THEO TEST 3
The Fourth Lateran Council instituted the ______________requiring that priests not reveal any sins confessed in the Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation.
"seal of confession,"
Dominicians are known as Black Friars why is this ?
( because of their habit), lived in communal houses
Saint Catherine of Siena's Plea
- Catherine of Siena, great mystics of the time, credited with convincing him to follow through with this idea 1376- Catherine boldly met with the Pope in Avignon and was very direct: she condemned the greed, materialism, and pride of the papal court Not long after Catherine visited Pope Gregory XI the papal office returned to Rome
The Cost to the Church
- Papacy lost its effect and dignity and came to be viewed with great cynicism - Popes during this time, excommunicated people without thought and excommunication was a common punishment, it lost credibility as a legitimate measure to correct serious sins - Conciliar Movement- gave Church Councils - at the time convened by secular leaders - supremacy over Popes, further depleted the power of the Papacy - Conciliarism thrived until mid 14th century when Pope Pius II (1458- 1464) formally condemned it and reestablished Papal Primacy
Carthusians & Cistercians
-Both orders relied heavily on the rule of Saint Benedict -Rule was modified and placed greater emphasis on sacrifice and poverty
Franciscan Spirituality
-Central theme of Franciscan spirituality was the imitation of Christ and his poverty -Preaching of the Franciscans was a powerful voice for renewal in the medieval church
Saint Bernard(1115)
-Cistercian monk and theologian -Sent to Clairveaux to found a monastery Influential -By his death, 1153, order grew to nearly 350 houses -Cistercian abbeys became leaders in technological knowledge- were important contributors to France's economy through out the medieval period
Carthusians
-Emphasized a life of austerity -Monks lived a hermitic life -Meeting in community only on feast days
Cistercians
-Founded in 1098 at Citeaux -Also stressed solitude, not to the same degree as Carthusians -Also placed an emphasis on manual labor and poverty
Mendicant orders
-Mendicant or "beggar" orders -Involved themselves in the world, preaching and teaching and serving the poor
Describe Romanesque
-Named after the Roman style of building -Employed massive pillars with rounded arches to hold up stone roofs, replacing flammable wood-beamed Churches in the past -Resembled fortresses with thick walls and small windows to let in light
Summa Theologica
-Shows logical relationship between faith and reason -Follows method of medieval disputation (problem or question posed, objections addressed, resolution reached) to prove the existence of God and our relationship -Explains that although human reason can achieve brilliance, it cant grasp or explain everything, especially the mysteries of faith
Dominic de Guzman
-Traveling to France, Dominic de Guzman encountered Albigensians (heretical sect active in France in the 11th and 12th century) -Envisioned an order dedicated to combating heresies through preaching -Wanted his order to live the monastic ideals outside of the confines of a monastery, traveling through the countryside to teach and preach against heresies -Wanted a well educated clergy, capable of defending the Church against heresies
The Crusades did accomplish some good for the West name some examples?
1.)Contact with Muslim scholars exposed Western Europe to advances in astronomy, navigation, mathematics, and science. 2.)The Crusaders brought back long-lost works of the Greek philosophers that had been safeguarded and studied in Muslim lands. 3.)These philosophical works in turn influenced Saint Thomas Aquinas and other scholastic theologians.
Saint Francis
1.)Took up a life of poverty, committed to strengthening the Church by preaching the Good News 2.)Attracted a group of like minded men 3.)Formed a religious community 4.)Franciscan Friars were not connected to a particular monastery- first mendicant order, who begged for their sustenance
3 factors of the Decline of the Papacy
1.)nationalism 2.)Avignon Papacy 3.)Great Western Schism
High Middle Ages began around______and in _______
1000 1300
By the start of the 14th century, more than eighty universities had been founded Ex:.....
1088- University of Bologna chartered 1150- University of Paris 1167-University of Oxford
Avignon Papacy dragged on for more than ___ years
70
Francis of Assisi(1181-126)
Age 25 life changed drastically, a series of spiritual events led him away from the life of a wealthy merchant's son and from military life *He had an encounter were a leper who he identified as Jesus Christ
In the Middle Ages, the ____________________challenged the Church's teachings on the Eucharist.
Albigensian heresy
Name some several important figures that are identified with scholasticism
Anselm of Canterburry Peter Abelard Thomas Aquinas
Name some key events in the High Middle Ages
Benedictine Monasticism, introduction of new religious orders, appearance of religious orders for women
The universities grew out of the_____________
Cathedral schools
Several smaller crusades were launched in subsequent years, including the so-called _____________________. All failed to reach their goal. In 1291 Christians lost the city of Acre (in present-day Israel)—its last stronghold in the Holy Land. This loss ended Christian influence in the region.
