Tourism Midterm

natural attractions

- It is often the quality of the resource that provides the attraction, whereby location becomes secondary -water-based resources, either coastlines or lakes are the most important tourism resource -with more frequent holiday-taking, the countryside and panoramic scenery have witnessed increasing usage -natural amenities are not only confined to the landscape but also include climate, vegetation, forests and wildlife

The individual decision making process

-At the individual level, the factors influencing demand for tourism are closely related to models of consumer behavior. -Attitudes are learned predispositions of response and are related to an individual's perception of the world. -Perceptions are mental impressions and involve the encoding of information by individuals and has a major influence of attitude and behavior towards products

Effectors of demand

-Developed ideas of a destination, product or organization by a process of learning, attitudes and associations from promotional messages and information -This will affect the consumers image and knowledge of a tourism product

Energizers for demand

-Forces of motivation that lead a tourist to decide to visit an attraction or go on a trip -Motivation allows us to understand the activation of behavior

issues with attraction management

-Issues of ownership (public, voluntary organizations, commercial sector) -costs (high level of fixed costs); -pricing policy (ex. Italy vs UK) -role of people -Seasonality -Visitors -environmental impacts.

Motivation

-It is essential to understand tourist behavior as it helps answer the question of why people travel -It is the process that leads to the forming of behavioral intentions

Key features of destination

-Logical geographical unit recognized by visitors -Contains visitor attractions -Access or possible provision access -Internal transport network -Tourist infrastructure and superstructure are present or can be developed -Administratively possible to plan and manage

Determinants of demand

-Motivation to travel vs ability to travel -Demand is filtered, constrained or channeled due to economic, sociological or psychological factors

Events impact

-Often the true impacts of event legacies are either not apparent as they are hard to measure (social impacts) or they are overshadowed by the positive tangible benefits (economic impacts) -It is imperative to understand the social implications of all events and this is often undertaken through resident surveys

Importance of image

-Perceptions are developed by individuals into a simplified view or image of a place from the many associations and the opinions acquired -This image is critically important to an individual's preference, motivation, and behavior towards tourist products and destinations. -It will provide a "pull" effect resulting in different demand schedules

MICE meaning

-The largest sector within events, other than mega events. it is quickly becoming a very dominant part of the hospitality sector -It is instrumental in enhancing levels of occupancy in many tourism destinations

Events by size

-The relative size of events and the number of people involved can vary -From those large worldwide events such as the Olympic games (mega events) -To major events which are of local intertest with large numbers of participants -Right down to smaller gatherings (community festival) -The bigger the event the greater the impact on the economy, especially trade, transport, and tourism

What should DMOS do

-enhance the long-term prosperity of local people; -delight visitors by maximizing their satisfaction; -maximize profitability of local enterprises and maximize multiplier effects; -optimize tourism impacts by ensuring a sustainable balance between economic benefits and socio-cultural and environmental assets.

Destination management organization (DMO)

-responsible for the well-being of all aspects of the destination -destination promotion is no longer the sole purpose -is the most appropriate organizational arrangement to meet fully the experiential needs of visitors -may be either a public sector agency or a private sector-driven organization. -identify and manage stakeholders, manage community relations and develop suitable publication programs.

Maslow's Hierarchy model

Best known theory of motivation because of its simplicity and intuitive attraction

issues between culture and tourism

Commodification; staged authenticity Standardisation alien cultural experiences of tourists.

15 Cs framework by Fyall et al

Complexity Control Change Crisis Complacency Customers Culture Competition Commodification Creativity Communication Channels Cyberspace Consolidations Collaboration

negatives of tourism

Economic (e.g. tax burden). Labour (lower level, front-line workers; child labour, casual contracts, part-time jobs with no training) Behavioral (local customs; social behavior codes). Resource use (high demands on land use and land price inflation). Sex (Thailand, Gambia and some of the Central European countries). Crime (drugs trafficking, robbery and violence). Health (AIDS, malaria). Slum tourism (India, Brazil and South Africa). Dark tourism (where shocking events have occurred).

Enviormental tourism

Environmental impacts are not unique to tourism and tourism receives a disproportionate share of criticism for its negative environmental impacts Direct environmental impacts on waste production, the quality of water, air and noise levels. Positive impacts such as the creation of national parks and wildlife parks, protection of reefs and beaches, maintenance of forests.

Industry- supply-side concept

Focuses on what is being produced

Tourism- demand-side concept

Focuses on whos buying products (the traveler or visitor)

MICE industry

Meetings, incentives, conferences, and exhibitions

Roles and the decision making process

Role of the individual or group/family member as to their involvement in the different stages of the purchase process and the final resolution of decisions about the when, where and how of the overall tourism product.

What does it mean to manage an attraction

The sheer diversity, geographic fragmentation, varying pattern of ownership and funding, scale and market-imagescape mix are such that the management of visitor attractions can be a very complex and demanding proposition. This applies especially with regard to attempts made to date in developing a cohesive national strategy for visitor attractions, which in turn creates a strategic platform for the management of individual attractions.

