Theories in counseling Final Exam

Push-Button Technique

-ABA thought experiment that demonstrates how cognitions underlie feelings -Client imagines positive experience, negative experience, and positive experience. -Counselor encourages the client to notice how they are in control of their emotions

Family Constellation,

-Adler's version of the genogram in couple and family counseling -Reveals descriptions of each family member and how they interact with one another. -Reveals how the client viewed different family members

According to Feminist Theory, how do the following concepts contribute to human suffering: 1.male as normative

1.Maleness sets the standard for whatever is considered normal, average, or representative. Male as normative: -Males are overrepresented in politics, entertainment, literature -Wage gap in male dominated fields -Males deny problems and explain them as systemic failures or reframe them as strengths (suicide rate success) -When women or minorities experience problems it is due to -Inherent weakness or defect -Used to explain higher rates of depression and anxiety in those populations -If an entity is not outwardly male or female it is labeled as male -Male adjectives are complimentary whereas female adjectives are not -Men's activities are simply activities women's activities are women's activities

Compare and contrast the different ways that thoughts may affect feelings as proposed by Beck, Meichenbaum, and Ellis .

>According to Ellis's REBT model, humans have the potential to think rationally but have a strong tendency to think irrationally. Irrational thinking is the primary source of misery. BECK:Beliefs are only problematic when activated by stressful life events or negative mood states When these beliefs are activated, cognitive distortions occur and lead to automatic thoughts Information processing can be automatic or reflective. Repeated information processing (especially automatic) tends to be confirmatory of underlying negative beliefs M: People with anxiety engage in disturbing inner speech long before facing stressful situations. Rather than coping self talk, individuals may engage in self-critique that takes away from their ability to deal with the situation.

Define the following cognitive distortions: Awfulizing, Damning, Filtering, Black and White Thinking, Overgeneralization, Jumping to Conclusions, Catastrophizing, Personalization, Mind Reading, Internal/External Control Fallacies

Awfulizing, Damning, Filtering, Black and White Thinking, Overgeneralization, Jumping to Conclusions, Catastrophizing, Personalization:Taking things personally. Mind Reading:People think they know what others think. Although this may or may not be accurate, people are fairly certain their assumptions are correct. Internal/External Control Fallacies

Operant Conditioning

Behavior is a function of its consequences. Operant conditioning is a stimulus-response (SR) theory. Applied behavior analysts employ reinforcement, punishment, extinction, and stimulus control. The goal is to increase adaptive behavior through reinforcement and to reduce maladaptive behavior through punishment and extinction.

What is the difference between sex (i.e., "sex assigned at birth") and gender? Define the following terms: Subversion, Patriarchies, Transgender, Intersex, Hegemonic Masculinity, and Gender Roles.

Biological sex and socially constructed gender Sex: biological, physiological and anatomical characteristics of being male or female (male and female) Gender: socialized or socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes of associating with identifying as male, female, or non-binary. (masculine and feminine) Variations and sex divergences (intersex) Differing anatomical presentations

According to Solution Focused Brief Therapy, in which three levels of motivation may clients present to counseling?

CUSTOMERS FOR CHANGE SFBT therapists categorize clients on three levels of motivation. >Customers for Change - Eager to work in counseling and ready to make changes. >Complainants - Interested in counseling because of the insistence or interest of a significant other >Visitors to Treatment - Mandated clients who aren't interested in change and show up only because they have to.

Pre-treatment Change Questions

Clients often begin improving between the time they call for an appointment and the first session. "What changes have you noticed that have happened or started to happen since you called to make the appointment for this session?"

Describe the process of Progressive Muscle Relaxation. How is this intervention used in Systematic Desensitization? Describe how one would create a subjective units of distress scale (SUDS).

Combines deconditioning and progressive muscle relaxation. After clients are trained in PMR, they build a fear hierarchy in collaboration with the counselor. Uses a subjective units of distress (SUDS) in which each fear inducing situation or object is rated on a scale from 0 to 100 (0 = no distress; 100 = total distress) Early in the session the client engages in PMR While deeply relaxed, the client is exposed in vivo (ideal) or through imagination, to the least feared item. Subsequently, the client is exposed to each feared item, gradually progressing to the most feared item in the hierarchy. If the client experiences significant anxiety at any point, the client reengages PMR until relaxation overcomes anxiety. Treatment continues until the client achieves relaxation competence while simultaneously being exposed to the entire range of fear hierarchy.