Children's Crusade
Return to the rule of Saint Benedict was stressed, with emphasis on true_______,__________,________and freedom from lay influence
Christian discipleship, poverty, simplicity,
What became the leader of Western Monasticism ?
Cluny
The Crusaders broke through the city walls of ______________ .
Constantinople.
"the queen of sciences"
Emphasizes dialectical reasoning, in which two or more people holding different points of view about a subject arrive at the truth by dialogue, with reasoned arguments
Name some Kings who launched the Third Crusade ?
England =(Richard the Lion-Hearted) France (Philip II) Germany =(Frederick Barbarossa).
Pope Innocent exerted a wide influence over the Christian regimes of Europe, claiming supremacy over all of ____________
Europe's kings.
Ture or False Gothic did not use of stain glass that were situated at the west end of the nave. Intricate pictures of the stained glass appealed to a congregation that was largely illiterate
False they had an abundance of stain glass
How did Francis of Assisi react to the voice he heard?
First he responded by rebuilding churches Then he heard the Gospel where Jesus sent his disciples out with no money or possession Understand Christ was calling him to a different kind of service
The Church combated the Albigensian teaching at the_______________________________, convoked in 1213.
Fourth Lateran Council
Scholasticism is most closely identified with knowledge about ____
God
The Second Crusade was disastrous. The Christians lost_________ again, as well as all the other territories gained in the First Crusade.
Jerusalem
Who found the Franciscans
Mendicant order founded by Francis of Assisi, 1181-1226
Mid 11th century reforms started at Cluny spread to other Benedictine monasteries, including _______________
Monte Casino
Name some orders that are part of The Mendicant orders?
Order of the Preachers (Domninicans) Order of Friar Minors (Franciscans)
Kings start asserting themselves over the Church....name examples
Philip II (France) and Edward I (England) assert dominance over the church by taxing the clergy
Who is the main person of The Avignon Papacy ?
Pope Clement
The Avignon Papacy (describe)
Pope Clement created ten cardinals in 1305 (9 of the 10 were French) - 1309- moved the Church's headquarters from Rome to Avignon - papal court in Avignon was a place of wealth and material comforts - Christians outside of France believed the Pope, as the successor of Peter, and Bishop of Rome, should in fact live in Rome - arrangement deprived the papacy of military and financial independence
The Great Western Schism
Pope Gregory XI returning the papal throne to Rome in 1377 did not bring an end to the conflice - when Gregory died in 1378, Roman mobs pressured the college of cardinals into electing an Italian, Urban VI - Not long after the election, French Cardinals claimed to have been pressured into the vote - they return to France, deposed him, and elected a French Pope - New Pope took the name Clement VII and reestablished a papal court in Avignon - neither man would give up his claim to the Papacy - Resulting in the GREAT WESTERN SCHISM-
___________was one of the most powerful and influential popes.
Pope Innocent
1215,_____________________formally recognized Dominic's community as an order of preachers Spread rapidly throughout western and central Europe
Pope Innoncent III
What did the Pope do when Philip II (France) and Edward I (England) were taxing the clergy ?
Pope issued a bull (Papal Bull) forbidding taxation of the clergy and threatening excommunication
(TRUE OR FALSE) The most vibrant city in the Christian world was left in ruins.(Constantinople )
TRUE
During the First Crusade which empire recovered some territories from the Turks?
The Byzantine Empire
(Name this Crusade) this crusade was launched when Pope Urban II turned to his native France to recruit soldiers. The forces set off in 1096.
The First Crusade (1095-1099)
(Name this Crusade) This Crusade was launched in 1204 to address concerns about Muslim influence in the Holy Land, with particular hope for retaking Jerusalem.
The Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
(Name this Crusade ) This crusade was launched after the Muslims regained some territories that had been captured by the Christians in the First Crusade.
The Second Crusade
What was the outcome of the damage of Constantinople ?
These actions caused suffering and sorrow that further inflamed the tensions between the Western and Eastern Churches.
Due to the lack of money what did Crusades do ?
They agreed to detour to Constantinople to help the deposed Byzantine emperor regain his throne. (*They hoped to be compensated well enough to pay for the ships to take them to Jerusalem.)
Explain what the Crusaders did in Constantinople ?
They went on a pillaging frenzy: attacking citizens, breaking into churches, and stealing and destroying precious icons and relics. **The most vibrant city in the Christian world was left in ruins.
(Who does this describe ) -Student of Albert the Great -Known to his classmates as "The Dumb Ox" -Masterpiece Summa Theologica
Thomas aquinas
Parts of Asia Minor, formerly under Byzantine control, were being invaded by ________________
Turkish Muslims.
Did Pope Innocent start a crusade, if you said yes name it ?