Different socio-cultural impact

Tourism creates an arena where different cultures interact that interaction can be through the act of delivering the tourism product, it can be incidental, or one of the prime motivators for traveling the results of such cultural interaction can be either positive or negative, with respect to both the hosts and tourists When buying a service there is often no need for the consumer to visit the place of production in order to consume the product. Tourists must visit a location for tourism consumption to take place and this means that cultural impacts are inevitable The implications for the destination's population are the changes created in the local economy and from coming into contact with an alien population. The contact between visitors and local residents can be beneficial or detrimental to the host population. Literature on social impacts focuses attention upon the negative impacts of tourism on the host population. In reality socio-cultural impacts tend to contain a mixture of both positive and negative strands and these impacts affect both hosts and guests.

Tourism Satellite account (TSA)

Tourism is not a "traditional" industry and is not measured in standard economic accounting systems. Tourism demand affects part of many industries and it has to be measured

tourism motivation

a key concept as motivation is a driving force that impels and influences a trip and is a starting point of consumer behavior

OUTBOUND TOURISM

activities of a resident visitor outside the country of reference

DOMESTIC TOURISM

activities of a resident visitor within the country of reference either as part of a domestic trip or part of an outbound trip, and is the predominant form (some 80%) of tourism activity

baby Boomers

born between 1955 and 1964, have an expertise in budgeting travel. Vacations are used to disconnect and not used for social media or constant phone usage. They are dedicated to tradition and authenticity and want to make sure they get a hotel rather than an Air b and b

Gen X

born between 1965-1980, have the behavior of staying home. They spend the least amount of travel . They look for easy travel, short travel, cheap travel, relaxing travel, and family travel. This is a very different type of tourism because there is no luxurious spending, bucket list cross offs, or constant social media attention.

Gen Z (me)

born between 1999-2012 They like the luxury while also being able to complete their traveling on a budget. They look for cheap flights and get a fancy hotel or vice versa. Visiting museums and spending money on experiences are important.

Urban destinations

cities as cultural attractions (venice) -Move of manufacturing industries to cheaper rural locations and the continued flight of the middle classes to the suburbs -North American cities the first to practice city marketing strategies with the support of both public and private organizations (toronto, baltimore, boston) -City destinations are often the tourism gateways to their surrounding region

Destination types

coastal, urban, rural

Rural destinations

countryside to national parks, wilderness areas, mountains and lakes -Strong natural environments- hills, mountains, lakes, and remoteness -Promotion of rural tourism is part of a greater convergence and cohesion policy -Concern for the social impact of tourism on small close knit communities and the environment threat to undisturbed wilderness -Creation national parks and design areas of outstanding natural beauty.

manmade attraction

cultural - religion, modern culture, museums, art galleries, architecture, archaeological sites; traditions - folklore, animated culture, festivals; events - sports activities and cultural events.

negative social impacts

displacement and relocations, loss of facilities, and increased crime.

INTERNAL TOURISM

domestic tourism and inbound tourism- activities of a resident and non-resident visitors within a country

NATIONAL TOURISM

domestic tourism and outbound tourism- activities of resident visitors within the outside of the reference country

INTERNATIONAL TOURISM

inbound tourism and outbound tourism- activities of resident visitors outside the country of reference and activities of non-resident visitors within the country of reference on inbound trips

positive social impacts

increase civic pride and community cohesion

The psychological characteristics of an image

intangibles such as friendliness and safety. The psychological impression is described as the atmosphere or mood of the destination

Functional characteristics of an image

refer to directly observable or measurable components such as price levels, attractions and accommodation facilities

What do DMOs rely on

rely to a large extent on public support, i.e. funding

manmade attraction examples

restaurants and gift shops for purposes of income generation often dilute the 'purity' of the attraction product, but they are essential for meeting the requirements of the average visitor. The exponential growth in, and use of, technology, across the entire tourism and hospitality industries is very much a part of the marketing and management of visitor attractions.

Coastal destinations

seaside resort, inland spas and sea bathing for health cures -Starting from Romans with luxurious thermae, passing through the foundation of spa towns in the XXVIII and XIX century (Brighton in UK) -Then the development of seaside resorts with the expansion of the amusement park industry -1950s and the growth of air travel with warm water resorts in southern europe -Local conflict in terms of allocating resources to tourism use vs residential use -The lack of public involvement in tourism has resulted in overbuilding by the accommodation sector.

What does reduction in funding lead to with DMO

the need for alternatives: increased membership fees for industry members / local hotel tax / private sector sponsorship alliance.

Millenials

those born between 1981 and 1999, as said before they use their vacations to get the perfect instagram shot rather than using their time to really take in the tradition. Technology is a large part of their traveling. They look for a low cost option rather than saving up for a luxury trip. Hostels are a cheap option to sleep in so that the rest of their money can be spent on the actual vacation activities.

Economic toursim

tourist expenditure has a 'cascading' effect throughout the host economy. It begins with tourists spending money in 'front-line' tourist establishments, such as hotels, restaurants and taxis, and then permeates throughout the rest of the economy. It can be examined by assessing the impact at three different levels - the direct, indirect and induced levels.

What is DMO orientation

vary quite considerably between an official public board, a private board, or a public-private sector partnership

INBOUND TOURISM

which encompasses the activities of a non-resident visitor within a country on an inward trip