Treaty

Trask

1893 Revolt of the Hawaiinspolitics in the pacific islands, "who we believe ourselves to be is often not what the colonial legal system defines us to be", 'belo hawaii, women's poltitical indegionous leadership=backbone of people, "Who defines what"

Reciprocal Appropriation

Reciprocal Appropriation occurs when a place or location identifies a people, but you can also identify a geographic location or place as belonging to a people. "The sense of this identity is an attachment to place and a differentiation from other living things in the natural world. An example is during the Native American occupation of Alcatraz Island. They took this island and invested themselves in it, creating an infrastructure with government, housing, and education, but also a cultural epicenter with literature, art-work, music, and signs that expressed their values and traditions. They turned a desolate place into their own by investing their culture and identity into it.

Viesca

Straight Out of the Barrio, Wilddog& Take over of the center, collective identity is the definition of ethnicity, creation of culture in Ozmatli

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848, the treaty allowed the United States to purchase California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado for fifteen million dollars, doubling the size of the United States, but also displacing millions of Mexican citizens in new American territory. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo extended three promises: maintained the protected property rights for New Mexican American Citizens, gave them political, social, and economic rights, and extended the opportunity for U.S. citizenship to landowners... The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is extremely significant because it was the first treaty in US History to explicitly promise protection and rights to non-white people. In an act of omission, which paved the way for violation of people's rights, when Senate approved and ratified the Treaty, they took out property rights, thus nullifying Mexican property rights. After the nullification, westward expansionists sized Mexican landowner's land, actively disenfranchising the people and evoking racial violence. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is a perfect example of de jure and de facto structural discrimination in American society that tarnished the opportunity for social equity for Mexican Americans.

Paredes

With a Pistol in His Hand, Counternarrative to

Rundstrom

American Indian Placemaking on Alcatraz, 1968 Alcatraz Tribal Council, Utilization of Fort Lawrence Treaty, Urban Relocation program "Termination", generational effects of neo-colonialism, Indian Racial lumping, Decolonization of the mind, return to the indigenous langage, artwork, redpower rhetoric, South dakota

hostage economy

An aspect of Imperialism, a hostage economy is a capitalist system in which destroys indigenous economy and enslaves the community economically, such as the Native Hawaiians working minimum wage jobs to support tourist economy and their impoverishment because the only jobs available are low wage tourist related jobs. A hostage economy is characterized by "racial stratification, commercialization of culture, dependency on foreign corporate investments, and a poorly paid servant working class" (Trask, 8) Haunani-Kay Trask uses the term Hostage Economy when talking about her native Hawaii's economy. She uses this because Hawaii's economy is entirely based upon tourism, which is funded by foreigners and outside investors, mainly from the US and Japan. This results in the only jobs that are available being in the tourism industry. This requires the native people of Hawaii to actively participate in their own cultural and land-based degradation because their only employment opportunity is within the tourism industry The hostage economy in Hawaii was a result of the Dole family and tourist corporations "buying out" the local indigenous territory and creating a capitalistic, and eroticism of the islands as a result of the Great Mahele. The Hawaiian people's socioeconomic status is poor, the land is used for Military bases and instead, the people are crowded in urban and rural slums.

BIP

Border Industrialization Program was an effect of Mexico's exhausted economy and a direct result of the termination of the Bracero program. The Mexican government instated the Border Industrialization Program in 1965 to stop unemployment and to attract foreign investors. The BIP was supposed to be for single men, but it's profound and impact was that it attracted young, single women and changed the demographics of immigration from Mexico. The economic crisis changed the immigrant labor force and has since paved the way for, as Sotelo says, "legacy of labor exploitation and racial subordination" in America for border Mexicans. The Border Industrialization Program created a 2000 mile, 12 mile wide strip along Mexican border used to promote border economy to import raw materials with no duties or taxes, fostered great deal of foreign investors. The BIP forced México to become an export economy and dependent on these investors. In effect, BBIP legalized low wage work through outsourcing to México, stripping the country of its economic self sufficiency through economic imperialism. This was a significant endeavor because it ended the bracero program between the US and Mexico and even though it had many short term benefits such as reduction in unemployment, it caused the Mexican economy to become dependent on foreign goods and investors.

Soltero

Gendered Transitions, 1945-1965, Bracero Program, 1954 Operation Wetback, 1965 Border Industrialization Program, IRCA, Legacy of labor explotation and racial subordination, Ozmatli

Mestizaje

Mestizaje is the language of cultural mixing, mixing of Spanish and European blood. Hegemony from below anti-assmiliation, culture exchange unites the movement. Mestizaje is an identity that helps flip the hegemonic script,as exemplified in Viesca's "Straight Out of the Barrio", the cultural mixing of different ethnicities into a Hispanic identity in Los Angeles. An example of Mestizaje is Ozamatli, a multinational band, who through cultural, linguistic, and ethnic mixing, was able to become a vehicle for developing a message that created a historical, political, economic struggle that challenged the oppressive Anglo-Saxon popular culture through public policy changes such as the overrhwoing of the community center.

1893 Blount Report

The 1893 Blount Report was an expose investigation into the gang of white businessmen who made up the provisional government that overthrew the Queen Liliuokalani and their illegal civilian use of the United States Marines to overthrow the Hawaiian government. This report demonstrated the United State's compliance in the illegal act of overthrowing the government and stated that the coup was not supported by the Native Hawaiians, but was in the interests of the businessmen. James Blount was sent as a special envoy from President Cleveland to record testimony and public opinion. His conclusion was that the provisional government of Hawaii that was headed by the Dole Company was not supported by the people of Hawaii. The 1983 James Blount Report is modernly cited in the Hawaiian Sovergnity movement. Cleveland did not correct the situation, leaving the Hawaiin overthrow federally supported.

self-determination

The right to make those decisions that most impact individuals, their families, and communities. An example of self-determination would be the 1969 Native American takeover of Alcatraz Island, in that they embraced their Native American Pan ethnicity by creating the opportunity for self-naming, uniting in solidarity in their own sovereign Tribal Council on Alcatraz, and constructing their own identity as a collective on the island that temporarily allowed them political and socioeconomic autonomy.