thug

Which of the following terms do anthropologists use to refer to the cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for the sexes in a particular society?

Gender

The archaeological sensing method that reflects pulsed radar waves off features below the surface is called

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

The first hominin species to leave Africa was

Homo erectus

The species of large-brained, robust hominins that lived between 1.8 and 0.4 mya is

Homo erectus

Which of the following is NOT one of the forms of social power proposed by anthropologist Eric Wolf discussed in the textbook?

Inspirational

Which of the following is involved in deciding where an anthropologist will do his or her fieldwork?

Intellectual debates in anthropology Whether visas and research clearances are available in a specific country The interests of funding agencies All of the above

Which of the following is an example of genetic drift

The founder effect

To an archaeologist, which of the following would be considered a feature at an archaeological site?

The wall of a house

In Darwinian terms, who are the fit?

Those who reproduce and replace themselves

Many anthropologists and members of contemporary indigenous societies reject the term berdache. A term that has begun to be used in its place is

Two Spirits

Which of the following cultural practices have shaped the levels of pigmentation in human populations?

Wearing clothing Using sunblock Eating a vitamin D-rich diet All of the above

Women who are trying to eliminate female genital cutting from their own societies are often not happy when American outsiders denounce the practice as a human rights abuse. Why?

When outsiders publicly condemn traditional rituals like clitoridectomy and infibulation, they may do more harm than good. Outsiders' condemnations of female genital cutting sound too much like the ethnocentric, reductionist critiques of "barbaric" customs that Europeans once used to justify colonial conquest. Westerners who want to help eliminate female genital cutting are likely to be more effective if they pay close attention to what women who are directly affected by the practice have to say about its meaning in their lives. All of the above are true.

The shaping of useful features of an organism by natural selection for the function they now perform is

adaptatio

Kinship relationships based on nurturance are examples of

adoption

Kinship connections created through marriage are called

affinal relationships

The systematic modification of the environments of plants and animals to increase their productivity and usefulness is called

agriculture

All the different forms that a particular gene might take are known as

alleles.

A written or filmed description of a particular culture is called

an ethnography.

In modern terms, Mendel's principle of segregation holds that

an individual receives one gene of each trait from each parent

The slow, gradual transformation of a single species over time is called

anagenesis

Wings on birds and bats are an example of

anagenesis

To say that anthropology is comparative means that

anthropological generalizations must draw on evidence from many different societies and cultures.

Some observers attribute human-like feelings and attitudes to nonhuman primates because these primates closely resemble human beings in outward physical appearance. This practice is called

anthropomorphism

The Laetoli footprints

appear to have been made by a hominin with a striding gait and short, straight toes

The subfield of anthropology that uses information gathered from the other anthropological specialties to solve practical cross-cultural problems is called

applied anthropology.

Cultural mixing is referred to as

appropriation cultural hybridization hybridity Both b and c

Recent advances in the sequencing of ancient DNA seem to indicate that

approximately 1% to 4% of the genomes of modern, non-Africans contain Neandertal DNA sequences

The shaping of any useful feature of an organism, regardless of its origin is referred to as

aptation

All material objects constructed by humans or near-humans revealed by archaeology are considered part of the

archaeological record

The major specialty within anthropology that involves the analysis of the material remains left behind by earlier societies is

archaeology.

In some parts of the world, archaeological sites

are of tourist interest play an important role in identity formation create controversy All of the above

Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation-representation is a definition of

art

Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near-human activity are called

artifacts

Social positions people are assigned to at birth are referred to as

ascribed statuses

Artifacts and structures from a particular time and place in an archaeological site are referred to as

assemblages

Basic understandings about the way the world works that are seldom questioned are called

assumptions.

The transfer of certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage is called

bridewealth

The theory of punctuated equilibrium is based on the observation that

brief periods of intense speciation alternate with long periods of stasis.

