thinking and language

Ivan Pavlov

russian scientist that Studied Digestion of Dogs (won a nobel peace prize)

B.F. Skinner

used a skinner box (operant chamber) to prove his concepts

conditioned stimulus (CS)

what did the organism LEARN to respond to?

unconditioned stimulus (UCS or US)

what did the organism respond to reflexively?

John Watson

brought classical conditioning to psychology with his baby albert experiment

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________. A) classical conditioning; operant conditioning B) classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning C) operant conditioning; observational learning D) operant conditioning; learning conditioning

A) classical conditioning; operant conditioning

While readying to take a free-throw shot, you suddenly arrive at the answer to a chemistry problem you'd been working on several hours before. This is an example of A) Insight B) Backward Conditioning C) Latent Learning D) Discrimination E) The Premack Principle

A- insight learning is the sudden appearance of a solution to a problem

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________. A) is innate B) occurs as a result of experience C) is found only in humans D) occurs by observing others

B) occurs as a result of experience

Jamel got very sick after eating some mushrooms on a pizza at his friend's house. He didn't know that he had a stomach virus at the time, blamed his illness on the mushrooms, and refused to eat them again. Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus for his taste aversion to mushrooms? A) Pizza B) Stomach Virus C) Mushrooms D) Headache E) Aversion to Mushrooms

B- The stomach virus is the UCS that automatically caused him to get sick. The mushrooms are the CS which he learned to avoid because of his association with the virus that caused his sickness.

Watson and Rayner's classical conditioning of "Little Albert" was helpful in explaining that A) some conditioned stimuli do not generalize B) human emotions such as fear are subject to classical conditioning C) drug dependency is subject to classical as well as operant conditioning D) small children are not as easily conditioned as older children E) fear of rats and rabbits are innate responses previously undiscovered

B- Watson and Raynor's experiment with Little ALbert showed emotional learning and phobias may be learned through classical conditioning

If a previous experience has given your pet the expectancy that nothing it does will prevent an aversive stimulus from occurring, it will likely A) Be motivated to seek comfort from you B) Experience learned helplessness C) Model the behavior of other pets in hopes of avoiding it D) Seek out challenges like this in the future to disprove the expectation E) Engage in random behaviors until one is successful in removing the stimulus

B- learned helplessness occurs when an organism has the experience that nothing it does will prevent an aversive stimulus from occurring

spontaneous recovery refers to the A) reacquisition of a previously learned behavior B) reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period C) return of a behavior after punishment has ended D) tendency of a newly acquired responses to be intermittent at first E) organism's tendency to forget previously learned responses, but to relearn them more quickly during a second training period

B- spontaneous recovery occurs when a conditioned response is extinguished, but later reappears when the CS is present again without retraining

If the trainer conditions the pigeon to peck at a red circle and then only gives him a reward if he pecks at the green circle when both a red and green circle appear, the pigeon is demonstrating A) Matching-to-sample generalization B) Abstract Learning C) Intrinsic Motivation D) Insight E) Modeling

B- the animal showed understanding of a concept when it was able to tell the difference between red and green circles, and only pecked at the green circle to get rewarded

shaping is A) a pattern of responses that must be made before classical conditioning is completed B) rewarding behaviors that get closer and closer to the desired goal behavior C) completing a set of behaviors in succession before a reward is given D) giving you chocolate pudding to increase the likelihood you will eat more carrots E) inhibition of new learning by previous learning

B- the definition of shaping is reinforcing behaviors that get closer and closer to the goal

Rats were more likely to learn an aversion to bright lights and noise with water if they were associated with electric shocks rather than with flavors or poisoned food. This illustrates A) Insight B) Preparedness C) Extinction D) Observational Learning E) Generalization

B- the rats were biologically prepared to associate two external events, like shock and the lights and sounds together

. Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being? A) child riding a bike B) teen socializing C) infant sucking on a nipple D) toddler walking

C) infant sucking on a nipple

Which of the following best reflects negative reinforcement? A) Teresa is scolded when she runs through the house yelling B) Lina is not allowed to watch television until after she has finished her homework C) Greg changes his math class so he doesn't have to see his old girlfriend. D) Aditya is praised for having the best essay in the class. E) Alex takes the wrong medicine and gets violently ill afterward.

C- Greg transferred from the class to avoid having to see his old girlfriend. Avoidance is one type of negative reinforcement that takes away something aversive.

which of the following is NOT learned through operant conditioning? A) a rat learning to press a bar to get food B) dog jumping over a hurdle to avoid electric shock C) fish swimming to the top of the tank when a light goes on D) pigeons learning to turn in circles for a reward E) studying hard for good grades on tests

C- the fish swimming to the top of the tank when the light goes on shows classical conditioning

once Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of a tuning fork, the tuning for was a(N) A) unconditioned stimulus B) neutral stimulus C) conditioned stimulus D) unconditioned response E) conditioned response

C- the tuning fork is the CS and saliation is the CR. Pavlov's dog learned to salivate to the tuning fork.

Chimpanzees given tokens for performing tricks were able to put the tokens in vending machines to get grapes. The tokens acted as A) Primary Reinforcers B) Classical Conditioning C) Secondary Reinforcers D) Negative Reinforcers E) Unconditioned Reinforcers

C- tokens serve as secondary reinforcers the chimps learned to positively. They were connected with the primary reinforcer- grapes.

In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________.

CS; US

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior. A) associative learning B) observational learning C) operant conditioning D) classical conditioning

D) classical conditioning

Latent learning is best described by which of the following? A) innate responses of an organism preventing new learning and associations B) unconscious meaning that is attributed to new response patterns C) response patterns that become extinguished gradually over time D) delayed responses that occur when new stimuli are paired with familiar ones E) learning that occurs in the absence of rewards

E- this is the definition of latent learning

John loves to fish. He puts his line in the water and leaves it there until he feels a tug. On what reinforcement schedule is he rewarded? A) Continuous Reinforcement B) Fixed Ratio C) Fixed Interval D) Variable Ratio E) Variable Interval

E- variable interval is correct. John doesn't know when a fish will be on his line. Catching fish is unrelated to the number of times he pulls in his line, but rather WHEN he pulls in his line.

most learning is ________________ learning which is learning by linking two events that occur close together

associative

Because his football coach frequently yells at him for swearing, Antonio now becomes anxious when he's near his coach. The coach is a(n) ________ for Antonio's anxiety

conditioned stimulus

aversive conditioning

conditioning involving unpleasant or harmful unconditioned stimulus EX: baby albert

Keller and Marian Breland

found that stimuli that represented food were treated as actual food by chicken and racoons

in classical conditioning experiments

two stimuli, the unconditioned stimulus and neutral response are paired together

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.

unconditioned stimulus