types of hormones and hormone characteristics

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

- endocrine hormone (peptide) -released by heart when cells in atria are stretched from excess blood volume - regulates salt and water balance -promotes excretion of sodium and increases urine volume - lowers blood pressure

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

-decreased blood pressure causes the juxtaglomerular cells of kidneys to secrete renin which converts angiotensinogen (inactive) to angiotensin I (active) which is then converted into angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) -Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone - leads to reabsorption of Na and increased blood pressure -once blood pressure is restored, there is a decreased drive to stimulate renin release

Oxytocin

A neurohormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. Has a positive feedback system.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A peptide hormone released from the hypothalamus that triggers the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH and LH.

Angiotensin II

A peptide hormone that stimulates constriction of precapillary arterioles and increases reabsorption of NaCl and water by the proximal tubules of the kidney, increasing blood pressure and volume. Vasoconstrictor (raises Blood pressure), increases ADH and aldosterone to increase salt reabsorption (raise BP), increase thirst.

Glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

Insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

what hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

ADH and Oxytocin

2 posterior pituitary hormones

ADH and oxytocin. Peptide neurohormones from neural tissue. Travel from hypothalamus to posterior pituitary on axon.

renin

An enzyme secreted by the juxtaglomerular grandular cells when blood pressure decreases. Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

cortisol pathway

CRH from hypothalamus, ACTH from anterior pituitary, cortisol from adrenal cortex. acts on immune system as a suppressant, liver for increased glucogenesis, and muscle and fat for breakdown.

cortisol cascade

CRH, ACRH, Cortisol from adrenal cortex

6 anterior pituitary hormones

GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL. True hormones from glandular epithelium. Peptides. Trophic because .

IGF cascade

GhRH, GH, IGFs from liver

Androgens and estrogens cascade

GnRH, FSH and LH, Androgens and Estrogens from endocrine cells of the gonads

Thyroid feedback loop

H1 TRH released from hypothalamus Stimulates anterior pituitary to release H2 TSH Travels to thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone H3 TH H3 inhibits release of H2 TSH from anterior pituitary and inhibits release of H1 TRH from hypothalamus

what hormone is the feedback for short loop negative feedback

H2 feeds back to hypothalamus stop secretion of H1 from hypothalamus

what hormone is the feedback for long loop negative feedback

H3 feeds back to anterior pituitary to stop H2 and feeds back to hypothalamus to stop H1

Growth Hormone pathway

Hypophysiotropic GHRH from hypothalamus. Release of trophic GH. To liver, release of IGFs. IGFs received by many tissues.

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Hypophysiotropic hormone. Promotes secretion of GH from hypothalamus.

releasing hormones

Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones that stimulate the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary.

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Hypotrophic hypothalamic hormone. stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

6 hypothalamic hypophysiotrophic hormones

In general are RELEASING hormones. Dopamine (affects prolactin) TRH for TSH CRH for ACTH GHRH for GH (also somatostatin) GnRH for FSH and LH

IGFs

Insulin-like growth factors released by liver. Increase cartilage, bone, and tissue growth, and also blood glucose.

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)

Iodine-containing hormones that control the body's metabolic rate. tyrosine derrivatives along with catecholamines which have different characteristics. share some characteristics with the steroid hormones. Made in advance, precursor stored in secretory vesicles, released from cell through transport proteins, bound to carrier proteins to travel in blood, long half-life, receptor is on nucleus of target cell, active genes for transcription and translation, for induction of new protein synthesis

what characteristics do peptide hormones and catecholamines share?

Made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles, dissolve in plasma, short half life, activate second messenger system, to modify existing proteins so act quickly in general.

Testosterone

Male sex steroid hormone

Goiter caused by hypothyroidism by iodine deficiency.

No iodine, so thyroid cannot produce T3 and T4. Still receiving stimulus by H2 TSH from anterior pituitary. Anterior still producing TRH because senses no T3 or T4. H1 and H2 elevated. T3 and T4 low, so not negative feedback occurring. Tries to become more effienct by growing larger.

Does the posterior pituitary produce hormones?