Yes,it is called the Fourth Crusade. Originally intended to attack Jerusalem through Egypt, a series of unforeseen circumstances led the crusaders to Constantinople, where they ultimately attacked and sacked the city (1204). Innocent reluctantly accepted this result, seeing it as the will of God to reunite the Latin and Orthodox Churches, but it poisoned relations between the two churches.[1]
Not long after the 1054 split between the Church in the East and the Church in the West, the Byzantine emperor sent ________________________________________
a plea for help to the Church in Rome.
What did the Fourth Lateran Council provide ?
a stronger enforcement and promotion of celibacy for ordained ministers (deacons, priests, and bishops).
Why did the latin Church respond swiftly to the Eastern Church?
because they shared a common enemy.
During the First Crusade what did the Crusaders do that was so wrong?
blinded by their zeal to regain Jerusalem, they massacred Jews and Muslims alike and engaged in other immoral behavior.
More than twelve hundred bishops attended the Council and established seventy Church laws, called _________.
canons.
As far back as the 6th century, education was provided by ___________or_______________.These schools were often the only places for learning, both for the formation of the clergy, and the children of the nobles and villagers
cathedral or monastery schools
Pope Innocent was central in supporting the Catholic Church's reforms of ecclesiastical affairs through his _________ and the _____________________.This resulted in a considerable refinement of Western canon law.
decretals and the Fourth Lateran Council
During the The fourth Crusade what did the crusades need to sustain their undertaking ?
financial support
When Francis of Assisi was praying in a small chapel in San Damiano what did he hear ?
he heard a voice say "Repair my house"
Gothic design is most notable for their.....
height, amplified by their tall spires that reached to the heavens and their graceful airiness
Where Dominicans houses established?
in Paris, Bologna, and other university towns
Early in the history of the universities of Europe, two distinct branches emerged: south, schools modeled on the University of Bologna specializing in law and medicine. North, Oxford, Cambridge, and Paris specialized in the "Liberal Arts" - canon law, and theology - ____________
known as "the queen of sciences"
When the Turks attacked Jerusalem what did they destroy?
many churches.
What did the Fourth Lateran Council try to eliminate?
nepotism and simony
Dominic soon found a group of young men who were willing to take up his life of________ and dedicate themselves to______
poverty preaching
The person Historians attribute the decline of the papacy is ?
reign of Pope Boniface VIII 1294-1303
Teachers and students grouped together to study liberal arts, astronomy, music, grammar, logic, math and ___________________________
sciences (theology, law, medicine)
What did Dominicans believe ?
that an educated friar would be of the greatest service to the Church
How did Albigensian view the eucharist ?
that it cannot be the Body of Christ, because bodies are created and are therefore evil.
These gains from the Crusades opened the door to profound changes in western Europe, eventually ushering in __________________
the Renaissance period
Describe Simony
the granting of Church offices to unqualified individuals just because they were family members or were willing to pay.
What did the Dominicans emphasize ?
the importance of theological study in the service of teaching Among the greatest intellectuals of the period, with Saint Thomas Aquinas, their most famous son
The arresting of the Pope singled...
the papacy was becoming weakened by nationalism
What did the Albigensian heresy reject?
the priesthood and the Catholic dogma of the Eucharist.
What is scholasticism based in?
the principle that faith and reason can be reconciled
What was the belief of the Albigensians ?
they saw all of the created world, including the human body, as evil.
In Gothic design what was flying buttresses ? Intricate pictures of the stained glass appealed to a congregation that was largely illiterate
they were a major architectural innovation that allowed Cathedrals to reach new heights
What were the returning knights labeled as?
they were hailed as defenders of the faith.
The Third Crusade failed to regain Jerusalem,but they were granted a privilege. What is this privilege?
they were secured the right for Christians to visit the city.
Why did King Phillip II send troops to Italy?
to arrest the Pope *Pope eventually rescued but died a month later
Christian pilgrims were not allowed _________________
to visit Jerusalem.
What were the Christians of Jerusalem being subjected trough?
travel restrictions and clothing requirements.
(True or False ) Pope Clement was a weak pope who was influenced by the French King
true
(True or False ) The ongoing assault on Christians in Jerusalem was an outrage to the entire Christian world.
true
(True or False) By 1099 Jerusalem was again under Christian control.
true
(True or False) 909, Benedictine monastery was founded at Cluny (not considered High Middle ages)
true
(True or False) Saint Thomas Aquinas greatly influenced Church teaching and have helped the Church to defend her teaching *Honored as a Doctor of the Church
true
(Ture or Fasle) Students (males only) could enter the university at age 14
true
(true or false) Gothic has high thin walls; rib vaulted ceilings; and flying buttresses - concrete arches that help to hold up the walls from the outside
true
What is Pope Innocent notable for ?
using interdict and other censures to compel princes to obey his decisions, although these measures were not uniformly successful.