Tokugawa Period
****Most Critical Source of Change in Japan during Tokugawa Period
- NOT the peasant uprisings! - the gradual impoverishment of the Samurai and steady decline in political authority of the Samurai class. - Increasing indebtedness, - increasing lack of job opportunities Why: Caused by prolonged peace and lack of wars. Coffers of the shogun do not have enough money to pay the Samurai who need something to do because there isn't any war anymore Ealc 071 1/30/14 1:17:00
Japans connection to the west through learning
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Theme: Japan and the World
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stop at 44:25 2/6/2014
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Unintended consequences of Edicts (Tokugawa Policy )
1. Rise Of merchant class 2. Gradual impoverishment of Samurai
****Sankin Kotai
ALTERNATE ATTENDANCE—Tokugawa system of maintaining control over individual domains; wives and children of daimyo were required to reside in the administrative capital Edo, and the daimyo themselves were required to live in Edo on alternate years Why should we care: This policy depleted the over 80% of Samurai income and as an unintended consequence caused the merchant class to rise financially over the Samurai.
Decrease in agricultural production ( plateau ) and increase in the economic impact of merchant classes
Ealc 071 1/30/14 1:15
Crop Diversification
From 18th century, wide-spread use of potatoes, green beens, corn, red peppers, pumpkins, watermelon, spinach, and later, peanuts
Taxation
Increased rice production thru reclaimed land went largely unrecorded, cause no new land surveys after 1700 Ealc 071 1/30/14 52:00
Bakufu
Literally means "tent government," signifying samurai regime of the Tokugawa era
Daimyo
Samurai heads of feudal fiefs ( domains )
Shogun
Top Samurai and de facto ruler in Tokugawa period. Basically a military dictator.
Samurai
Warrior and top class of four-class Tokugawa hierarchy; allowed special privileges, such as the right to carry two swords, wear a top-knot, possess a last name, ride on horseback, etc
Bakufu Response to Peasant Uprisings
What: 1.Tightening Controls over commercialization 2. restricting movement 3. Encouraging frugility 4. Sumptuary Laws When: Where: Why: How
Economic Circumstances
What: When: Where: Why: How:
Peasant Protests
What: When: Where: Why: Consequence of Bakufu burdens; 1. Corvee labor ( free labor ) - 2. Natural Disasters 3. Rising expectations How:
Kyoho Reforms
What: A reform that Prevented peasants from illegally leaving villages for cities When: 1720's Where: Japan Why: How:
Sakoku
What: Closed country;a bakufu means of control When: 1635 ( by Tokugawa Lemitsu ) - 1853 ( Commodore Matthew Perry visit to Japan) Where: Japan Why: To eliminate Christian, and ultimately european influence that was a potential threat to the Tokugawa Shogunate How: Foreign relations policy
Land of abundance
What: Largest exporters of precious metals ( Gold, silver, copper ) When: Tokugawa Period Where: Why: How:
Dejima
What: Man made island off Nagasaki for Dutch trade Why: To isolate outside influences from Japan. When:
Sumptuary Laws
What: Peasants could not wear silk to prohibit unlicensed prostitution Merchants can wear silk only at home Restrictions on sake production When: Where: Why: How:
Tenpo Reforms
What: Policy that restricted festivals, Kabuki, Noh, curtailed operation of pawnshops, public bathhouses, hairdressers When: Where: Why: How:
Kansei Reforms
What: Reform that encouraged frugality Prohibited wearing silk, supporting unlicensed prostitution When: Where: Why: How:
Tokugawa Period ( edo period )
What: Time of peace, political stability, and economic growth under the Tokugawa shogunate ( military dictatorship. When: 1600 - 1868 Where: Why: How:
Major Famines
Where: Early 18th century 1. Kyoho famine (1732-1733) 2. Temmei famine (1783-1787) 3. Tenpo famine (1833-1836) EALC 071 47:00
Peasant protest
Who: What: When: Where: Why: How:
Russia
Who: What: When: Where: Why: How:
**Increasing frustration among samurai class
Who: What: When: Where: Why: because they are not in the ECONOMIC position that they envisioned themselves to be. How: The rise of a successful merchant class Eacl 071 1/30/14 1:17:00
***Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Who: 2nd of 3 unifiers of Early modern Japan, brought an end to 100 years of civil war in Japan What: When: 1539-98 Where: Why: 7 year attempt in the 1590s to conquer Korea and China How:
***Tokugawa Ieyasu
Who: Founder and First Shogun of Tokugawa ( Edo ) Period When: 1542-1616 Where: Edo Why: Divides potential domestic, and outside enemies through strict policies that ensure safety of Tokugawa rule for over 250 years. How:
Kinokuniya Bunzaemon
Who: Japanese businessman of Tokugawa period What: Supplying Mandarins for New Year, Lumber, and books When: 1669 - 1734 Where: Why: How:
***Yoshida Shoin
Who: LOWER LEVEL SAMURAI from Chosu Domain (han). A samurai who is a traditional enemy of Tokugawa family and is a real threat to the Tokugawa. Chosu have been waiting for the time to get back at the Tokugawa for centuries, and now is the time to do so. When: 1830-1859 ( early 19th Century ) Where: Why: called for overthrow of the Bakufu How: 2/4/14 EALC 071 Lecture 5 36:00
The class of merchants...is very extensive and rich...though their profession is not respected, their wealth is...the commercial spirit of the Japanese is visible in all the towns and villages. In almost every house there is a shop.
Who: Russian Captive When: Early 19th Century
Commodore Matthew Perry
Why should we care: He helped facilitate changes that led to the rise of modern Japan. Although there is evidence that suggests that Japan would have modernized and made their stake in the world, Commodore Perry simply acted as a catalyst.
LOWER LEVEL SAMURAI
Why: Have no stake in the old system, they would go no where if the old system remains, so why not just get rid of it.
Zaibatsu
meiji period
Social Hierarchy
samurai, peasants, artisans, merchants
