U2 Food and Agriculture - Review
which problem does the international drug trade pose for farmers?
drug crops compete with food crops for land and profits
which statement best summarizes the effects of the rise of agribusiness
due to the rise of agribusiness, corporations have a greater role in the food supply chain, from inputs to processing and distribution
which of the following best explains the overall trend in the changing size of farms in the US in the last century
larger farms can more easily fund purchases of machinery and get a better return on such investment via yield and labor savings
cotton, potatoes, and alpaca are agricultural products originating from which hearth
latin america
which of the following agriculture practices reduces erosion, water runoff, and soil degradation
no tillage or ridge tillage
the earliest known domesticated wheat, barley, and rice crops are thought to have originated in asia about
10,000 years ago
shifting cultivation
a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for a relatively long period
a fish farmer intends to place a few cages along the coast of a large inland lake in africa to grow a popular species of fish from north america. which of the following is the most valid concern for people who practice traditional subsistence or commercial fishing in the area?
if fish escape the cages, they may disrupt native species and reduce fishing production
agriculture
deliberate effort to modify a portion of earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain
a large farm in latin america only grows coffee. an on-site processing plant prepares the coffee for export. which type of agriculture does this describe
plantation
why are lager commercial farms replacing smaller ones in the US
larger farms receive more economic benefit from mechanization and economies of scale
on what basis does von thuenen's model identify different forms of agriculture in rural areas as compared to areas near the city center
on the basis of distance and its effects on the land and transportation costs
how has the role of rural women in agriculture changed in the last 50 years
rural women are increasingly the heads of households that rely upon farming for food
ships have ballast tanks that fill with water from surrounding lakes or seas as needed to stabilize the craft. why might the US coast guard require ships to empty their ballast tanks before entering the great lakes
to avoid unintentionally importing non-native species that would damage natural fisheries
sawah
a flooded field for growing rice
famine
an extreme scarcity of food
slash-and-burn agriculture
another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris
the majority of the seafood that people eat comes from which source?
aquaculture
which of the following terms refers to the cultivation of seafood
aquaculture
milkshed
area surrounding a city from which fresh milk is supplied
Where were horses first domesticated
asia
agribusiness
commercial agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations
mixed crop and livestock farming
commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock; most of the crops are fed to animals rather than consumed directly by humans
farming varies around the world because of ____ across space
cultural and environmental factors
as global populations and food needs increased, how did fishing production change?
fishing increased only to a certain maximum, whereas aquaculture quadrupled in production volume
which statement best describes global trade patterns
food grown in the W hemisphere is sold in the E hemisphere
double cropping
harvesting twice a year from the same field
which of the following regions is believed to be a major hearth for the domestication of animals?
SW asia
in a given country, approximately five percent of the population work as farmers and most farmers use heavy machinery and advanced agricultural technology. which of the following types of agriculture is most likely practices in this country?
commercial agriculture
truck farming
commercial gardening and fruit farming
grain
seed of cereal grass
which of the following is the differentiating factor between the dirty dozen and the clean fifteen
the amount of pesticides found on various fruits and vegetables
agronomy
the science of soil management and crop production
according to UN estimates, which percentage of global fish stocks have been overfished
25 percent
why is transhumance necessary in some climatic zones?
because pasture is available only at lower elevations during winter
export
a commodity conveyed from one country or region to another for purposes of trade
global information system (GIS)
a computer system that stores, organizes, and analyzes, and displays geographic data
place
a specific point on earth, distinguished by a particular characteristic
fertilizer
a substance (such as manure or a chemical mixture) used to make soil more fertile
overfishing
capturing fish faster than they can reproduce
which conclusion can be drawn from this graph of global agricultural exports?
countries are increasingly interdependent for food supplies
aquaculture
cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
desertification
degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions such as excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting. also known as "semiarid land degradation"
which of the following factors threatens the fishing industry
depletion of fisheries due to catch that exceeds natural rates of reproduction
mediterranean agriculture
form of agriculture that focuses on crops that grow in areas with hot dry summers and cool wet winters; crops include olives, figs, dates and grapes
according to von thuenen's model, which agricultural zone is located closest to the city
horticulture and dairying
china has a large population and an increasing middle class that represents a huge new market for everything from orange juice to soybeans. since the year 2000, china's soybean imports have risen, as have US exports to china; however, overall soybean production in the US remains relatively stable as brazil and argentina have stepped up their soybean production and export to china. this is an example of
how food choices affect patterns of agricultural production
at a mexican farm, a bell pepper sprouts in potting soil from a german company, seedlings are replanted and fertilized with canadian potash, weeding is assisted by a danish cultivator attachment to an american tractor, and the final produce is sold to a japanese distributor. this scenario is indicative of
how food is part of a global supply chain
in many societies, women and girls are not allowed to eat until after men and boys. this results in higher levels of undernourishment and more health issues for females in those societies. this is an example of
how women's roles affect food consumption
a hilly seaside location features commercial farms that produce olive oil and wine, as well as figs, lemons, and flowers. winds off the nearby sea add moisture to hot dry summers, and warmth to winters. where is this type of natural environment and its associated agricultural region found
in the mediterranean and on the california coast
globally, the largest percent of people are engaged in which agricultural practice
intensive subsistence
the agricultural practices of slash-and-burn agriculture without shifting cultivation, multi-cropping without crop rotation, and overgrazing of livestock all are likely to result in
land degradation
why was the new breed of wheat, widely grown starting in the 1960s, called "miracle wheat seed"?