The subsistence strategy based on collecting a wide range of plants and animals by hunting, fishing, and gathering is

broad spectrum foraging

Arguments that pit human rights against culture depend on the assumption that

cultures are homogeneous cultures are unchanging each society has one culture that its members have to follow All of the above

The ability of humans to talk about absent or nonexistent objects or past or future events is called

displacement

Members of a speech community

do not all possess identical knowledge about the language they share

Human interference with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them is called

domestication

The process of increasingly permanent human habitation in one place is called

domestication

In Mendelian genetics, those genetic characteristics that are expressed in an organism are said to be

dominant.

According to Gramsci, power based on physical force is called

domination

The wealth transferred, usually from parents to daughter, at the time of her marriage is called

dowry

The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through the removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them is called

excavation

Marriage outside the boundaries of a defined social group is called

exogamy

A family made up of three generations living together, including parents, married children, and grandchildren, is called a(n)

extended family.

The valgus angle is the angle at which the

femur attaches to the knee joint

An extended period of research during which a cultural anthropologist gathers firsthand data about life in a particular society is called

fieldwork

Paleoanthropologists study

fossilized bones and teeth.

A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as "play" or as "ordinary life" is called

framing

Gene frequencies may be altered if a given population begins to interbreed with another population of the same species. This is known as

gene flow

All of the genes in the bodies of all members of a given species or population make up a

gene pool.

An exchange in which neither the time nor the value of the return is specified is an example of what anthropologists call

generalized reciprocity.

Random changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next due to a sudden reduction in population size and resulting in the loss of particular alleles is known as

genetic drift.

Many anthropologists accept that ethnicity is created by

genetics

The genetic information about particular biological traits encoded in an organism's DNA is called the

genotype

The level of the Linnean taxonomy in which different species are grouped together on the basis of their similarities to one another is called a

genus

The reshaping of local conditions by powerful worldwide forces on an ever-intensifying scale is the concept of

globalization

The art of governing appropriately to promote the welfare of populations within a state is known as

governmentality.

Australopiths with small and lightly built faces are known as

gracile australopiths

The set of rules that aim to describe fully the patterns of linguistic usage observed by members of a particular speech community is called

grammar

Those parts of culture that are absorbed in the course of daily practical learning are called

habitus

The persuasion of subordinates to accept the ideology of the dominant group by mutual accommodation that nevertheless preserve the rulers' privileged position is called

hegemony

The "Lucy" fossil is famous because

her skeleton was 40% intact and undisturbed

David is a college student who knows the different linguistic habits appropriate to his mother and father's home, his university residence hall, his anthropology class, his job at an elegant restaurant, and his religious tradition. The term used in the text to describe his complex linguistic knowledge is

heteroglossia

A fertilized egg that has received a different form of a specific gene from each parent is called

heterozygous.

Adult males that deliberately cut off both penis and testicles in order to dedicate themselves to the mother goddess Bahuchara Mata in India are called

hijras.

The foramen magnum is the

hole at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes on its way to the brain

Primates that walk on two feet are called

hominins

Genetic inheritance resulting from common ancestry is called

homology

The circumstances in which two species with very different evolutionary histories develop similar physical features as a result of adapting to a similar environment is known as a(n)

homoplasy

The exercise of at least some control over their lives by human beings is called

human agency

Biological anthropologists are primarily interested i

human beings as physical organism

In the textbook, anthropology is defined as the study of

human nature, human society, and the human pa

Powers, privileges, or material resources to which people everywhere, by virtue of being human, are justly entitled are called

human rights

A world view that justifies the social arrangements under which people live is called

ideology

Evidence for Neandertal hunting

includes bones of hoofed herd mammals at Mousterian sites includes a wooden spears that date to the period when Neandertals were the only hominins in Europe suggests that their diet does not seem to have differed much from that of the modern people who replaced them All of the above

An evolutionary trend found in primates compared to non-primate mammals is

increased brain size relative to body size.

What are the two forms of scientific evidence discussed in the textbook?

inferred and material

The average Neandertal cranial capacity

is larger than that of modern human populations

Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experiences of mating, birth, and nurturance are called

kinship

Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf believed that

language has the power to shape the way people see the world

The system of arbitrary vocal symbols we use to encode our experience of the world and of one another is called

language.

