Transcription, Translation & Differentiation

When a cell needs a particular protein synthesized, messenger RNA (mRNA) is produced from DNA through transcription. What is the maximum number of amino acids that could be coded for in the following section of mRNA: UGAUUCAGUAAC?

4

Which of the following statements about the cells of any multicellular organism is true?

Almost all of the cells have the exact same DNA;Different genes are expressed in different types of cells.

At a point during a cell's development, it begins to differentiate. How does differentiation occur?

Certain genes are turned on and others are turned off; this action produces adult cells that are specialized.

As an embryo develops, identical cells give rise to specialized cells that perform different functions.What statement best describes the role of RNA in the differentiation of a specialized cell?

Certain genes in the cell are transcribed into RNA molecules, which are then translated into proteins specific to the cell.

In which of the following ways does genetic information typically flow in an organism?

DNA RNA proteins

Fibronectin is a protein produced by cells in the liver. One function of fibronectin is forming blood clots to heal wounds. Order the steps that take place in the synthesis of fibronectin.

DNA is transcribed-amino acids line up-bonds are formed-fibronection

Which of the following is true about the cells of an animal's body?

Different cells perform different functions within the animal's body.

Cells within an organism can be very different from one another. For example, mature red blood cells in dogs are filled with hemoglobin, are shaped like biconcave discs, lack a cell nucleus, and cannot synthesize proteins. Dog muscle cells, on the other hand, are cylindrical in shape and have multiple nuclei.What causes cell specialization in a dog's body?

Different cells within the body exhibit different patterns of gene expression.

The cells within an organism contain the same DNA. However, many of the cells within an organism have different functions. For example, a kidney cell has a much different function than an eye cell.What causes cells to have different functions despite having the same DNA?

Different genes are turned on in different cells.

The following diagram shows the processes of fertilization and cell specialization. Which of the following statements is implied by the diagram?

Even though all the cells in an individual organism come from a single cell, they can specialize into different types of cells.

Through gene expression, the messages encoded in the DNA contained in a cell direct the cell's activity. Which of the following sentences best defines gene expression?

Gene expression is the activation of a gene that results in the formation of a product

Which of the following are involved in RNA translation? I.mRNA II.tRNA III.ribosomes IV.amino acids

I, II, III, and IV

Which of the following is a true statement about codons?

In translation, an mRNA codon is recognized by its complementary tRNA.

In eukaryotic organisms, DNA transcription occurs in the _______ of a cell.

Nucleus

In multicellular organisms, the process of differentiation produces cells that are specialized to perform specific functions. For example, one cell may become a muscle cell whose function is to shorten or lengthen to allow movement. Another cell may become a nerve cell whose function is to relay signals in response to stimuli.How do the DNA and genes in a muscle cell compare to the DNA and genes in a nerve cell?

The DNA is the same, but different genes are activated.

Which of the following is true regarding the process shown above?

The process shown above is known as translation and involves the production of proteins from RNA.

The image below shows a section of DNA and the protein it produces. What is the relationship between the structure of the DNA and the protein in the image?

The sequence of nucleotides in the DNA specifies the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

Every trait you see on an organism is a result of that organism's DNA instructing the organism's cells. How does the information stored in DNA's nucleotides translate into traits such as eye color and ear shape

Traits are determined by proteins that are built according to the instructions stored in genes.

Cell differentiation occurs when various genes are expressed to a different extent in different cells. What does it mean for a gene to be "turned off," or not expressed?

Transcription into RNA does not occur for that gene.

Nadia made a table that describes the function of the three main types of RNA. She labeled the RNA types with 1, 2, and 3. She also labeled the RNA types in an image that shows the structure of each type of RNA and models the process of protein synthesis. She used the labels X, Y, and Z in the image.

Y and 3 represent tRNA

The first step in the process of gene expression is transcription. What is the product of transcription during gene expression?

a molecule of RNA

Assume the molecules below are synthesized without post-transcriptional RNA processing or splicing. Which molecule is coded for by a DNA segment with fewer than 60 nucleotides?

a polypeptide with 15 amino acids

Which of the following best describes the product of RNA translation?

a protein

A diagram demonstrating the process of protein translation is shown below. The structure labeled with a question mark in the diagram represents

a ribosome

Cells contain specialized parts, known as organelles, to perform specific tasks, such as waste disposal, protein building, and movement. Even though these basic cellular functions occur in all cells,

all cells do not perform the same exact functions in multicellular organisms.

Ribosomes create, or synthesize, proteins through the use of DNA and RNA. Which of these is a step in protein synthesis?

all of these

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the ability to continue to grow and divide in their nonspecialized state for long periods of time (e.g., months or years).Although the genes found within stem cells are the same, stem cells differentiate into unique cell types (e.g., muscle cells, nerve cells, etc.) due to

different patterns in their gene expression.

Lactase is an enzyme produced by cells in the small intestine. Lactase helps break down lactose, a sugar in milk.In humans, lactase is encoded by a single gene. Transcription of this gene produces a primary transcript. The primary transcript is processed and then exported out of the nucleus. In the cytoplasm, the transcript is translated to synthesize lactase. This process is summarized in the diagram below.What are the roles of RNA molecules during the step labeled with an X in the diagram?

mRNA-carries instructionsto build lactase rRNA-makes up part ofthe ribosome, whichdecodes mRNA tRNA-carries aminoacids to the growinglactase molecule

The type of RNA that transfers amino acids to growing polypeptide chains during translation is known as

tRNA

Translation involves the assembling of proteins. Which of the following forms of RNA is responsible for carrying a formed amino acid to the protein assembly site during translation?

tRNA

Proteins play a vital role in all cells. In fact, cells need thousands of proteins in order to function properly. What primarily directs the synthesis of proteins?

the genetic information stored in DNA

During a stage of protein synthesis, codons in mRNA molecules are used to specify the sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chains. What is this process called?

translation