UAB SOC 100 1-3 test
3. Anomie
"normlessness" term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change
Hypothesis example
"teens are more susceptible to internet advertising than young adults are"
1. Karl Marx
- 1818-1883. a german 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. - Termed "conflict theory" and "Marxism" - "What does it mean to be free" laid the foundation for paradigm of Conflict Theory: ultimately pushing the discipline to look at questions of power, inequality, and how these things can drive societal change - Wrote Manifesto of the communist party (1848) - Proletariat: Worker vs Bourgeoisie: Owner - 1849 Marx withdrew from political activity in order to concentrate on Das Kapital - False consciousness: a denial of truth on the part of the oppressed - Class consciousness: the recognition of social inequality on the part of the oppressed, leading to revolutionary action - Critical theory: a contemporary form of conflict theory that criticizes many different systems and ideologies of domination and oppression - Praxis: the application of theory to practical action in an effort to improve aspects of society (intellectuals should act in what they believe)
5. Counterculture
- A culture with lifestyles and values opposed to those of the established culture. - Differs from a subculture and that it's norms and values are often incompatible with or in direct opposition to the main stream - Some countercultures are political or activist groups attempting to bring about social change, other resist mainstream values by living outside society or practicing an alternative lifestyle - Example: hippies, feminists, polygamy, cults, hackers
4. Subculture
- A group of people with shared value systems based on common life experiences and situations - A culture within a culture - A particular social group that has a distinctive way of life, including its own set of values and norms, practices and beliefs, but that exists harmoniously within the larger mainstream culture. - A subculture can be based on ethnicity age interest or anything else that draws individuals together - Example, create Americans senior citizens snowboarders White Sox bands greyhound owners firefighters
11. Conflict theory
- Conflict theory: Different groups in society compete over limited resources - Conflict theorists recognize that the family produces socializes children to function efficiently in a capitalist economy, but they see this function as problematic.
6. Material
- Material culture: The objects associated with a cultural group, such as tools, machines, utensils, buildings, and artwork, any physical object to which we give social meaning - Any physical thing that people create, use, or appreciate might be considered material culture
7. Nonmaterial
- Nonmaterial culture: The ideas associated with a cultural group, including the ways of thinking ( beliefs, values, and assumptions ) and ways of behaving ( norms, interactions, and communication) - Signs, gestures, labels (ex. traffic signals, price tags, product logos)
8. Norms
- Norms: Rules and guidelines regarding what kind of behavior are acceptable and appropriate within a particular culture, these typically emanate from the groups values - Example: laws, sports rules, requirements for memberships, - Informal norms: norms that are not spoken, just known - Example: waiting in line to buy ticket - Nonmaterial culture and thought an action. When we know the values of a particular group and see how individuals are controlled by its social norms then we can appreciate a groups beliefs and ideals.
9. C. Wright Mills & Sociological imagination
- Sociological imagination: Equality of the mind allows us to understand the relationship between our individual circumstances and a larger social force - C wright mills Describes a quality of mind that all great social analyst seem to possess which is the sociological imagination - The sociological imagination searches for the link between micro and macro levels of analysis we must look for his larger social forces such as race questioned her religion economics or palette politics are involved in creating the context of a persons life - One of the most important benefits of using social logical imagination is access to our world beyond our immediate spirit where we can discover radically different ways experiencing life and interpreting reality can help us appreciate alternative you pointed understand how they may come about
Identify the commonalities between QAnon and Antifa
- Started at the underground or grassroot levels - proliferated online and thru social media - gained visibility and support thru rallies and protests
10. Symbolic interactionism
- Symbolic interactionism: A paradigm that sees Interaction in meaning is central to society and assumes that meanings are not inherit but are created through interaction - It helps us explain both our individual personalities and the ways in which we are linked together, it allows us to understand the processes by which social order and social change are constructed - Symbolic interactionism is derived largely from the teachings of George Herbert mead 1863 to 1931 but there were many others involved in this development - For these people Society is produced in reproduce through our interactions with each other by means of language in our interpretations of that language. It's his face-to-face interaction is the building block of everything else in society because it is it through interaction that we create a meaningful social reality - First we act toward things on the basis of their meanings. For example a tree can provide a shitty place to rest or it could be an obstacle to building a road trip these meaning suggested a different set of actions. - Second, meetings are not inherit, rather they are negotiated through interaction with others. That is whether the tree is an obstacle or an oasis is not an instrument quality of the tree itself but rather something that people must be girl amongst themselves - Third, meetings can change or be modified through interaction. For example the contractor who sees the tree as an obstacle might be persuaded to spirit by the neighbor who appreciates the shade. Now the tree means the same thing to both of them.