Hegemonic Masculinity:

Concept that promotes the dominant social position of men and the subordinate position of women. Explains how and why men maintain dominant social roles over women and other gender identities. (hichemo)

According to Constructive Theories, why do clients come to counseling?

Counseling sessions are opportunities to reconstruct, re-story, or accommodate experiences from the past. Counselors help clients re-remember things differently. Memories are stored in the hippocampal region. When they are pulled out of storage into active memory, they may be re-experienced. When the memories are placed back in storage, they are reconsolidated.

How may counselors encourage clients who struggle with the following tasks of life: work or occupation, social relationships, love and marriage, self, spirituality, and parenting and family?

Counselors help clients modify their style of life to help them accomplish life tasks Work or occupation: When people are unable to work cooperatively, divide labor responsibilities, and maintain friendly relations, they struggle with work. Solve the second task to help the first task. Social relationships is the need to belong. More likely for individuals who balance social and self interest. Self inclues four dimensions: self care, body image, opinion, and evaluation.

Early recollections

Early recollections are powerful tools to understand the client's lifestyle and guiding self ideal. Not a reflection of the past but a forecast of the future. Early memories are not so much memories as they are projections. Thus, the accuracy of the memory is essentially irrelevant. The memory is twisted into a shape that corresponds with the client's thoughts, feelings, and attitudes toward him or herself.

Avoiding Type:

Fears problems and disappointments in relationships; Avoids social responsibilities and may experience isolation.

Socially useful type:

Feel they have control over their lives and strive to make positive contributions to society.

Describe the following interventions associated with Adlerian Therapy: THE Question, Family Constellation, Earliest Recollections, Future Autobiography, Acting As If, Reflecting As If, Creating New Images, Catching Oneself, Task Setting, Paradoxical Strategies, Push-Button Technique, and Spitting in the clients soup.

For Adlerians, all behavior is purposeful. "How would your life be different if you were well?" "What would you be doing in your life if you no longer had these symptoms?" Determines whether the client is obtaining special treatment or secondary gain for having problems. Illuminates which life tasks the symptoms are helping the client avoid.

3.fight or flight phenomenon 4.tend and befriend.

It refers to protection of offspring (tending) and seeking out the social group for mutual defense (befriending). In evolutionary psychology, tend-and-befriend is theorized as having evolved as the typical female response to stress, just as the primary male response was fight-or-flight.

Compare and contrast each of the Adlerian styles of life.

Next ones lol

Briefly describe the characteristics associated with each child's psychological birth order.

On phone

Getting Type:

Passive style; May fear personal responsibility and decision-making

Pre-suppositional questions

Presuppose that a positive change has already been made. Asks for specific descriptions of these changes. Help clients hear, feel, and picture themselves functioning in the future without problems.

Being good type:

Superiority involves being the best and most competent person in the room. Can be very self-righteous.

Victimized type:

Tends to view life as unfair; Perceive themselves as being hurt, treated unfairly, and as not having much power to change their lives.

Transgender

Term used for people who have a gender identity or gender expression that is different from their biological sex.

Cisgender

Term used for people who have a gender identity that matches their biological sex. Pressure to conform to a dichotomous sexual classification system results in stress and anxiety.

Subversion

Use the tools of therapy to undermine the internalized and externalized patriarchal realities that exacerbate distress and stifle growth and personal power for all individuals

Scaling Question

Used in SFBT as a means of assessment and treatment. Scale problems, progress, or counseling issue on a 1-10 scale. This technique helps counselors: 1. Obtain a baseline rating of the size of the client's problem from the client's perspective. 2. Monitor client's progress 3. Identify intermediate therapy goals 4. Make specific plans for improvement

Identify Glasser's Seven Deadly Habits.

1. Criticizing 2.Blaming 3.Complaining 4.Nagging 5.Threatening 6.Punishing 7. Bribing or rewarding to control

According to Choice Theory, what are the basic needs?