Culture is

learned shared symbolic All of the above

Language, like culture, is

learned shared symbolic All of the above

The rights and obligations of citizenship accorded by the laws of a state make up the concept of

legal citizenship

An intense comradeship in which the social distinctions among participants in a rite of passage disappear or become irrelevant is called

liminality

The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions is called

liminality

The consanguineal members of a descent group who believe they can trace their descent from know ancestors are called a

lineage

The ability of native speakers of a language to distinguish correctly between grammatical and ungrammatical sentences is called

linguistic competence

The scientific study of language is known as

linguistics

Members of a diaspora organized in support of nationalist struggles in their homeland or to agitate for a state of their own are known as

long-distance nationalists

Acheulean tradition

lower Paleolithic stone-tool tradition associated with Homo erectus and characterized be stone bifaces. "hand axes"

According to Richard Klein, the best evidence for Neandertal "humanity" is the fact that they

made a profusion of objects out of bone, ivory, antler, and shell

A set of beliefs and practices designed to control the visible or invisible world for specific purposes is called

magic

"Primitive" human languages

make use of a reduced set of sounds

A group of people believed to share the same history, culture, language, and even physical substance constitute a(n)

nation

An ideal political unit in which national identity and political territory coincide is known as a

nation-state

Darwin's theory that the "fitter" survive and reproduce more offspring, who then inherit the traits that made their parents "fitter" is called

natural selection.

The representation of particular identities such as caste, race, or nation as if they were the result of biology or nature rather than history or culture are called

naturalizing discourses

Anthropologists consider an exchange in which parties hope to get something for nothing

negative reciprocity.

The postmarital residence pattern in which the married couple sets up an independent household at a place of their own choosing is called

neolocal

Cultural anthropological fieldwork is

not always done in a non-Western society responsible for the majority of anthropological knowledge a collaborative effort on the part of both anthropologists and their research participants All of the above

A family made up of two generations, including parents and their unmarried children, is called a(n)

nuclear family.

Dating methods based on laboratory treatment or analysis of various items recovered from an excavation that can tell us, for example, how many years ago a rock layer formed, are called

numerical dating methods

The separation of observation and reporting from the researcher's wishes and biases refers to

objectivity.

The prohibition of deviation from approved forms of ritual behavior is called

orthopraxy

The theory of heredity that suggests that an organism's physical traits are passed on from one generation to the next in the form of multiple, distinct particles is called

pangenesis.

The ethnographic research method that relies primarily on face-to-face contact with people as they go about their daily lives is called

participant observation

A social group formed by people connected by father-child links is a

patrilineage

The postmarital residence rule requiring a couple to live with, or near, the husband's father is called

patrilocal

Attempts made by governments to instill a sense of nationality into its citizens is called

patriotism

The observable, measurable characteristics that are based on the genetic inheritance of an organism are called the

phenotype.

The theory that argues that a species will gradually transform themselves into a new species over time is called

phenotypic transformation.

American English recognizes 38 significant sounds. These are called

phonemes

The study of the sounds of language is called

phonology

Which of the following is NOT a major subfield of North American anthropology

physiological anthropology

A language with no native speakers that develops in a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages is a

pidgin

The physiological flexibility that allows organisms to respond to environmental factors is called

plasticity.

The situation in which one gene may affect more than one trait is called

pleiotropy

The study of social power in human society is called

political anthropology

A spousal pattern in which a woman may have multiple husbands is called

polyandry

A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses is called

polygamy

The situation in which two or more genes are responsible for producing a single trait is called

polygeny.

Transformative capacity is the text's definition of

power

The study of language in the context of its use is called

pragmatics

A tail which is able to grasp an object is considered

prehensile

Linguistic messages can be false, and they can be meaningless in the logician's sense. This highlights the linguistic design feature of

prevarication

Religious practitioners skilled in the practice of religious rituals, which they carry out for the benefit of the group are known as

priests

Biological anthropologists who study chimpanzees are most likely to be

primatologists.

Ancestral characteristics are also often called

primitive characterstics

Social grouping that allegedly reflect biological differences are called

races.