Scientific Knowledge
- The average eduction level of individuals whose parents graduated from college - How much water you need to intake on a daily basis to survive
3. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)
- The division of labor in society - Solidarity: the degree of integration or unity within a particular society; the extent to which individuals feel connected to other members of their groups - Durk started solidarity was present in all societies - Mechanical solidarity: The type of social bonds are present in premodern agrarian societies in which share traditions and beliefs created a sense of social cohesion - Organic solidarity: What type of social bonds are present in modern societies based on difference interdependence and individual rights - He used the statistical data to show that suicides were related to social factors such as religious filiation marital status and employment. Explaining a particular suicide by focusing exclusively on the victims psychological make up neglect and the impact of social bonds. According to Durkheim even now the darkest depression has its roots in an individuals connection to the social world or rather lack of connection. He theorized that suicide is one result of aNomie sense of disconnection brought about by changing conditions of modern life. The more firmly anchored people are to family religion in the workplace the less anomie they are likely to experience.
Identify the examples of cultural leveling
- The existence of walmart, starbucks, mcdonalds, and other chain stores in the vast majority of american towns - You can watch game of thrones in Uzbekistan
Practical Knowledge
- The information needed to pay your bills online - The locations of your favorite restaurant
2. Industrial revolution
- What time of rapid social change one large numbers of people were moving from an agricultural life in rural areas to manufacturing jobs in urban areas. - Technological advances in a wage based economy promised an age of prosperity and abundance but they created new kinds of poverty crime and disease. - Industrial society meant that the forces of capitalism were creating distinct social and economic classes which caused a barrier between the wealthy and the poor
which of the following are examples of cultural diffusion
- the spread of hip-hop music among white youth - the spread of anime programs like Dragon Ball airing in the United States during the last two decades
Experimental methods example
1. A researcher compares the attitudes of two focus groups after each group watches a corporate training vid. One vid has sexist content and the other does not 2. A researcher deliberately drops a wallet in a public place and observes the reactions of passerby
What are the following steps in order, according to a researcher conducting ethnographic research
1. Access 2. Rapport 3. Field notes 4. Analysis
Place each ritual in order according to its appearance in Horace Miner's article "Body Ritual among the Nacirema."
1. An individual enters a shrine room 2. An individual bows her head before the charm box 3. An individual mingles different sorts of holy water in the font. 4. An individual proceeds with a brief rite of ablution
A sociologist wants to study a global community of online gamers who all play the same multiplayer game. identify the activities that could realistically be part of the research.
1. Analyzing play statistics such as time played and level achieved 2. becoming a player and observing interactions in real time
cultural _ occurs when different groups share their material and nonmaterial culture with each other and cultural __ occurs when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar to one another. A third type of cultural change is cultural ___ or the imposition of one culture's beliefs and practices on another culture through ___ rather than by ___
1. Diffusion 2. Leveling 3. Imperialism 4. Media and consumer products 5. Military force
Qualitative examples
1. Each person at a gathering of academics is invited to talk about their political views 2. An observer takes notes on the nonverbal behavior if members of a focus group for car commercials
Which of the following are advantages of ethnographic research
1. Ethnographic research can challenge our notions about groups we thought we knew 2. Ethnographic research has driven methodological innovation
Which of the following are disadvantages of ethnographic research
1. Ethnographic research often is not representative of a larger part of society 2. Ethnographic research suffers from a lack of replicability
Which of the following are advantages of existing source research
1. Existing sources research allows researchers to work with info they could not obtain on their own 3. Existing sources research allows researchers to use the same data that has been used for previous research and thus has high replicability
Which of the following are disadvantages of existing sources research
1. Existing sources research does not allow researchers to answer all questions 2. existing sources research can describe the messages inherent in the media, but not illuminate how such messages are interpreted
Scientific Method
1. Identify a problem or ask a question 2. Conduct a literature review 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Choose a research design or method 5. Collect Data 6. Analyze data 7. Disseminate findings
Identify the common disadvantages of interview research
1. Interview respondents are not always forthcoming or truthful 2. Interview research may lead to conclusions that cannot be applied to a larger group
_____ is a paradigm that places trust in the power of science and technology to create progress, solve problems, and improve life. Conversely, ____ is a paradigm that suggests that social reality is diverse, pluralistic, and constantly in flux. Three of the most famous postmodern theorists include jacques derrida, jean baudrillard, and ____
1. Modernism 2. Post modernism 3. Michel Foucault
Signs, gestures, and language, as well as values and norms, are all part of - culture. - are specific types of norms that formally codify what is permissible or forbidden, while - often include severe repercussions and public condemnation. The most powerful of all norms are -.