1. Survival (the comfort of knowing that basic needs - food, shelter, and sex - are met) 2. Love and belonging (Being part of a family or community of loved ones) 3. Power (a sense of self-worth and achievement) 4. Freedom (independence) 5. Fun (a sense of enjoyment, satisfaction, and/or pleasure)

List the 10 axioms of Choice Theory.

1. The only person whose behavior we can control is our own. 2. All we can give another person is information. 3. All long-lasting psychological problems are relationship problems. 4. The problem relationship is always part of our present life. 5. What happened in the past has everything to do with what we are today, but can only satisfy our basic needs right now and plan to continue satisfying them in the future. 6. We can only satisfy our needs by satisfying the pictures or wants in our quality world. 7. All we do is behave. 8. All behavior is total behavior and made up of four components: acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology. 9. All total behavior is chosen, but we only have direct control over the acting and thinking components. Feeling and physiology is controlled indirectly through how we choose to act and think. 10. All total behavior is designated by verbs and named by the part that is the most recognizable.

Describe Adler's "style of life" or "lifestyle." At which age do Individual counselors believe this is typically formed?

An individual's way of seeing and interacting with the world, the self, and the future. By age 5 or 6, we each create our world and then live by the rules we've created. Future oriented goals that pull people's present behavior toward the future is the guiding self-ideal. Influences career decisions, responses to stress, parenting behaviors, romantic relationship choices, and conflict style. More or less stable stable and leads people to behave consistently over time. May include basic mistakes.

Miracle Question,

"Suppose you were to go home tonight, and while you were asleep, a miracle happened and this problem was solved. How will you know the miracle happened? What will be different?" Obtain clear, concrete, and behaviorally specific descriptions of what would be different

Define the terms: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Counterconditioning, Stimulus Generalization, Progressive Muscle Relaxation, Systematic Desensitization, and Functional Behavior Analysis (FBA). Provide an example for each.

E:Gradual elimination of a conditioned response. Occurs when a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without a previously associated unconditioned stimulus. SR:Occurs when an old response suddenly returns after having been successfully extinguished CC:Occurs when conditioned stimulus brings a positive emotional experience. SG:Extension of a conditioned response to a new setting, situation, or object. PMR: SD: On other card FBA:Perform functional behavioral assessment (FBA) to determine what function a given behavior serves. A = Behavior's antecedent. What happens just before the maladaptive behavior is observed? B = Behavior. How is the behavior quantified? C = Consequences. What happens immediately after the behavior occurs? What reinforcements are operating that maintain a problem behavior?

Soft Determinism, and

-Adler believed multiple influencing factors influence behavior. -Midpoint between deterministic (cause-and-effect thinking) and nondeterminism (no causal connections) -Human behavior is a function of multiple interacting forces -There is no single cause for a given behavior. Instead, there are many influences or contributing factors for a given behavior -Adlerian counselors should educate clients on other ways to behave.

Lifestyle

-An individual's way of seeing and interacting with the world, the self, and the future. -By age 5 or 6, we each create our world and then live by the rules we've created. -Future oriented goals that pull people's present behavior toward the future is the guiding self-ideal. -Influences career decisions, responses to stress, parenting behaviors, romantic relationship choices, and conflict style. -More or less stable stable and leads people to behave consistently over time. -May include basic mistakes.

Acting as if

-Clients pretend they already possess desirable traits they're striving toward -Help clients identify specific, objective, and measurable behaviors

First Wave of Feminism

-Concerned with the liberation-oriented activities around and before women's suffrage -Some roots extended into the anti-slavery movement before shifting focus toward equal rights for women. -Lobbied for all women's rights to vote, own property, and be acknowledged as citizens. -Efforts are being made to develop more inclusive historical representations of early feminism that include the racial minorities who also worked hard for social change during the suffrage movement.

Which theories emphasize the importance of language?