No! It only RELEASES hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus

Prolactin Cascade

PRH, Prolactin, milk

Goiter caused by hyperthyroidism in Graves' Disease

Primary pathology. B-cell antibody binds to TSH receptor on thyroid, causing thyroid to produce T3 and T4. The long loop negative feedback of H3 to anterior pituitary (TSH H2) and hypothalamus (TRH H1) shuts down TSH. Thyroid gland thinks it still has TSH. Thyroid gland enlarges as keeps getting stimulus. Low TRH and low TSH but high T3 and T4.

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

Prolactin tropic- TSH, ACTH, GH gonadotropic-, FSH, LH

Aldosterone

Selective reabsorption hormone that acts in the distal convoluted tubule and the cortical collecting duct. "salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure. Aldosterone is a steroid/lipid hormone released by adrenal cortex when blood pressure is low via renin or blood K+ potassium is high.

T3 and T4 cascade

TRH, TSH, T3 and T4 from thyroid

short loop feedback

The anterior pituitary hormone feeds back on the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Trophic peptide hormone from glandular epithelium of anterior pituitary. ACTH Released from the anterior pituitary gland to target the adrenal cortex. CRH from hypothalamus causes ACTH release from anterior pituitary.

antagonistic hormones

Two hormones that have opposite effects. Insulin and glucagon.

Does the anterior pituitary make hormones?

Yes

Angiotensinogen

a plasma protein produced by the liver

Catchecholamines

amine hormones (along with thyroid hormones which have different characteristics). made in advance, stored in secretory vesicles, polar so dissolve in plasma, short half life, bind to receptor to activate second messenger system, general action is to modify existing protiens so fast acting. Epi, norepi, and dopamine.

amine hormones derived from

amino acid tyrosine (catecholamines have one. Thyroid have Two)

Prolactin

anterior pituitary hormone that acts on breastfeeding

ADH

antidiuretic hormone released from posterior pituitary. Peptide neurohormone. made in hypothalamus. stimulates insertion of aquaporins in DCT and CT to increase water reabsorption. Stimulus is high blood osmolarity or low blood volume. Baroreceptors of the carotid and aorta monitor BP. Hypothalamic osmoreceptors monitor blood osmolarity.

what characteristics do steroid hormones and thyroid hormones share?

bound to carrier proteins for transport, long half life, activate genes for transcription and translation, induct new protein synthesis so slow acting

Cholesterol to aldosterone

cholesterol to progesterone to corticoesterone to cortisol

cholesterol to estrogens

cholesterol to testosterone, to aromatase enzymes to estrogens.

Aromatase enzyme

converts testosterone to estradiol

what hormones does the adrenal cortex release?

cortisol and aldosterone

steroid hormones

derived from cholesterol so nonpolar. Synthesiszed on demand from preprohormone to prohormone. simple diffusion to release. nonpolar so released by simple diffusion. long half life because carried on protective carrier proteins. receptor is inside cell because can cross cell membrane because nonpolar. target response is induction of new new protein synthesis so slower acting. estrogens, androgens, cortisol.

primary pathology

due to issues with last endocrine gland in pathway. H3 hormone directly affected (hypo or hyper). H2 and H1 out of balance because of failure of long loop(H3 to anterior pituitary and hypothalamus) and short feedback loops (H2 tropic to Hypothalamus hypophysiotropic )

Goiter

enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism

Angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

enzyme renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1

aromatase

enzyme that converts steroid hormone testosterone to estradiol by adding side chains for females although men make some too. produced by ovaries and adrenal glands.

epinephrine and norepinephrine

from adrenal medulla. Neurohormones. aid body during stress by raising heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

from the epithelium of lungs, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

Growth Hormone (GH)

from: anterior pituitary gland; target: liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, fat; stimulates cell division in most cells ( major targets are bones and skeletal muscles). peptide. Released after GHRH stimulus.

endocrine glands

glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream

anterior pituitary

glandular epithelium that releases 6 peptide hormones that affect growth and development into the blood after being stimulated by hypophysiotropic hormones. a portal blood vessel moves the hypophysiotropic hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary.

long loop feedback

hormone feeds back on hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

Erythropoietin (EPO)

hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow

Renin

hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)

leutinizing hormone

hormone that induces egg release and endometrium growth

Cushing's syndrome

hyper secretion of cortisol

hypophysiotropic hormones

hypothalamic hormones that regulate anterior pituitary gland function. peptide hormones.

synergistic hormones

if 2 hormones work together to produce a greater effect. glucagon and epinephrine and cortisol.

