U4 Memory L4-6

Which of the following is true of a place field? It is the name of a hippocampal neuron receptive field All are correct The firing rate changes as a function of the animal position The tuning rapidly adapts to changes of the environment

All are correct

Which of the following occurs when the hippocampus is lesioned? Rats can remember where food does and doesn't appear regularly Rats can't remember where they've been recently Rats cannot remember how to escape a pool with a hidden pedestal they've visited before All are correct

All are correct

Jennifer is very active on Instagram and gets lots of positive feedback for all of her posts. It has gotten to the point where even just seeing the Instagram icon on her phone gives her a good feeling. What type of non-declarative memory is this an example of?

Classical conditioning

According to the ensemble hypothesis of long-term memory, where are memories stored?

Connections between neurons that had activated at encoding

What brain structure is need to form new memories?

Declarative memory The hippocampus is needed to form new memories

What are the two main categories of long-term memory?

Declarative memory (explicit memory) •Semantic memory for facts •e.g., "A Hoosier is a person from Indiana" •Episodic memory for events •Includes info about What, Where & When •e.g., "Last Thursday I celebrated Thanksgiving with my roommates at our place." 2. Nondeclarative memory (Implicit memory) •Procedural •How to do something (e.g., Ride a bike) •Priming •Learn that two things are related •e.g., thinking of mail when someone mentions 'post office' •Spatial •Learn what series of actions get you from one place to another •e.g., navigating between apt. and classroom •Classical conditioning •Learn that stimulus predicts outcome (stimulus outcome) •Evidenced by emotional or body responses to neutral stimuli •e.g., Feeling sick when seeing a food that gave you food poisoning •Instrumental conditioning •Learn that behavior predicts outcome (behavior outcome) •Evidenced by changing rate of behavior •e.g., Dog scratches at door and learns to open the latch.

How are long-term memories stored?

Hebbian learning & the cell assembly •Connections between specific set of neurons hold the memory

One of the primary reasons people are motivated to post on Instagram is the positive feedback they get when people 'like' their images. What type of non-declarative memory is this an example of?

Instrumental / operant conditioning

Talking further about Instagram with Jennifer, you recollect the first time you ever heard of Instagram 3 years ago and how your best friend showed you how to use it. What type of memory are you using?

Long term memory

Which of the following is NOT TRUE regarding working memory? Memories can only be held in working memory for a minute at the longest Sustained activation is a key mechanism of storing working memories The prefrontal cortex supports working memory Working memory is capacity limited

Memories can only be held in working memory for a minute at the longest

What differentiates working memory from short-term memory from long-term memory? What are examples of each?

Memory across time scales •Seconds to minutes •Working memory •Keep it in mind •Minutes to hours •Short term memory •Bring back to mind •Require attention was paid •Days to years •Long term memory •Bring back to mind •Require rehearsal or emotionally charged

What brain area supports working memory? How are working memories 'stored?

Prefrontal cortex Mechanism: sustained neural activity

What is memory consolidation?

Process of making a memory 'permanent' •Shifts short-term memory to long-term•

Which of the following is a declarative memory? Navigating to class Retelling the story of your first day at IU Salivating at the thought of eating a sour food Knowing how to ride a bike

Retelling the story of your first day at IU

How does information flow through the hippocampus?

Sensory information > Cortical association areas > Parahippocampal & rhinal cortical areas> Hippocampus-Fornix (behavioral regulation)> thalamus, hypothalamus *Hippocampus flows back to cortical association areas for information retrieval

Later, you see Jennifer and she asks if you saw her Instagram post from earlier today. You suddenly remember that you had seen it and forgot to click like. What type of memory are you using?

Short term memory

What kind of memory does the Morris water maze assess in rats?

Spatial memory

Which model of memory consolidation hypothesizes that memories are removed from the hippocampus after being learned by cortex?

Standard model

What is the central executive?

The central executive What is the sum of the digits in the 1's position? Central executive: the ability to manipulate information stored in the phonological-loop or visuo-spatial sketchpad

In a new series of Instagram posts, Jennifer is using her influencer status to promote wider appreciation of neuroscience. Having just learning about working memory in her P346 class, she is taking selfies in front of the brain sculpture outside of Psychology pointing at the area that supports working memory. Where is she pointing?

The frontal lobes

What part of the brain is critical for encoding new episodic memories?

The hippocampus

What did H.M. teach scientists about the function of the hippocampus?

The hippocampus is not needed for procedural memory The hippocampus helps regulate feeding behavior The hippocampus supports spatial memory

What is the phonological loop?

The phonological loop What were the numbers?Phonological loop: the ability to rehearse or replay a previously experienced auditory stimulus

What is the capacity of working memory?

The phonological loop revisited Remember these numbers What if I gave you more numbers to remember? Working memory is capacity limited: 7 +/- 2

What are the two predominant models for memory consolidation?

The standard model" - Short-term memory is stored in hippocampus then transferred to cortex. The hippocampus replays this information to cortex and builds connections to allow the trace to exist independent of the trace in the hippocampus.•"Multiple trace model" - Memory always requires hippocampus but broadens its links to cortex as it is retrieved more and more often. Memories always exist in both the hippocampus and the cortex. Each time the memory is retrieved(e.g., shown in red), the memory grows more links.

What is the Baddeley's model of working memory?

There is a boss that takes the info in, and then sends it to subprocessors- visiol-spatial sketchpad and phonological loop

What part of working memory would allow you to hold in mind the image of one outfit while looking at another to compare which you think is better for the occasion?

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Which of the following types of information do cells in the hippocampus code for?

Who, where when

Jennifer just told you her Instagram ID - you rehearse it continuously to yourself as you get Instragram open on your phone so you can follow her. What type of memory are you using?

Working memory

Semantic memories store ______________ while episodic memory store ________________.

facts; details about events