-Constructive therapies focus on how language builds, maintains, and changes each individual's worldview. -Language determines reality. -Relabeling and reframing are core counseling tools used to engage clients in social discourse. -Strength based language -Specific intervention include relabeling, reframing, solution focused questioning, re-storying, and problem extaernalization

Fourth Wave of Feminism

-Emphasize technology and the Internet, reproductive justice, spirituality, and support for transgender individuals, plus-size fashion, and sex work -Gender equity and social justice lens -Inclusive feminism that fights for marginalized and oppressed people -Intersectionality and emphasis on multiple social identities

Spitting in the Clients Soup

-Enhances client awareness/insight and spoils future use of maladaptive thoughts or behaviors. -Confrontational technique used when counselors are aware of a discrepancy between what the client wants and what the client is doing.

According to Adler's Individual Psychology, what is the purpose and goal of social interest? What is the relationship between social interest and WELLNESS? What is the relationship between striving for superiority and wellness?

-Establishing and maintaining healthy social relationships is the ultimate therapeutic goal -Individualism and feelings of inferiority are destructive; social interest and community feeling are constructive. -Social interest is positively related to spirituality, positive psychology, and health. -Lack of social interest is related to anger, irritability, depression, and anxiety. -So, the goal for psychotherapy is to develop or enhance the client's social interest. -The basic human motive is the striving for superiority (completeness/excellence) -Excessive striving for yourself or self-interest is considered unhealthy. -Adler believed all neurosis was linked to vanity (checking yourself out in the mirror all the time) Striving for superiority is an Adlerian form of self actualization.

Future Autobiography,

-Future goals guide and shape everyday behavior. -Helps illuminate clients' guiding self-ideal -Clarifies whether fictional life goals are helpful or harmful

Describe intersectionality. Who introduced the concept of intersectionality theory and how can this term be useful within the counseling setting?

-Introduced by Kimberle Crenshaw -Concept that overlapping social identities within an individual influence social positioning. Social identities may include: Gender Sexual orientation Gender identity Race/ethnicity Religion Nationality Immigrant status Mental disorder Physical disability/illness Social class

Compare and contrast Lawrence Kohlberg and Carol Gilligan's developmental models. YES

-Moral development of Lawrence Kohlberg He used the idea of moral dilemmas—stories that present conflicting ideas about two moral values—to teach 10 to 16 year-old boys about morality and values. The best known moral dilemma created by Kohlberg is the "Heinz" dilemma, which discusses the idea of obeying the law versus saving a life. Kohlberg emphasized that it is the way an individual reasons about a dilemma that determines positive moral development. vs. Ethic of Caring of Carol Gilligan. >Relieving another's pain leads to higher (or just as high) of moral developmental level than people who base their decisions on rational analysis of fairness. >Providing a look at moral development with all perspectives creates a more complete model (since Kohlberg used mostly male subjects for his research)

Third Wave of Feminism

-More expansive and inclusive -Broad focus on how sexism and patriarchy impact all members of society. -Brings women and men together to work against social injustices and raise consciousness related to patriarchal injuries. -Challenged underlying systems of oppression that limit societal members regardless of where they fall along the gender continuum. -Focuses on respecting and celebrating differences between men and women while highlighting the fluidity of gender. -CHOICES must be made with awareness and empowerment of alternative choices.

According to Dreukers, what are the reasons children may misbehave?

-Rudolph Dreikurs used Adler's concept of striving with purpose to identify four goals of children's misbehavior. -When children do not feel useful or feel that they belong, they misbehave to achieve less positive goals: 1. To get attention: good until mom is on the phone 2. To get power or control: pick on sister bc bored without a phone 3. To get revenge: throw healthy food bc they don't get desert, overexaggerate a fight with older brother so they get in trouble 4. To display inadequacy: when in spanish class you say I dont know spanish, Im not good enough, niether of my parents speak spanish

How did Behavioral Therapy arise? What are the major tenets of Behavioral Therapy?

-Scientific behaviorism posits that psychology is an objective, natural science. -Behavior therapy arose from scientific efforts to describe, explain, predict, and control observable and measurable animal and human behavior. -Considered the study of internal mental states unscientific. Tenants -All behavior is learned. -Human behaviors are explained, controlled, and modified using learning procedures. -Thus, humans can unlearn behaviors. -Behaviorists exclude consciousness and introspection and believed in determinism rather than free will. -Most behavior therapists now acknowledge and work with cognition. -Behavioral therapists employ techniques based on modern learning theory. -Behavioral therapists employ techniques derived from scientific research.

