony to recognize the enslavement of "lawful" captives.
Virginia in 1661 enacted legislation stating that children automatically inherited their mother's enslaved status for life. By 1664, Maryland declared that baptism doesn't affect the enslaved person status, and white women could not marry black men. It became customary for whites to regard all blacks as social inferiors. Racism and slavery became integral to colonial society.
James 2 didn't stay in power for long. His attempts at asserting powers led to an uprising. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 succeeded in going against James and replacing him with 2 new sovereigns.
William and Mary. James's fall from power brought the Dominion of New England to end and the colonies again operated under separate charters.
starting with Jamestown ( virginia) in 1607 and ending with georgia in 1773, a total of 13 english colonies developed along the atlantic coast of north america -ever colony received its identity and its authority to operate by means of a charter
a document granting special privileges from the english monarch -each charter described in general terms the relationship that was supposed to exist between the colony and the crown.
england's King James I chartered the Virginia company,
a joint stock company that funded the first permanent english colony in america at jamestown in 1607
In the 1600s, a generation had passed since the founding of the first Puritan colonies in New England -to be a full member of a Puritan congregation,
an individual needed to have felt a profound religious experience known as a conversion.
Charles II wished to consolidate the crown's holdings along the Atlantic Coast and close the gap between the New England and the Chesapeake colonies. This required compelling the Dutch to give up their colony of New Amsterdam centered on Manhattan Island and the Hudson River Valley. -In 1664, the king granted his other, the Duke of York ( James II), the lands lying between Connecticut and Delaware Bay
as the lord high admiral of the navy, James dispatched a force that easily took control of the Dutch colony from its governor, Peter Stuyvesant. -James ordered his agents in the renamed colony of New York to treat the Dutch settlers well and to allow them freedom to worship as they pleased and speak their own language
in both Maryland and Virginia, landowners saw great opportunities. Landowners tried several ways to find the workers they wanted. -slavery: in 1619, a Dutch ship brought an unusual group of indentured servants to Virginia: they were black Africans.
because English law at that time did not recognize hereditary slavery, the first africans in virginia were not in bondage for life, and any children born to them were free. -early colonists were struggling to survive and too poor to purchase the africans who were being imported as slaves for sugar plantations in the west indies.
Charles II wished to consolidate the crown's holdings along the Atlantic Coast and close the gap between the New England and the Chesapeake colonies. -this required
compelling the Dutch to give up their colony of New Amsterdam centered on Manhattan Island and the Hudson River Valley.
over time, 3 types of charters- and 3 types of colonies developed
corporate, royal, and proprietary colonies
while political and religious conflicts dominated england, feelings for independence grw in the colonies
eventually, tensions emerged between the king and his colonial subjects
Sir William Berkeley, the royal governor of Virginia used dictatorial powers to govern on behalf of the large planets
he antagonized small farmers on Virginia's western frontier because he failed to protect them from Indian attacks
New Jersey: Believing that the territory of New York was too large to administer, James split it in 1664
he gave the section of the colony located between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay to Lord JOhn Berkeley and Sir George Carteret.
from their very beginning, the American colonies began taking steps toward self-rule: The Virginia Company encouraged settlement in Jamestown by guaranteeing colonists the same rights as residents of England, including representation in the lawmaking process.
in 1612, just 12 years after the founding of Jamestown, Virginia's colonists organized the first representative assembly in America, the House of Burgesses.
as a reward for helping him gain the throne, Charles II granted a huge tract of land between Virginia and Spanish Florida to 8 nobles, who in 1663 became the lord proprietors of the Carolinas
in 1729, 2 royal colonies, SOuth Carolina and North Carolina, were formed from the original grant
In the 1600s, a generation had passed since the founding of the first Puritan colonies in New England -to be a full member of a Puritan congregation there needed to be a conversion -but, fewer members of the new native born generation were having such experiences.
in an effort to maintain the church's influence and membership, a halfway covenant was offered by some clergy. -under this, people could become partial church members even if they had not had felt a conversion.
In both Maryland and Virginia, landowners saw great opportunities. -they could get land either by taking it from or trading for it with american Indians, and europeans had a growing demand for tobacco. -however, they could not find enough labors
in virginia, the high death rate from disease, food shortages, and battles with american indians meant that the population grew slowly
from their very beginning, the American colonies began taking steps toward self-rule: however, most colonists were excluded from the political process.
only male property owners could vote for representatives -who who were female or landless had few rights; slaves and indentured servants had practically none.
James II also ordered ( the Dutch settlers of New York after took control of Dutch colony)
ordered new taxes, duties, and rents without seeking the consent of a representative assembly -he insisted that no assembly should be allowed to form in his colony -but taxation without representation met strong opposition from New York's English-speaking settlers, most of whom were Puritans from New england -in 1683, James yielded by allowing New York's governor to grant broad civil and political rights, including a representative assembly
Puritan colonies in New England: Other ministers rejected the halfway covenant and denounced it from the pulpit -nevertheless
over the years, strict puritan practices weakened in most new england communities in order to maintain church membership
the english devised a practical method for fiancing the costly and risky enterprise of founding colonies -a joint stock company
pooled the saving of many investors, thereby spreading the risk -thus, colonies on the north atlantic coast were able to attract large numbers of english settlers.
Several hundred Separatists left england for Holland in search of
religious freedom -because of their travels, they became known as the PIlgrims.