it produced a higher yield that would address food supply concerns
which if the following is one effect of the large-scale mechanization of the agriculture industry
it requires a workforce ten times the size of the farming population to process what is grown
today, in developing countries,
men increasingly leave to find work in cities and agribusiness, while women stay in rural areas and are subsistence farmers
using the agricultural hearths map, observe that in sub-saharan africa,
no crops were known to have been domesticated from 7,000 to 9,000 years ago
agronomist
one who studies the science of soil management and crop production
agricultural hearth
region of origin of agricultural innovation
wet rice farming is common in asia and india, and alters the landscape through
replacing natural terrain with terraced or low-lying paddies or sawahs
wet rice
rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved to a deliberately flooded field to promote growth
one effect of the growth of agribusiness is that commercial farming operations
sell farm products to packagers and processors instead of to consumers
why is livestock ranching and pastoral nomadism practiced on semiarid land
semiarid land has too little moisture for much crop based agriculture
fishing
the capture of wild fish and other seafood living in the waters
aquafarming
the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
a farmer is choosing which agricultural products to produce on her land. under which conditions would von thuenens model be most relevant to her decision
the farm is in a region of uniform climate and productivity, with one main market city
horticulture
the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers
the emergence of commercial agriculture was made possible by
the manufacture of farm machinery
prime agricultural land
the most productive farmland
which statement best summarizes the role of the natural environment in the agriculture of a region
the natural environment interacts with agricultural practices to determine what can be produced
agriculture did not emerge until the end of the second ice age. today, pastoral nomadism or livestock farming are practiced in semiarid areas, in contrast with plantations or intensive subsistence rice farming, which are practiced in subtropical ones. these facts exemplify
the relationship between agricultural regions and bioclimatic conditions
space
the physical gap or interval between two objects
which of the following causes subsistence farmers to increase labor-intensive practices like weeding, applying manure, and crop rotation
the pressure to feed a growing population
a growing number of canadians are concerned about the effects of pesticides on food quality and water resources and start to spend more money on organic products. more retailers want to sell these products, and more farmers switch to organic techniques to fill demand. which of the following is this an example of
the role of food preferences in changing food production
which of the following reasons best explains why some areas on the map show at least 50 percent of the labor force is engaged in agriculture
these are regions in which intensive subsistence agriculture is still the norm
why is wet rice production dominant in southeastern china and eastern india but not in tibet or mongolia
tibet has a highlands climate and mongolia is arid or semiaric
which of the following environments is most suitable for rice production
tropics
mechanized
to equip with machinery, especially to replace human or animal labor
which statement best summarizes how the technology of the second agricultural revolution affected farming
farmers in developed nations began commercial farming
which effects were seen in north america after 1900 as a result of agricultural changes in developed countries
fewer but larger farms became common
which of the following best describes the current state of agricultural innovation
agricultural innovations generally have both pros and cons and are the subject of much debate
subsistence agriculture
agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family
commercial agriculture
agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm
clearing forest for crops, creating terraces for white rice, and using irrigation are examples of
human alteration of the natural environment for food production
food security
physical, social, and economic access at all times to safe and nutrition food sufficient to meet dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life
green revolution
rappid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers
cultivate
to prepare or prepare and use for the raising of crops
free trade
trade based on the unrestricted exchange of goods with tariffs used only as a source of revenue
transhumance
the seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture
globally, which percentage of people's caloric needs is met by consumption of fish and other seafood?
1%
the US had about 85 percent fewer farmers in 2000 than in 1900, and has stabilized at about __ million farmers
2
intensive subsistence agriculture
a form of subsistence agriculture characteristic of Asia's major population concentrations in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum possible yield from a parcel of land
cereal grain
a grass that yields grain for food
plantation
a large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country
which of the following best describes subsistence farming in developing countries
a large percentage of the population is directly engaged in food production
carp
a large variable of asian soft-finned freshwater fish that is often raised for food
paddy
a malay word for wet rice, increasingly used to describe a flooded field
swidden
a patch of land for planting through slashing and burning
import
a product brought into a country to be sold there
supply chain
a series of interdependent entities serving to move product from the initial producers to the final consumers
a farmer purchases seed, fertilizers, herbicides, and tractors from national suppliers. the farm's main agricultural product is sold to a processor who makes fig bars, who in turn sells these to a distributor that markets and sells the products under the brand name of a grocery chain. what is this an example of
agribusiness
which best summarizes the main positive outcome of the green revolution
agricultural improvements of the green revolution provided sufficient food for the population of the twentieth century
which of the following practices would be the most likely to contribute to desertification
allowing a large herd of animals to graze without proper management
dietary energy consumption
amount of food that an individual consumes, measured in kilocalories
region
an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features
crustacean
any of a large class of mostly water-dwelling arthropods that have an exoskeleton of chitin or chitin and a compound of calcium
mollusk
any of a large phylum of invertebrate animals with a soft body lacking segments and usually enclosed in a shell containing calcium
crop
any plant gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season
which conclusion can be drawn from this graph of the global distribution of organic farming
australia and europe have about two-thirds of the world's organic farms
which factor is a primary consideration of a business in deciding where to locate a food-processing facility?