What is a social construct? Provide examples. How are social constructions maintained?

-Social constructionists believe reality and knowledge are constructed through discourse or conversation. -Focus on what is happening between people as they join together to create realities. -Based in Postmodern Philosophy, which emphasizes that objectivity and reality are individually and socially constructed. -Each of us views reality through our own particular lens or created social discourse. -This results in the possibility for multiple truths. (And!) As we communicate with each other, we construct the world in which we live. As we speak together, raise new questions, consider alternatives, hear new voices, we create new ways of knowing. "Problems" do not exist in the world as independent facts; we construct worlds of good and bad and define things standing in the way of achieving what we value as "a problem." (problems vs. opportunities)

Compare and contrast the different reinforcement schedules: Continuous, Fixed-interval, Fixed-ratio, Variable-ratio, Variable-interval. Give an example for each.

>Fixed-ratio: Reinforcing a behavior after a specific number of responses. ex. giving a child a treat every 5th time they complete behavior. >Fixed-interval: Reinforcing a behavior after a specific period of time has elapsed. ex. every stimulus they get a treat. >Variable-ratio: Reinforcing a behavior after an unpredictable number of responses. ex. giving a child a treat after 8 behavior, 10 behavior, 3rd behavior etc (RANDOM: works!! bc they dont know when next treat will be) >Variable-interval: Reinforcing a behavior after an unpredictable period of time. Ex after 8 minutes, then 5 minutes, then 23 minutes

What are the overarching goals of Feminist Therapy? What is meant by the following phrase, "The Personal is Political"?

>Help clients see patterns and social forces that diminish their power and control -Reclaim power, authority, and direction -Experience shared power in the relationship -Honor and facilitate female ways of being or feminist consciousness and growth stemming from relationships -Empowerment -Analysis of power -Evocation of feminist consciousness >Personal problems are intertwined in socio-political arena -One measure of success in feminist therapy might be to increase social interest and awareness. -Recognize the connection between distress and politics.

Identify the following terms: OPERANT Positive Reinforcement, Positive Punishment, Negative Reinforcement, Negative Punishment. Give an example for each.

>Positive Reinforcement: ADDING something to INCREASE a response ex. giving a kid candy to do math problems >Positive Punishment: REMOVING something to INCREASE a response. ex.take their cellphone to increase grade. >Negative Reinforcement: ADDING something to DECREASE a response ex. spanking kid for throwing fit in store. >Negative Punishment: REMOVING something to DECREASE a response ex. remove paint so they wont throw paint.

According to Feminist Theory, what are the four areas in which counselors can help their clients assert or acquire power? How can Feminist Theory be used to help male, female, and non-binary clients?

>Somatic - Related to body image and comfort. Health personal power involves feeling safety and security and acceptance of one's body as is, rather than preoccupation with unattainable media-based body ideals. >Intrapersonal/intrapsychic - Related to how focused people are on other people's thoughts and feelings. Healthy intrapersonal/intrapsychic power is linked to self-awareness, clarity of purpose, and attunement with one's emotions. >Interpersonal/social-contextual - Associated with feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, or isolation. Healthy interpersonal power is characterized by the ability to be assertive and involves confidence in one's ability to make a difference in the world. >Spiritual/Existential - Involve making meaning and connections. Healthy spiritual/existential power involves feeling free to embrace culturally preferred spiritual or religious rituals and practices. -Feminist therapy is functional to use with any population experiencing externally impo

What are the three tasks of life proposed by Alfred Adler? Which additional tasks of life were later added and by whom? What are the four stages of practicing Adlerian therapy?

According to Adler, everyone faces three challenges -Work or occupation -Social relationships -Love and marriage Three more challenges were added BY and include: -Self -Spirituality -Parenting and family Stage 1: Forming the therapeutic relationship Stage 2: Lifestyle assessment and analysis Stage 3: Interpretation and insight Stage 4: Reorientation

What was Becks' idea of depression and how did he associate this with the negative cognitive triad?