1. Non material 2. Laws 3. Mores 4. Taboos
Which of the following measurement methods would yield results that could be generalized to the student population of a large university
1. School records are used to select 100 students from different categories in numbers that mirror the overall student population. These students will fill out short questionnaires 2. Comprehensive school records are used to randomly select a sample group of 100 students who will fill out a short questionnaire
Identify the advantages of social network analysis
1. Social network analysis is v useful for a variety or research 2. Social network analysis contributes to the production of big data. Big data is extremely useful to both corporations and social scientists
Before collecting data, social researchers must identify a _____ from which to select their ____. After that, if they want to interview _____, sociologists must first get ____, which means that participants agree to be interviewed and know what they are getting into
1. Target population 2. Sample 3. Respondents 4. informed consent
Identify the concerns that hundred of researchers noted about the 2012 New family structures survey (NFSS) conducted by sociologist mark regnerus
1. The article was reviewed by unqualified reviewers w obvious ties to the author 2. The researchers grouped all types of same sex religions together and brief or one time affairs 3. The research was funded by conservative/religious foundations 4. The researchers analytic categories that did not distinguish between family structure and family stability
Quantitative examples
1. The number of people in a large gathering is recorded 2. Each person in a sample group is recorded as being either a U.S. citizen or a citizen of another country
Which of the following are basic goals of social scientists when conducting experiments
1. To attempt to control for all possible variables except the one under investigation 2. To develop precise tools with which to observe; record, and measure their data
Which of the following are examples of existing sources research?
1. Using data collected during the administration of the SAT 2. Finding the newspaper stories about community leaders
While ____ is most closely associated with value free sociology, pre existing values are not the only reason a sociologist might be biased. The notion of ___can be skewed by the direction and focus of prior research. Additionally the concept of ____ suggests that researchers can also influence those who are being studied
1. basic research 2. objectivity 3. reactivity
A sociologist fields a survey that collects data on where high school students apply to college. After some preliminary analysis, he attempts to use his data to create a new program that will encourage low-income students to apply to more rigorous colleges that may be a better fit for them. The researcher hopes that the program will increase the percentage of low-income students who attend elite colleges. What type of research is this?
Action research
Horace Miner's article "Body ritual among the nacirema" is about what group of people
Americans
Which of the following is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
An indigenous people have no equivalent words for planet, Earth, or world. They do not view a macro picture of multiple planets.
How did Tressie McMillan Cottoms early work experience influence her sociological research?
As a college recruiter, she was economic exploitation of students. Now she studies inequalities and for-profit education
Which social theorist sought to bring the scientific method to the discipline of sociology?
Auguste Comte
Place the events in chronological order.
Between 1830-1840: Harriet Martineau wrote Society in America Between 1840-1845: Auguste Comte wrote Intro to Positive Philosophy Between 1845-1850: Karl Marx wrote Manifesto of the communist party
A sociologist is worried that her presence is affecting interactions between the people she is studying. Identify the concepts she would consider during her study
Bias, reflexivity, reactivity
Which social theorist introduced the idea of the sociological imagination?
