TRADITIONAL TEACHING STRATEGIES

Lecture with Uncompleted Hand-outs

Hand-outs containing the lecture outline in some detail with blank spaces for learners to fill in information

Prompting probes

Help a responder who is unsure of an answer or gives an incorrect answer

Slides

To show pictures or project diagrams, charts, and word concepts. Effective promoters of discussion Help make abstractions concrete. Lend realism to an academic discussion. Easy to update and reorganize to fit changing class needs

FORMAL DISCUSSION

Topic is announced in advance and the class is asked to prepare, to take part in the discussion.

Mediated Lecture

Use of media such as films, slides or web-based images along with traditional lecture.

Discussion-stimulating questions

Used to promote discussion

Clarification probes

Used when learner's responses are unclear

Participatory Lecture

Begins with learner's brainstorming ideas on a topic based on what they have read in preparation. Progresses with the teacher organizing the student's ideas with expertise. Students feel some ownership of the topic and are able to attach new information to existing mental schema.

Chalkboards or Whiteboards.

Allow spontaneity in the classroom. New ideas can be jotted down as they are mentioned. Information or points can be illustrated. Useful for working out mathematical problems, spelling new words, outlining material to be covered in class. It should be clean, placed where the entire class could see. Write only on the upper two-thirds of the board. Not advisable for a very large group

Extension probes

Ask learners to elaborate on a response

Justification probes

Ask learners to justify their responses

divergent

Ask the learner to generate new ideas, draw implications, or formulate a new perspective on a topic. There is no single correct answer. Requires a higher level of cognitive activity

Levels of Questioning

CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT, LOW-ORDER QUESTIONS AND HIGHER-ORDER QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice questions

Can be oral as well as written ▪ Test recall and can be used to begin a discussion

Handouts

Can be used to communicate facts, figures and concepts. Time saving. If given before the class, learners can review them in preparation for the class discussion. It ensures that all learners have access to the same information and can review that information whenever necessary

Feedback Lecture

Consist of mini lectures Interspeed with 10-minute small group discussions, structured around questions related to the lecture content. Enhance learning and memory recall.

Factual questions

Demands a simple recall answer. Used to assess learner's understanding or simply find out if they are paying attention.

ADVANTAGES OF LECTURING

Economical. Can supplement a textbook by enhancing a topic and making it come to life. Help students develop their listening abilities.

LECTURING

Efficient means of introducing learners to new topics. Stimulate students' interest in a subject. Inspire people. Integrate and synthesize a large body of knowledge from several fields or sources. Difficult concepts can be clarified in this.

Open-ended questions

Encompasses all questions that requires learners to construct an answer.

PURPOSES AND ADVANTAGES OF DISCUSSION

Give learners an opportunity to apply principles, concepts, and theories; and transfer the learning to new and different situations. Clarification of information and concepts. Learn the process of group problem-solving. Attitudes can be changed through discussion.

AUDIOVISUALS

Greatly enhance teaching and can add interest and stimulation to the classroom.

EVALUATION

Includes assessing a situation based on criteria - Appraise, decide, evaluate, justify, judge, how would you rate

COMPREHENSION

Includes understanding and interpretation of information - Compare, contrast, explain, give an example

ANALYSIS

Involves breaking the whole into parts and showing relationships - Classify, explain your reasons, what evidence, what if

Knowledge

Involves recall of memorized data - Define, how, what, when, where

DISADVANTAGES OF LECTURING

It places learners in the passive role. By nature, it lends itself to the teaching of facts, placing little emphasis on problem solving, decision -making, analytical thinking or transfer of learning. It is not conducive to meet student's individual learning needs. The problem of limited attention span on the part of the learners.

LEVEL OF BLOOM'S TAXONOMY

Knowledge, Comprehension, Analysis, Application, Synthesis, Evaluation

Traditional Teaching Strategies

Lecturing, Discussion, Questioning, Using Audiovisuals

Videotapes

Motion enhances realism of the situation and often increases interest. Maintain consistency and quality for teaching each learner. Can replay and freeze frames according to the needs. Learners can become passive recipients of information

DISADVANTAGES OF DISCUSSION

Take a lot of time. Effective in small groups. At times few people monopolize the discussion. Discussions are valuable only if participants come prepared with the necessary background information

Rhetorical questions

Questions for which you expect no answer at the time. Used to stimulate thinking and guide learners into asking their own questions as they study a topic

Higher-Order Questions

Require more than recall. The learner has to comprehend or think critically about the information

Low-Order Questions

Require the learner to recall information they have read or memorized.

Convergent

Require the learner to recall or integrate information they have learned. Requires fairly low-level cognitive activity. Have specific, usually short, and expected answers.

SYNTHESIS

Requires combining elements into a new structure - Create, generalize, plan, predict

application

Requires using information in new situations - Apply, consider, how would you

INFORMAL DISCUSSION

Take place spontaneously at any point during the class including at the end of the lecture

Overhead Transparencies

Sheets of acetate placed on an overhead projector that enlarges and projects the image onto a screen. Easy to make, use, store, and transport. Can be prepared beforehand to save class time. Diagrams and drawings can be drawn or copied onto transparencies. Concepts can be illustrated, and lectures can be outlined. Charts and graphs can be presented.

Traditional Oral- Essay

The teacher is an orator and the only speaker

Redirection probes

To elicit a variety of responses from the group of learners

Probing questions

To further explain an answer or dig deeper into subject.

Questions that guide problem solving

To guide learners through problem-solving thinking.