According to Beck, depression was associated with a negative cognitive triad 1. Negative evaluation of self ("I suck") 2. Negative evaluation of the world or specific events ("The world sucks") 3. Negative evaluation of the future ("Everything will always suck") >Whereas Ellis focused on three basic irrational beliefs, Beck emphasizes cognitive distortions. >These distortions, triggers by external or internal events, produce automatic thoughts, which are linked to core beliefs or schemas. >Specific automatic thoughts and core beliefs may be linked to particular mental disorders. >He identified a cognitive triad associated with depressive conditions. -Negative Evaluation of Self -Negative Evaluation of the World -Negative Evaluation of the Future

Describe the ABCD intervention as proposed by Albert Ellis. What does each letter represent? How might this look in practice?

According to Ellis, people have the potential to think rationally. However, humans also have a strong tendency to think in exaggerated, mistaken, and irrational ways. He believed this was the source of misery (and mental health issues) A B C A = Activating event B = Belief about the activating event C = Consequence. A = Activating event B = Belief about the activating event C = Consequence D = Dispute E = Emotional effect F = New Feeling Unlikely to change depression

Driving Type

Achievement oriented, may view life as "winning or losing". Focus excessively on self interest

Ruling Type:

Aggressive style; includes efforts to dominate and control others; may stem from compensation for underlying fears of helplessness

Patriarchies

Hierarchical social systems in which traits viewed as male are privileged and traits viewed as female are disparaged no matter the gender of the individual -Criticizing patriarchy is about holding egalitarian values and working together across gender, racial, cultural, spiritual, and other individual and group identities to develop awareness and solutions.

Controlling type

Highly values order; Values planning, predicting the future, and avoiding surprises over social interest and relationships.

Choice Theory

Humans are internally motivated. -According to Choice Theory, environmental factors only provide information. Once we obtain and process the information, we choose how we want to behave. -All we do from birth to death is behave. The only person's behavior we can control is our own -Behavior is driven by a desire to meet our five basic needs. -Behavior is made up of acting, thinking, feeling, and physiology.

Define the concept of Total Behavior.

Includes four distinct, but inseparable components that occur simultaneously: 1. Acting 2. Thinking 3. Feeling 4. Physiology

Which major intervention(s) are associated with the following theories: Individual Theory, Behavioral Theory, Cognitive Behavioral Theory, Narrative theory, Solution Focused theory, Choice and Reality Therapy, and feminist theory Which major theorists/researchers are associated with each of the theories?

Individual: : THE Question, Family Constellation, Earliest Recollections, Future Autobiography, Acting As If, Reflecting As If, Creating New Images, Catching Oneself, Task Setting, Paradoxical Strategies, Push-Button Technique, and Spitting in the clients soup. Behavior: Virtual Reality Exposure, Self-Monitoring, Systematic Desensitization, Behavioral Interview, FBA. Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck and Donald Meichenbaum CBT Choice and Reality Therapy: WDEP W: What do you want? D: What are you doing to get what you want? E: Is what you are doing getting you what you want? Evaluate P: What is your plan? William Glasser although Robert Wubbulding Feminist: Focus on societal presence in problem areas -Encourage emotional expression -Empathic listening -Self disclosure and modeling Jean Baker Miller

How does Individual Therapy, Behavioral Therapy, CBT, Narrative Therapy, Solution Focused Theory, Choice Theory, Reality Therapy, and Feminist Theory conceptualize the etiology, or development, of mental health symptoms?

Individual: Adler CBT: NArrative Solution: Choice: Glasser does not believe in the existence of mental illness except for extreme forms in which brain pathology is clearly present (i.e., Alzheimers, brain trauma, brain injury). According to Glasser, mental illness is the result of people's failure to meet their five needs in responsible effective ways.

Intersex:

Intersex is a general term used for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn't fit the typical definitions of female or male. Sometimes an intersex person is assigned a female or male sex at birth through surgery, if external genitals are not obviously male or female. Intersex babies are always assigned a legal sex, but sometimes when they grow up, their gender doesn't match the sex selected for them.

Counterconditioning

Mary Cover Jones demonstrated how counterconditioning could be effective in remediating psychological fears and phobias. Counterconditioning refers to pairing a positive (and incompatible) stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a negative or undesirable response. Little Peter exhibited fears in response to several furry objects (i.e., rabbits, fur coats, and cotton balls) Jones paired the approach of a caged rabbit with Peter eating his favorite foods. Peter was able to overcome his fear response.