C. Wright Mills
The controversy surrounding the "bathroom bills" of north carolina and other states is an example of which of the following concepts
Cultural wars
identify the true and false statements about culture
Culture is handed down from gen to gen Culture acts as a lens through which individuals view the world Culture includes both material and nonmaterial elements
A sociologist conducts an experiment to see how watching a documentary on young men in gay relationships affects individual attitudes toward gay marriage. Both men and women are given a survey, but inly those in the experimental group watch the video before answering the survey questions. Identify the dependent variables in this experiment
Dependent variable: Attitudes towards gay men Not dependent variables: answering survey, exposure to a video on young men in gay relationships, sex/gender
Rapport (Marching band example)
Develop friendly, conversational relationships with band members
Funcitonalists
Emilie Durkheim Talcott Parsons Robert Merton
Although American culture is highly visible worldwide via the media, the moral and political values of the country are not highly visible
False
If two variables are correlated, a change in one must directly produce a change in the other
False
identify each scenario as violating a folkway, a more, or neither
Folkway: a man walking down the street with no shirt on More: a woman walking down the street with no shirt on Neither: a three-year-old walking down the street with no shirt on
Identify Jane Addam's contributions to various fields of applied sociology
Founding Hull House Founding the ACLU and the NAACP Putting theory into practice
Identify the assumptions underlying restroom restriction laws
Gender emerges naturally from one's sex assigned birth Men represent more of a threat to others, with women the target of these threats
Which of the following sociologists was one of the first to do work in the area of social network analysis
Georg Simmel
identify the examples of moral holidays
Halloween A night of celebration after a home teams super bowl victory
Early Theorists
Harriet Martineau Herbert Spencer
Micro-sociology Example
How does giving children different types of toys to play with affect their performance of gender roles? What types of language and gestures do students use when interacting w teachers?
Which cultural concept correctly describes the idea of equality in the United States
Ideal Culture
What is one of the main points of Horace Miner's article "Body Ritual among the Nacirema"
It is easy to take ones own culture for granted
What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
It is the idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language
What is one of the biggest problems with nonacademic uses of research methods
It often has a lack of rigorous standards
Not functionalists
Jane Addams Max Weber
Classical Sociologist
Karl Marx Emile Durkheim
Which of the following are among the key tenets of the chicago school of sociology?
Key tenets: - Meanings can change or be modified through interaction. - The self emerges from a process of interacting w other selves - Human behavior and personality are shaped by social and physical environments Not key tenets: - Ethnicity is fundamentally genetic rather than cultural
Which statement correctly explains the difference between participants observation and auto ethnography
Only in autoehnography are the feelings and actions of the researcher a focal point of the study
Which of the following is a characteristic of Otaku culture
Otaku culture is an example of the East influencing the West
C. Wright Mills was critical of social science and worked to connect the academic side of sociology to more tangible social debates of the time. Mills was convinced that sociology had something to offer everyone. For these reasons, which term best describes C. Wright Mills?
Public intellectual
Participant observation (marching band example)
Ride on the bus, hang out in band room, attend rehearsals
A simple random sample is also which of the following
Sample Probability sample
Which terms refers to positive or negative means of enforcing norms
Sanctions
Definition of Sociology
Sociology is the systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior
Religion is an important social institution that functions as the basis for the morals and ethics that followers embrace and that are applied to both society and the individual, thus promoting social order
Structural functionalism
Identify the elements that could be considered culture
Style of dress films historical artifacts
Quantitative research method example
Survey
Religion consists of beliefs and rituals that are apart of the interaction among followers. Reciting the lord's prayer, bowing toward mecca, and keeping a kosher home are meaningful displays of different religious values and norms. Leaders may play a role in creating social change.
Symbolic interactionism
Identify the true and false statements about how sociologists study culture
TRUE: Sociologists often focus on culture within their own society Sociologists may engage in the process of "othering" by studying the unusual, extraordinary, or deviant in cultural groups. FALSE: Sociologists debate the morals and values of an ideal culture. Sociologists study the cultures of the past, digging for artifacts that document the historical realities of peoples long dead.
Field notes (marching band example)
Take detailed notes every hour or so while doing fieldwork
A sociologist wants to study racial discrimination in hiring and decided to either distribute a survey asking employers about their hiring methods or conduct an experiment that involves sending fake resumes to employers to see who gets an interview. Which method would best examine racial discrimination?
The experimental method is best bc the researcher can isolate effect of race by creating otherwise identical resumes
What is the difference between microsociology and macro?