The systematic oppression of one or more socially defined groups by another that is justified in terms of the suppossed inherent biological superiority of the ruling group is called

racism

In Mendelian genetics, genetic characteristics that are not expressed in an organism are said to be

recessiv

The exchange of goods and services of equal value is called

reciprocity.

The hypothesis that evolution from Homo erectus to Homo sapiens occurred gradually throughout the traditional range of H. erectus is the

regional continuity model

The most striking evidence for a modern human capacity for culture in the Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age comes from

regular hunting of large game

Dating methods that identify a particular object as being older or younger in relation to some other object, and that arrange material evidence in a linear sequence, so that we know what came before what, are called

relative dating methods

The ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses are known in anthropology as

religion

The hypothesis that only one subpopulation of Homo erectus underwent a rapid spurt of evolution to produce Homo sapiens 200,000-100,000 years ago and then replaced other populations around the world is called the

replacement model

A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of culturally-recognizable symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects, set off from the routines of everyday life, and closely connected with a specific set of ideas is known as a

ritual

Australopiths with rugged jaws, flat faces, and enormous molars are known as

robust australopiths

According to James Scott, occasional arrests, warnings, legal restrictions, and indefinite preventive detention are examples of

routine repression

According to anthropologist Clifford Geertz, in Java it is impossible to

say anything without communicating your relative social position

The dating method based on the assumption that artifacts that look alike must have been made at the same time is called

seriation.

According to the text, culture consists of

sets of learned behaviors and ideas that human beings acquire as members of society.

Part-time religious practitioners who are believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly on the behalf of individuals or groups are known as

shamans

Taphonomists would probably conclude that hominins had scavenged meat from an animal carcass they did not kill if fossil animal bones

showed no sign of weathering

The theory of common ancestry holds that

similar species can be traced to a common ancestor.

A precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity is an archaeological

site

Special-purpose groupings that may be organized on the basis of sex, economic role or personal interest are called

sodalities

There is nothing inherent in the nature of a small- to mid-sized quadruped that barks that requires us to call this creature a "dog." This illustrates the linguistic design feature of

specialization

A stratified society that possesses a territory that is defended from outside enemies with an army and from internal disorder with police is called a

state

The form of vision in binocular animals which produces depth perception is known as

stereoscopic vision

The geological term for layers of rock and soil is

strata

Violence that results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within a population is said to be

structural violence

The actions people take, regardless of their citizenship status, to assert their membership of a state are referred to as peoples'

substantive citizenship

A layer-cake profile of different soil types is exposed when we dig into the earth. Geologists reason that these layers were laid down sequentially, and that layers lower down have to be older than the layers above them. This is called the law of

superposition.

The physical examination of a geographical region in which promising sites are most likely to be found is

survey archaeology

The combined effects on a population of more than one disease, the effects of which are exacerbated by poor nutrition, social instability, violence, or other stressful environmental factors is called

syndemics.

The area of specialization in linguistics that is concerned with the way in which words are put together into sentences is called

syntax

The study of the various processes that bones and stones and other objects undergo in the course of becoming part of the fossil and archaeological records is called

taphonomy

A system of biological classification is called a

taxonomy.

The principle which asserts that language has the power to shape the way people see the world is

the linguistic relativity principle

Hoyt Alverson discovered that the Tswana people he talked to in Botswana and the U.S. Peace Corps volunteers he interviewed differed with regard to

the meaning of being alone

When variations in skin color of indigenous populations of the world are plotted on a map,

the populations with the lightest pigmentation live furthest from the equator. the populations with the darkest pigmentation live closest to the equator. skin color is randomly distributed throughout the world. both a and b.