availability of utilities and infrastructure
the US runs a global program called "feed the future" that aims to decrease hunger and undernourishment. it focuses on empowerment of women farmers on small farms. why would this focus meet its aims
because the success of women farmers in rural areas is a primary factor in the food consumption of the women themselves as well as children and other dependents
when considering the total cost of producing ground beef, why is it important to account for the cost of breeding, processing, and transportation
because these are part of beef's cost in the global food supply chain
semiarid
characterized by light annual precipitation of 10-20 inches
which of the following factors determine the agricultural region of an area?
climate, development, cultural preferences
which of the following statements describes an agricultural hearth
coffee and sorghum were fist cultivated in Sub-Saharan Africa
undernourishment
dietary energy consumption that is continuously below the minimum requirement for maintaining a healthy life and carrying out light physical activity
sheep originated in the central asian agricultural hearth over 9,000 years ago, but today are found in other places such as north america. this phenomenon is best explained by
diffusion
which statement is true about fish production and consumption
fish production has increased greatly due to aquaculture, but fish remains a small portion of the global diet
which of the following statements regarding africa's food supply is correct
food production is increasing at about the same rate as population
ranching
form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area
dairy farm
form of commercial agriculture that specializes in the production of milk and other dairy products
pastoral nomadism
form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
the second agricultural revolution brought technological innovations to developed regions, which
freed people to leave rural areas and pursue non-agricultural careers
scale
generally, the relationship between the portion of earth being studied and earth as a whole
a farm has the following characteristics: rocky mountainous land in south america, varied vegetation, semiarid climate, and long distance from the nearest city. the farmer decides to raise goats instead of sheep or camels because
goats thrive on the farm, given its physical and climactic conditions
which of the following situations describes an exception to von thuenen's model
government subsidies for an important export allow it to be cultivated nationwide
during what was later described as the green revolution, norman borlaug was awarded the nobel peace prize for his work in agriculture, in which he strove to
improve wheat yield to feed a growing populatioin
the annual catch of anchovies off the coast of peru diminished to one-sixth of its original volume of the course of just two years. if technology such as radar and finer nets are then used to increase the catch, the likely result would be
increased anchovy overfishing and fishery depletion
which of the following explains the decrease in the number of farms in developed countries during the second agricultural revolution
increased automation required fewer farm workers, while urban centers drew people to job opportunities there
which of the following is an important negative consequence of the Green Revolution
increased need for fertilizers created economic barriers and environmental problems
the panama canal expanded to accommodate larger container ships in 2016. which effect will this new infrastructure most likely have on patterns of world trade and food distribution
it will affect the cost of food transport, changing shipping routes and making trade with different end markets more or less desirable
if north africa were to become a developed area, its agriculture could shift to
livestock ranching
bioclimatic
of or relating to the relationship of climate and living matter
crop rotation
practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
the biggest challenge to delivering sufficient food to all members of the human family is
price
the main crops planted in the intensive subsistence farming in tropical areas are
rice, corn, millet, and sorghum
which of the following agriculture practices would be considered sustainable agriculture
ridge tillage
the warm temperatures and ample precipitation of tropical regions are suitable to which type of subsistence agriculture
shifting cultivation
scientists studied land erosion rates under different conditions. variables included different amount of livestock grazing on land parcels and parcels of burnt and unburnt land. the burnt land has previously suffered wildfires. increased erosion was found on burnt lands, especially those with more livestock. this study was likely designed to inform environmental understanding of which agricultural issue
soil degradation
irrigation systems can improve crop yield and can make land arable that would not otherwise support vegetation. irrigation can stress or deplete water supplies and over-irrigating can waterlog or erode soil. these statements illustrate
the debates that commonly arise over the effects of agricultural innovation
what does the term agriculture mean
the deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals
which of the statements below correctly describes the green revolution
the development and diffusion of more productive agricultural techniques
in the 1970s, india began using high-yield crops and fertilizers required to optimize yield. today, yield is dropping as infrastructure and policy fail to maintain subsidies for seed and fertilizers, this is an example of
the downside of the green revolution, wherein developing nations are dependent upon expensive solutions
hearth
the region from which innovative ideas originate
agricultural revolution
the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
sustainability
the use of earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future
which of the following arguments could be used to support the claim that biotechnology should be used in food production
traditional breeding cannot improve yields fast enough to feed a population predicted to increase by an average of 68 million people every five years
which type of bioclimatic zone is associated with wet rice-dominant agriculture
tropical
which crisis did the green revolution avert
worldwide famine
