Types of Societies

Types of Societies

1. Pre-industrial 2. Industrial 3. Postindustrial

Group

A group is a set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity. - Basketball team

Agricultural societies

Animals used to accelerate food production - Barter

Barter

The exchange of one good for another.

The concentration of the population in cities is referred to as urbanization.

T

Urbanization is

The concentration of the population in cities, causes a change in the location and the nature of the work

Horticultural societies use animals to accelerate food production.

F

Ferdinand Tonnies

1887, Societal differences

Durkheim

1924, Social relationships

Describe the two ideal types of societies based on the structure of social relationships and the degree of shared values among societal members that German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies distinguished.

He called these two types of societies Gemeinschaft, the German word meaning "community," and Gesellschaft, the German word meaning "society." Gemeinschaft refers to societies in which most members know one another. Relationships in such societies are close, and activities center on the family and the community. In a Gemeinschaft, people share a strong sense of group solidarity. A preindustrial society or a rural village in a more complex society are examples of a Gemeinschaft. In a Gesellschaft most social relationships are based on need rather than on emotion. Thus, relationships in a Gesellschaft are impersonal and often temporary. Traditional values are generally weak in such societies, and individual goals are more important than group goals. A modern urban society such as the United States is a example of a Gesellschaft.

Horticultural societies

Source of food through fruits and vegetables

Subsistence strategies

Subsistence strategies are ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.

A ____ is the way society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.

NOT Dyad Subsistence strategy

What is the difference between a horticultural society and an agricultural society?

A horticultural society's source of food is through fruits & vegetables. An agricultural society uses animals to accelerate food production as well as barter for goods and services.

Barter exchange

Acts as a marketplace for members to buy and sell products and services among themselves

Division of labor

Division of labor refers to specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities. - Crafts, jewelry, tools

All of the following are types of societies except

Economic

Pastoral societies are closely linked with postindustrial societies.

F

Gemeinschaft (Community)

Focus on community and family Strong sense of group solidarity

Pre-industrial societies

Focus on food production carried out through human or animal labor - Only type of society until 12,000 years ago - Use of primitive weapons - Family-centered - Little social inequality 1. Hunting and gathering societies 2. Pastoral societies 3. Horticultural societies 4. Agricultural societies

Hunting and gathering societies

Hunting and gathering societies are types of societies characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence. Move around in search for food.

Gesellschaft (Association)

Impersonal and temporary social relationships Focus on individual goals

Describe hunting and gathering societies.

In a preindustrial society, food production is the main economic activity. Preindustrial societies can be subdivided according to their level of technology and their method of producing food. Hunting and gathering is one of the subdivisions of the preindustrial society. The main form of food production in hunting and gathering societies is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals. Hunter-gatherers move around constantly in search of food. As a result, they do not build permanent villages or create a wide variety of artifacts. The need for mobility also limits the size of hunting and gathering societies. Such societies generally consist of fewer than 60 people and rarely exceed 100 people. Statuses within the group are relatively equal, and decisions are reached through general agreement. The family forms the main social unit, with most societal members being related by birth or by marriage. This type of organization requires the family to carry out most social functions--including production and education.

Mechanical solidarity

Mechanical solidarity refers to close-knit social relationships common in pre-industrial societies that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks. - Amish

Which term describes societies where increased job specialization forces members to depend on one another for aspects of their survival?

NOT Subsistence strategy Organic solidarity

Organic solidarity

Organic solidarity refers to impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization. - Dependent on others for survival - Construction industry

What is a pastoral society?

Pastoralism is a slightly more efficient form of subsistence. Rather than searching for food on a daily basis, members of a pastoral society rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs. Pastoralists live a nomadic life, moving their herds from pasture to pasture. Because their food supply is far more reliable, pastoral societies can support larger populations.

All of the following are examples of preindustrial societies except

Postindustrial

Pastoral society

Society that lives a nomadic life and relies on domesticated animals. - 12,000 years ago - Decreased after 3000 BC - Rely on domesticated herd animals - Live a nomadic life, support large populations, family centered - Division of labor

Postindustrial society

Society that places emphasis on the roles of science and education. - Economy provides information and services - Computers support and information based economy - Major social changes - Improved quality of life - Wage increase - Technological advances - Personal rights Bell (1973)

Industrial society

Society where emphasis shifts from production of food to production of manufactured goods. - Emphasis shifts from the production of food to the production of manufactured goods - 1750 to present day - Production through the use of machines - Growth of cities and specialized work tasks