Second Wave of Feminism

Mid 1900s, focused on women's political and personal experience -Emphasis on workplace, family, sexuality, and reproductive rights -Addressed policy and attitudes about women and gender in political, relational, and professional realms. -Initiated feminist explorations of masculinity and the oppression of men under patriarchy. -Although minority women's voices are included in historical references, the movement is retrospectively seen as predominantly white.

What are some of the challenges associated with using paradoxical strategies within the counseling setting? How may counselors use this intervention safely?

Prescribing the symptoms. Ex. If your client is overly self-critical you might sugges that she critizise herself as a higher rate and intesnsity during the coming week. Paradoxical approaches have empirical support but considered high risk. Should be used in moderation.

Describe the following tenets of Adlerian Therapy: Phenomenology!!! Soft Determinism, and Lifestyle.

Private logic refers to the unique reasoning that individuals use to invent and justify their style of life or personality Adlerian theorists emphasize subjective internal perceptions over external reality Individual clients construct their subjective reality

Compare and contrast the tenets of behavioral therapy and psychoanalytic therapy.

Psycho: Humans are filled with mental or psychic energy that are in constant conflict. According to Freudian drive, every impulse has an origin, aim, object, and intensity. The psychoanalytic mind is divided into three interrelated regions: Unconscious Preconscious Conscious

How did Wubbulding propose counselors can help clients develop effective plans? Describe how SAMIICCC can be used to help clients develop plans for making positive life changes.

S = Simple. If a plan is too complex, the client may become confused or overwhelmed. A = Attainable. If the plan if not realistic, the client may become discouraged. M = Measurable. How will clients know their plan is working? I = Immediate. Effective plans can be enacted immediately. C = Controlled. Within the control of the client's immediate behavior. C = Committed. The client must be committed to their plan C = Continuous. Clients have continuous awareness of what they want and of their plan for getting what they want.

What is the focus of counseling for proponents of Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) and Narrative Therapy? What are some examples of: Scaling Questions, Miracle Question, Pre-treatment Questions, and Presuppositional Questions?

SFBT: Clients often begin improving between the time they call for an appointment and the first session. "What changes have you noticed that have happened or started to happen since you called to make the appointment for this session?" N: The personal narrative metaphor is the story that defines and organizes each individual's life and relationship with the world. -Our personal narrative includes an organized plot, characters, points of tension and climax, and a beginning, middle, and end. -Narrative therapy helps clients who have oppressed themselves through personal narratives to deconstruct and reconstruct their life stories into more complete, more adaptive, and personally meaningful storylines. -Helps clients break free from internalized social, cultural, and political oppression and rewrite their life stories from a perspective of personal freedom.

Describe Glasser's Seven Caring Habits of Supporting, Encouraging, Listening, Accepting, Trusting, Respecting, and Negotiating Differences.

Supporting;working w/ them on specific tasks Encouraging, Listening, Accepting, Trusting, Respecting, Negotiating Differences.

According to Adler's Individual Psychology, what is the key to psychotherapy, psychological health, and well-being?

The key to psychotherapy, psychological health, and well-being is encouragement. -The road to psychological ill health is caused by discouragement. -Emphasis on holism. -Humans are purposeful and goal oriented. "Attitude toward life" is the combination of individual choice and purpose. -Social interest -Striving for superiority

Briefly describe Adler's social-psychological condition Masculine Protest. How did the Society for Free Psychoanalytic Research develop and what did this group believe regarding the shaping of human nature?

The masculine protest refers to adler's claim that women were socially coerced into an underprivileged social and political position. Further, he noted that some women reacted to this cultural situation by choosing to dress/act like men suffering not from penis envy but from a social psychological condition.

Describe the Quality World. How do traditional proponents of Reality Therapy and Choice Theory conceptualize mental health issues?

Your quality world refers to the "mental picture album" that holds images of all that we value/possess, or wish to value/possess. Associated with obtaining one or more of our basic needs. Includes: People Things, experiences, or activities Ideas or systems of belief