The levels of analysis
A sociologist thinks they have discovered a very interesting and unique finding. Their data show a correlation between children's shoe sized and their reading test scores. They think that children w bigger feet must be smarter. What is the most logical explanation based on this info?
The relationship between shoe size and reading test score is spurious
What, according to C. Wright Mills, is the function of the sociological imagination?
The sociological imagination enables us to connect our personal experience with the larger forces of history
Most Americans value the equality and individual freedoms of democracy
True
Identify the true and false statements about Herbert Blumer
True: - Blumer appealed for researches to get down and dirty w the dynamics of social life - Blumer was a graduate student and later a professor at the university of chicago - Blumer gave mead's theory the name it goes by now: symbolic interactionism False: - Blumer is considered one of the founders of ethnomethodology
Which sociologist research project involves the use of social network analysis to understand covid 19
Using big data to trace the spread of covid 19 across regions
Match each concept to the Covid-19-related example it fits
Value: respect for authority Norm: When standing in line, remain 6 feet from others Sanction: if you dont wear a mask, you cannot enter a business
Identify each statement as a value, a norm, or neither.
Value: treat teacher with respect Norm: striking a teacher is against the law Neither: teachers are more important to society than firefighters or doctors
Macro-sociology examples
What types of religious organizations are most effective at lobbying political entities for support? How do the organization of education systems around the world affect the percentage of individuals who go to college?
Peter Stearns (2004) consulted various existing sources for his book Anxious Parents: A History of Modern Childrearing in America. What did he find?
While children were once viewed as self sufficient mini adults, beginning in the late 1800s children were seen as particularly vulnerable
Moral Holiday
a specified time period during which some norm violations are allowed
Variable example
age
Which of the following areas may present ethical concerns for individuals conducting social science research
confidentiality and deception
Values and norms are often contested by various groups in society. Dominant culture tends to represent and protect the values, norms, and interests of the most powerful groups in society.
conflict theory
religion serves to control the masses by creating rules for behavior; sanctions against violators may not be equally or fairly applied. Culture wars reflect tensions among groups over which values and norms will dominate.
conflict theory
Reflexivity (marching band example)
consider how the sociologist's own high school experience might shape how they engage the marching band context
A postmodernist writes an essay arguing that the "factual" history of a Native American tribe in a textbook is no more accurate than a collection of short oral stories about the tribe. The postmodernist is engaging in what type of critical analysis?
deconstruction
Identify each scenario as ethnocentrism, cultural relativism or neither
ethnocentrism: an American believes that learning a foreign language is not worth the time because English is the superior language. cultural relativism: an American believes that other languages should be respected and valued equally to English. neither: an American believes that he should learn Spanish because it could be of value to him.
Which pair of concepts consists of two direct opposites?
ethnocentrism; cultural relativism
Most large retailers such as Target, H&M, and Old Navy carry similar clothing styles, and thus there is not extreme variation in what most Americans wear. Which sociological concept best explains this phenomenon?
hegemony
A sociologist thinks they have discovered a very interesting and unique finding. Blah blah blah shoe size. Bigger feet = smarter. Which of the following is the correct classification for the childrens age.
intervening variable
Which of the following nonacademic uses if sociological methods is most common
market research
Robert Merton called for a style of sociology that avoids extremes: it focuses on institutions, not tiny groups and not whole societies, and it holds theory and empirical observation in balance. This type of study is called _________ theory.
midrange
The slogan "What happens here, only happens here" is an example of what cultural concept?
moral holiday
Which of the following are examples of dominant culture in the United States
music played on most radio stations
What is another name for the methodology that Auguste comte called social physics
positivism
What is the central message of postmodernism?
rejection of the idea of a single, shared understanding of history and society
Values and norms are widely shared and agreed upon; they contribute to social stability by reinforcing common bonds and constraining individual behavior.
structural functionalism
Values and norms are often contested by various groups in society. Dominant culture tends to represent and protect the values, norms, and interests of the most powerful groups in society.
symbolic interactionism
Modern cultural imperialism is closely linked to proliferation of western media
true
any physical object that has social meaning can be considered a part of material culture
true
Identify each statement as a value, a norm, or neither.
value: All people should have the chance to advance by "pulling themselves up by their bootstraps." norm: Race-based job discrimination is illegal. neither: There is no inherent difference between different races.
