Trail: Anatomy - Integumentary

Which of the following exerts its primary influence on the hair follicles? arrector pili muscles Meissner's glands melanocytes sebaceous glands

arrector pili muscles Arrector pili muscles are attached to the base of hair follicles. When the follicle is stimulated by cold or fright, the arrector pili muscle pulls on the hair follicle causing it to stand upright

Which layer of skin is made up of dense connective tissue with projections called papillae? dermis hypodermis stratum corneum stratum lucidum

dermis The dermis is the middle layer of skin and is the thickest of the three layers. It provides strength and elasticity to the skin through its matrix of collagen and elastin fibers. The dermis is subdivided into two separate layers: the papillary and reticular layers.

The embryonic layer that will become the skin during development is the: ectoderm endoderm mesoderm Tegaderm

ectoderm The ectoderm is the outer layer of the embryo. The ectoderm will develop to form the skin, salivary and mammary glands, nervous system, and other external parts of the body.

Which layer of the skin contains melanocytes? epidermis dermis hypodermis subcutaneous

epidermis The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin that acts as a protective barrier to the environment. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells.

What is the proper order of skin layers from superficial to deep? epidermis, papillary dermis, reticular dermis, subcutaneous epidermis, reticular dermis, papillary dermis, subcutaneous reticular dermis, papillary dermis, epidermis, subcutaneous epidermis, subcutaneous, papillary dermis, reticular dermis

epidermis, papillary dermis, reticular dermis, subcutaneous The epidermis is the most superficial layer of the skin followed by the papillary dermis, reticular dermis, and subcutaneous. A superficial burn would involve only the epidermis, a superficial partial-thickness burn would extend to the papillary dermis, a deep partial-thickness to the reticular dermis, and a full thickness extends through the dermis to the subcutaneous tissue.

Which of the following is not considered a skin appendage? hair follicles finger nails erector pili sweat glands

erector pili Along with the skin, the integumentary system includes "appendages" such as hair follicles, hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Erector pili are the muscles responsible for raising individual hairs off the skin.

The process by which epithelial cells die and produce a protective outer layer is called: epithelialization keratinization granulation necrotizing

keratinization Keratinization refers to the development of or conversion to keratin. Keratinocytes are cells located in the epidermal layer that produce keratin, a strong protein that makes up the rigid structure of the skin, hair, and nails.

Which substance is responsible for the pigmentation of the skin? melatonin melanin serotonin keratin

melanin Melanin is the primary pigment in the skin and is produced by melanocytes. Increased melanin production (melanogenesis) occurs after exposure to UV radiation, causing the skin to visibly tan.

Which type of leukocyte functions within 24 hours of an injury to rid the wound site of bacteria and debris via phagocytosis? neutrophils basophils eosinophils mononuclear cells

neutrophils Neutrophils are leukocytes with multiple lobed nuclei that contain cytoplasmic granules. Neutrophils have the highest concentration in the blood and are able to release proteolytic enzymes (proteases) and collagenolytic enzymes (collagenases), which begin the debridement process.

What component of the dermis prevents shearing of the skin layers against themselves? papillary layer Meissner's corpuscles flexure lines melanin

papillary layer The papillary layer is composed of interlacing collagen with peg-like projections called papillae. These features prevent shearing of the skin layers to aid in maintaining skin integrity.

Which layer of the skin creates the folds that make up a fingerprint? papillary layer of the dermis reticular layer of the dermis hypodermis stratum lucidum

papillary layer of the dermis The dermis is separated into a papillary region and a reticular region. The papillary region interfaces with the epidermis and contains fingerlike projections called papillae. This creates a bumpy appearance that makes up fingerprints.

Which of the following inflammatory mediators is responsible for causing pain in an acute wound? histamine prostaglandins phagocytes renin

prostaglandins Prostaglandins promote local vasodilation that increases the permeability of local capillaries and induce pain. Prostaglandins are a part of the inflammation cascade following tissue injury.

What type of gland helps to protect the skin by producing sebum? apocrine sweat gland sebaceous gland ceruminous gland mammary gland

sebaceous gland Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance, called sebum, and are especially numerous on the face, neck, and upper chest. Apocrine and ceruminous glands combine their products with sebum, but sebaceous glands specifically secrete sebum

What organ provides the first physical line of defense for the body from external harm? thyroid skin liver lymph nodes

skin The skin is the first physical line of defense that separates the outside world from the inside of the body. It also plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis in a variety of ways such as regulating hydration.

Which structure in the epidermis serves as a barrier against fluid, electrolyte, and chemical loss? basal cells Langerhans cells keratinocytes stratum corneum

stratum corneum The stratum corneum in the epidermis functions for protection from trauma and microbes, and serves as a barrier to prevent fluid, electrolyte, and chemical loss. The primary function of basal cells, Langerhans cells, and keratinocytes is for epidermal reproduction, immunity, and keratin synthesis respectively.

What is the name of the outer layer of the epidermis? stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum

stratum corneum The stratum corneum is the outer layer of the epidermis which forms a barrier to protect the underlying tissue.

Which layer of the epidermis is only found in areas of the skin that are very thick, such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet? stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum stratum corneum

stratum lucidum The epidermis consists of 5 layers from deep to superficial: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. Stratum lucidum, found in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, consists of a thin, clear layer of dead skin cells named for its translucent appearance under a microscope.

Which of the following is not a layer of the epidermis? stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum papillae stratum granulosum

stratum papillae The layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial are: stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.

Which vitamin is the skin responsible for synthesizing? vitamin B vitamin C vitamin D vitamin K

vitamin D Keratinocytes in the epidermis are responsible for synthesizing vitamin D. This process is stimulated by ultraviolet-B radiation. Vitamin D is essential for the regulation of epidermal proliferation and differentiation.