Linguistic determinism is

the totalizing view of language that reduces patterns of thought and culture to the grammatical patterns of the language spoken

The term liminal comes from the Latin word limen, which means

threshold

A group made up of citizens of a country who continue to live in their homeland plus the people who have emigrated from the country and their descendants, regardless of their current citizenship make up a

transborder citizenry

A form of state in which it is claimed that those people who left the country and their descendants remain part of their ancestral state, even if they are citizens of another state is said to be a

transborder state

Lamarkian evolution is also known as

transformational evolution

Modern human beings in the Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age

were more numerous and more widespread than were previous hominins suffered few injuries and were relatively healthy were the first hominins to occupy the coldest, harshest climates in Asia All of the above

The most powerful scientific theories are those

whose hypotheses have been tested often and have never been falsified

The performance of evil by human beings believed to possess an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is self-aware is called

witchcraft

Linguistic context refers to the other that surround the expression whose meaning is being determined

words expressions sentences All of the above

The 9300-year-old skeleton found in Washington state touched off a legal battle over the repatriation of the skeleton known as

Kennewick Man

Which of the following is NOT listed as an element of the anthropological perspective in our textbook?

Learning dependenc

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the four important areas of hominin evolution?

Loss of body fur

Some anthropologists have claimed that meat eating was the crucial behavioral change leading to the appearance of early Homo. This story of human origins is called the

Man the Hunter scenario

Which French theorist is associated with the concept of habitus

Pierre Bourdieu

Which of the following is NOT one of the four evolutionary processes potentially affecting gene frequency in populations?

Plasticity

Which of the following is used to describe alleles that come in a range of different forms?

Polymorphous

The stone-tool tradition associated with Homo erectus characterized by stone bifaces is the

Acheulean Tradition

The ability of native speakers of a language to use words in ways that are socially and culturally appropriate is called

communicative competence

Sicknesses (and the therapies to relieve them) that are unique to a particular cultural group are called

culture-bound syndromes

A space in the tooth row for the canine of the opposite jaw to fit is called the

diastema

The first hominoids appeared in

Africa

Most hominin fossils older than 3 million years of age are thought to be

Australopiths

The creation of a new allele for a gene when the chemistry of the DNA molecule to which it corresponds is suddenly altered is called

mutation.

_______ is being at ease in more than one cultural setting.

Cosmopolitanism

In the traditional view, what is the difference between classes and castes?

Classes are open; castes are closed

The anthropologist who argued that myths are tools for overcoming logical contradictions that cannot otherwise be overcome was

Claude Lévi-Strauss

Which of the following abilities is NOT considered an advantage of bipedalism over quadrupedalism?

Climbing trees

Which of the following is an example of genital cutting associated with initiating young people into adulthood in some parts of the world?

Clitoridectomy Infibulation Circumcision All of the above

The claim that similar living species must all have had a common ancestor or origin was made by

Cuvier. Darwin. Wallace. Both b and c

The famous "Lucy" fossil was found in

Ethiopia

Fossils of early Homo disappear around

1.8 million years ago

How many morphemes are in the word "dogs"?

2

Which of the following features are connected with variation in human skin color?

All of the above

Which of the following research methods is NOT used by cultural anthropologists?

Archival and library research Psychological testing Questionnaire administration All of the above are used

Which of the following is evidence that the Natufians lived in relatively permanent settlements?

Bones of both young gazelles and migratory birds at the sites Permanent buildings at settlement sites High level of art production All of the above

The anthropologist who argued that myths serve as "charters" or "justifications" for present-day social arrangements was

Bronislaw Malinowsk

Which of the following is NOT one of the epochs discussed in our textbook when discussing the evolution of primates?

Devonian

Evolutionary theory is based on what type of material evidence?

Evidence of species change across space Evidence of species change over time Evidence of sudden changes in species throughout the world Both a and b

Which of the following factors prevents artifacts from decaying?

Extreme cold Extreme heat and dryness Waterlogged sites free of oxygen All of the above

What does the acronym FGM stand for?

Female Genital Manipulation Female Genital Modification Female Genital Mutilation Both b and c

Associated with Neanderthals in Europe and southwestern Asia and with anatomically modern human beings is a stone-tool tradition called the

Mousterian

In the United States, the objections of Native American groups to the excavation of indigenous burials has become recognized in a law that is called

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)

The oldest style of stone-tool making that involves knocking a few flakes off tennis-ball-sized rocks to produce cutting edges is called the

Oldowan tradition

Which of the following is NOT evidence for animal domestication?