secondary pathology

if dysfunction occurs in the anterior pituitary. The H3 levels directly controlled by anterior pituitary trophic hormones. H3 would not be fed back to anterior pituitary correctly, but would be fed back to hypothalamus, so H1 levels would be responsive. H2 levels would be hyper or hypo, causing H3 levels to be hyper or hypo. Hypothalamus would be trying to return to homeostasis with H1. Long loop probably working but not strongly.

parathyroid hormone

increases blood calcium levels. from parathyroid gland. peptide hormone, continuous production and little stored. dissolved in plasma, short half life, released if low blood calcium. help with vitamin d synthesis, reabsorbtion of calcium to kidney and bone. negative feedback by increased blood calicum.

long loop negative feedback

inhibition of anterior pituitary gland and/or hypothalamus by hormone secreted by third endocrine gland in a sequence

peptide hormones

made in advance, polar, stored in vesicles, dissolve in plasma, short half life, receptor on cell membrane, active second messenger system (signal transduced), main response is to modify existing proteins so fast acting. Insulin, parathyroid hormone, ADH and Oxytocin from posterior pituitary

steroid hormone synthesis

made on demand in Smooth ER, diffuse out of cell.

Androgens (testosterone)

male sex hormones released by endocrine cells of gonads. cholesterol modified with side chains.

portal blood vessel of hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

moves hypohysiotropic hormones from hypothalamus to glandular tissue of anterior pituitary so anterior pituitary can create its own hormones for release to tissues

How is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

nerve cell axons

posterior pituitary

neural tissie. Nueurohormones ADH and oxytocin released after being created in hypothalamus.

synthesis pathway for steroid hormones

non polar lipid cholesterol has side chains added. progesterone from ovaries and adrenal glands. can become androgen or cortisol or aldosterone. enzyme aromatase used to convert male androgens to female estrogens. DHEA also there.

Addison's disease

occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone. primary disorder because target affected.

permissive hormones

one hormone must be present to allow the other hormone to have an effect. thyroid for sex hormones.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

peptide hormone from anterior pituitary released from H1 GnRH stiumulus

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

peptide hormone from anterior pituitary that acts on thyroid gland. released from TRH stimulus.

what kind of hormones bind to a receptor on cell exterior?

peptide or amine because polar and cannot cross PLBL. Signal is transduced and amplified with second messenger system.

what hormones have a short half life?

peptides and catecholamines. dissolve in plasma so able to be filtered out or degraded

what hormones are made in advance?

peptides, catecholamines, and thyroid hormones

short loop negative feedback

pituitary hormones feed back to decrease hormone secretion by the hypothalamus

How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

portal blood vessel

peptide hormone synthesis

preprohormone in ER --> cleaved to prohormone --> enters Golgi --> active hormone --> release from vesicle at signal. made in advance.

tertiary pathology

problem with hypothalamus. rare. Both short and long negative feedback fail.

Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)

promotes the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

juxtaglomerular granular cells

secrete renin when low blood pressure s sensed

general characteristics of hormones

secreted into blood, transported to distant target, needed in small quantities, and bind to receptors to initiate an action

zona reticularis

secretes androgens. girls can develop masculine features in Addison's/hypocorticolism because excess substrate that cannot be converted to cortisol or aldosterone is converted to androgens.

3 ways hormones are removed

small peptides can be filtered out by kidney if they fit through podocytes. larger hormones can be removed by liver enzymes can degrade them

what kind of hormones bind to receptor inside of cell?

steroid because lipids can cross the PLBL.

what hormones are made on demand?

steroid hormones (lipids are nonpolar and would diffuse out of cell so not stored)

what hormones have a long half life?

steroid hormones and thyroid hormones. bound to carrier proteins which protect them.

estrogens (progesterone, estrone)

steroid hormones converted from testosterone from aromatase enzyme

Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH)

stimulates release of prolactin

Cortisol

stress hormone and circadian rhythm released by the adrenal cortex (glandular tissue). A lipid non polar steroid from cholesterol. made on demand. travels on transport proteins. receptors inside most cells. action to increase blood glucose from liver, decrease metabolic activity, and increase mucscle and fat breakdown. inistiates transcription and translation.

the two types of amine hormones

thyroid hormones and catecholamines. They have different characteristics. Both derrived from tyrosine

Prolactin is not a

trophic hormone because does not cause the release of another hormone