New american colonies were founded in the late 17th century during a period in English history known as the
restoration
as a result of Virginia's near collapse, King James I
revoked the charter of the bankrupt company and took direct control of the colony -now known as virginia, the colony became England's first royal colony
The Hartford settlers drew up the first written constitution in American history,
the Fundamental ORders of Connecticut
to the west of Rhode Island, the fertile Connecticut River Valley attracted other settlers who were unhappy with the Massachusetts authorities -the reverend Thomas Hooker led a large group of Boston Puritans into the valley and founded the colony of Hartford in 1636
the Hartford settlers then drew up the first written constitution in American history, the fundamental orders of Connecticut. -it established a representative government consisting of a legislature elected by a popular vote and a governor chosen by that legislature.
strong religious convictions helped sustain settlers in their struggle to establish the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies. -however, Puritan leaders showed intolerance of anyone who questioned their religious teachings
the Puritans often banished dissidents from the Bay colony -these banished dissidents formed settlements that would develop into Rhode Island and Connecticut
in both Maryland and Virginia, landowners saw great opportunities. Landowners tried several ways to find the workers they wanted. -by 1650, there were only about 400 African laborers in Virginia. however, by the end of the 1600s,
the Virginia House of Burgesses had enacted laws that discriminate between blacks and whites -africans and their offspring were to be kept in permanent bondage -they were slaves
though the forceful leadership of Captain John Smith, Jamestown survived its first 5 years, but barley -then through the efforts of John Rolfe and his Indian wife, Pocahontas,
the colony developed a new variety of tobacco that would become popular in europe and become a profitable crop
in both Maryland and Virginia, landowners saw great opportunities. Landowners tried several ways to find the workers they wanted. -virginia attempted to attract immigrants through offers of land - Headright System
the colony offered 50 acres of land to each immigrant who paid for his own passage and any plantation owner who paid for an immigrant's passage
New England Confederation
the confederation was directed by a board composed of 2 representatives from each colony -it had limited powers to act on boundary disputes, the return of runaway servants, and dealings with American Indians -the confederation lasted until 1684, when colonial rivalries and renewed control by the english monarch brought this first experiment in colonial cooperation to an end. it was important because it established a precedent for colonies taking unified action toward a common purpose
the king expected proprietors to carry out his wishes faithfully, thus giving him control over a colony.
the first Lord Baltimore died before he could achieve great wealth in his colony while also providing a haven for his fellow Catholics. -the maryland proprietorship passed to his son, Cecil Calvert - the second Lord Baltimore, who set about implementing his father's plan in 1634
Another dissident who questioned the doctrines of the Puritan authorities was Anne Hutchinson. -she believed in antinomianism
the idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation -banished from the Bay Colony, ( massachusetts ) Hutchison and a group of followers founded the colony of Portsmouth in 1638, not far from Williams' colony of Providence -few years later she migrated to Long Island and was killed in an American Indian uprising
also in this period, england's population was growing rapidly while its economy was depressed.
the number of poor and landless people increased, people who were attracted to opportunities in the americas
after a hard and stormy voyage of 65 days, the Mayflower dropped anchor off the Massachusetts coast, a few hundred miles to the north of the intended destination in Virginia -rather than going on to Jamestown as planned
the pilgrims decided to establish a new colony at Plymouth
The northern part of the carolinas developed differently (than southern). -there, farmers from Virginia and New ENgland established small, self-sufficient tobacco farms.
the region had few good harbors and poor transportation; therefore, compared to south carolina, there were fewer large plantations and less reliance on slavery -north carolina in 18th century earned a reputation for democratic views and autonomy from British control
In the 1640s, the New England colonies faced the constant threat of attack from American Indians, the Dutch, and the French. -because England was in the midst of a civil war, the colonists could expect little assistance
therefore in 1643, 4 new england colonies ( Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, connecticut, and New Haven) formed a military alliance known as the New England Confederation.
after a first winder that saw half their number perish/dead. the settlers at Plymouth ( pilgrims) were helpful to adapt to the land by friendly american indians
they celebrated a good harvest at a thanksgiving feast ( the first thanksgiving) in 1621 -under strong leaders, including Captain Miles Standish and Governor William Bradford, the Plymouth colony grew slowly but remained small -Fish, furs, and lumber became the mainstays of the economy.
radical dissenters to the church of england were known as the separatists because
they wanted to organize a completely separate church that was independent of royal control
from their very beginning, the American colonies began taking steps toward self-rule: -also, many colonial governors ruled with autocratic or unlimited powers, answering only to the king or others in england who provided the colonies' financial support
thus, the gradual development of democratic ideas in the colonies coexisted with anti democratic practices such as slavery and the widespread mistreatment of american indians
In the Massachusetts Bay Colony, all freemen - male members of the Puritan Church- had the right
to participate in yearly elections of the colony's governor, his assistants, and a representative assembly.
In 1670, in the southern Carolinas, a few colonists from England and some planters from the island of Barbados founded a town named for their king -initially, the southern economy was based on
trading furs and providing food for the west indies
over time, 3 types of charters- and 3 types of colonies developed -corporate colonies, such as jamestown,
were operated by joint-stock companies, at least during these colonies' early years
over time, 3 types of charters- and 3 types of colonies developed -royal colonies, such as virginia after 1624,
were to be under the direct authority and rule of the king's government
over time, 3 types of charters- and 3 types of colonies developed -proprietary colonies, such as maryland and pennsylvania,
were under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king
in both Maryland and Virginia, landowners saw great opportunities. Labor shortages: -beginning in the 1660s, low tobacco prices, due largely to overproduction, brought hard times to the Chesapeake colonies Maryland and Virginia.
when Virginia's House of Burgesses attempted to raise tobacco prices, the merchants of London retaliated by raising their own prices on good exported to virginia.