Remains of juvenile (especially juvenile male) animals at a site

Which of the following terms do anthropologists use to refer to the observable physical characteristics that distinguish the two kinds of human beings, male and female, needed for human biological reproduction?

Sex

Some numerical dating methods are based on scientific knowledge about the rate of nuclear decay that transforms one naturally occurring element into another element. These are known as

Some numerical dating methods are based on scientific knowledge about the rate of nuclear decay that transforms one naturally occurring element into another element. These are known as

Which of the following terms is used by Eric Wolf to refer to the form of social power that organizes social settings and controls the allocation of social labor?

Structural power

Which of the following has NOT been offered as an explanation for the anatomical attributes of the earliest primates?

Switching from insect predation to consumption of edible plant parts

The idea of a single hierarchy of all organisms, each differing slightly from the ones above it and below it was known as

The Great Chain of Being

acclimatization

a change in the way the body functions in response to physical stress.

Marking the play frame can be done by

a dog showing its play face a referee's whistle the phrase "Let's pretend that..." All of the above

For modern biologists, a species is defined as

a reproductive community that occupies a specific niche in nature

A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another is called

a rite of passage

The design feature of language called "openness" refers to the

ability to create new linguistic messages freely and easily

Another name for numerical dating methods is

absolute dating methods

The increase in chest dimensions in populations that live at high altitudes is an example of

acclimatization. mutation. phenotypic plasticity. Both a and c

Social positions people may attain later in life, often as the result of their own [or other people's] effort are called

achieved statuses.

Hoyt Alverson discovered that U.S. Peace Corps volunteers in Botswana had difficulty with their assignments in part because

actions that meant one thing to them meant something else to their Tswana hosts

An exchange in which those involved expect a return of equal value within a specified time limit is an example of what anthropologists consider

balanced reciprocity

A small, egalitarian social grouping whose members neither farm nor herd, but depend on wild food resources is called a

band

To say that science is empirical is to say that it is

based on concrete experience and observation

The principle that a descent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and fathers equally is the principle of

bilateral descent

Western forms of medical knowledge and practice based on biological science are known as

biomedicine.

Forms of power preoccupied with bodies, both the bodies of citizens and the social body of the state itself are called

biopower.

Relative dating that relies on patterns of fossil distribution in different rock layers is called

biostratigraphic dating.

Walking on two feet rather than four is called

bipedalism

People who grow up bilingual

can switch readily from one language to the other

If a hypothesis cannot be tested, it

cannot be considered scientific.

Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society that are closed, prohibiting individuals to move from one rank to another is a

castes

The notion that natural disasters are responsible for the extinction of species, which are then replaced by new species is known as

catastrophism

A society in which one person and his relatives have privileged access to wealth, power, and prestige is called a

chiefdom

The process by which a single species gives rise to a variety of descendent species over time is called

cladogenesis.

A descent group formed by members who believe they have a common (sometimes mythical) ancestor is a

clan

Ranked groups within a hierarchically stratified society whose membership is defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation or other economic criteria is the text's definition of

classes

When individuals belonging to upper and lower levels in a stratified society are linked socially, anthropologists call their relationship

clientage

The distribution of skin pigmentation from the poles to the equator forms a

cline.

A system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum between white and black is called

colorism

Robert Fagen proposes that play in animals

communicates the message that "All's well" gives young animals exercise that helps them build up skills they need for physical survival gives an opportunity to explore the environment and aids learning and the development of behavioral versatility All of the above

An anthropologist studying a social group observes that people shake hands when greeting one another and concludes that handshaking is universal among human beings. This study is faulty because the anthropologist has not been

comparative.

Societies with large populations, an extensive division of labor, and occupational specialization are known as

complex societies

Kinship connections based on descent are called

consanguineal relationships.

The using up of material goods necessary for human survival is called

consumption.

The key criterion used by paleoanthropologists in deciding whether a gracile fossil younger than 2 million years of age should be placed in the genus Homo is

cranial capacity

Sometimes old rocks are affected by other geological features, as when molten lava forces its way through fractures in several layers on its way to the surface. The assumption that the intruding features must be younger than the layers of rock on which they intrude is called the law of

cross-cutting relationships.

The idea that some cultures dominate others and that domination by one culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated culture and their replacement by the culture of those in power is called

cultural imperialism

Understanding another culture sympathetically enough so that it appears to be a coherent and meaningful design for living is called

cultural relativism

The feeling, akin to panic, that develops in people living in an unfamiliar society when they cannot understand what is happening around them is

culture shock

The dating method that uses tree ring patterns to construct a master sequence that can be used to date wood recovered from archaeological sites is called

dendrochronology

The sizes, shapes, and number of an animal's teeth are referred to as the animal's

dentition

The principle based on culturally recognized parent-child connections that define the social categories to which people belong is called

descent

Migrant populations with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world are called

diasporas

Human languages are patterned at different levels, and the patterns that characterize one level cannot be reduced to the pattern of any other level. Charles Hockett recognized this phenomenon in which of his linguistic design features?

duality of patterning

Remains such as plant residues, animal bones, and rocks connected with provisioning, which are not themselves artifacts but appear to be present as a result of human activity are called

ecofacts

Social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another are called

egalitarian social relations.

Marriage within the boundaries of a defined social group is called

endogamy

Diseases that spread quickly over a short period of time are called

epidemics

Social groups that are distinguished from one another on the basis of cultural features such as language, religion, or dress are referred to as

ethnic groups

A principle of social classification that creates groups on the basis of a set of distinctive cultural features such as language, religion, or dress that people in the group are believed to share is referred to as

ethnicity

The study of the way people in present-day societies use artifacts and structures on the sites where they live, and how these objects become part of the archaeological record is called

ethnoarchaeology

The opinion that one's own way of life is natural or correct and the only true way of being fully human is called

ethnocentrism

Alternative medical systems based on practices of local sociocultural groups are called

ethnomedical systems.

The study of language that uses ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech and social interaction influence each other is called

ethnopragmatics

According to James Scott, foot-dragging, desertion, pilfering, slander, arson, and sabotage are examples of

everyday forms of peasant resistance

The shaping of a useful feature of an organism by natural selection to perform one function and the later reshaping of it by different pressures to perform a new function is

exaptation

The institution that transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about permitted sexual access, perpetuates social patterns through the birth of offspring, creates relationships between the kin of partners, and is symbolically marked is called

marriage

A social group formed by people connected by mother-child links is a

matrilineage

A unilineage can be

matrilineal patrilineal bilateral Either a or b

The postmarital residence rule requiring a couple to live with, or near, the wife's mother is called

matrilocal

Semantics is the study of

meaning

Clifford Geertz, as quoted in the text, observes that human beings raised in isolation would be

mental basket cases

A ______________________ is a specific, historically occurring set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge.

mode of production

The area of specialization in linguistics that is concerned with the minimal units of meaning in a language is called

morphology

The term used in textbook for physical shape and size of an organism or its body parts is its

morphology

The phenotypic pattern that shows how different traits of an organism, responding to different selection pressures, may evolve at different rates is called

mosaic evolution

The hypothesis that anatomically modern human beings might have exchanged genes with more archaic populations they encountered after they left Africa is called the

mostly out-of-Africa model

Living permanently in settings surrounded by people with cultural backgrounds different from one's own and struggling to define with them the degree to which the cultural beliefs and practices of different groups should or should not be accorded respect and recognition by the wider society is called

multiculturalism

Ethnographic research that is not contained by social, ethnic, religious, or national boundaries is called

multisited fieldwork

When nationalist leaders define nationality in a way that preserves the cultural domination of the ruling group but also includes enough cultural features from subordinated groups to insure their loyalty, they are engaging in a process called

transformist hegemony

A society generally larger than a band, whose members often farm or herd for a living is a

tribe

"Rich points," Michael Agar's expression discussed in the text, are

unexpected moments when problems in cross-cultural understanding emerge

In Sedaka, rich and poor villagers alike agreed tha

using combine harvesters hurts the poor farmers