Uark Sociology Chapter 4

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.

Gemeinschaft

Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values

Gesellschaft

Which of these statements about social networks is false?

Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.

which of the following would most not likely be considered a formal organization?

a local book club

Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of __________.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

When Darlene takes a seat at the local diner, the server approaches the table and says, "Hi, I'm Matt. I'll be taking care of you today." This is an example of __________.

a social script

Which of these is the best example of a secondary group?

a sociology class

Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and—if he lives long enough—will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered __________ statuses.

ascribed

Your nationality, race, gender, age, and family lineage are attributes that can all play a part in a person's _____.

ascribed status

sociologist Erving Goffman's term __________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention.

civil inattention

__________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.

conflict

​From the __________ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.

conflict

​__________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.

conflict

We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.

definition of the situation

Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies both________________________.

developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies

The perspective developed by Erving Goffman, that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.

dramaturgical analysis

According to _____________, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with whom you are speaking will take turns speaking?

ethnomethodologists

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.

feeling rules

A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

formal organization

Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________.

front stage

__________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.

functionalist

__________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society.

functionalists

​Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status?

homeless

Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?

how do we know how to interact in a given situation?

Which of these is an example of an achieved status?

husband

__________, or presentation of self, refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.

impression management

​__________ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones, are products of these societies.

industrial societies

People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term __________ to refer to this.

interaction order

Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group?

interactions are emotion-based

​All of these statements about social structure are true, except______________________.

it is not essential for individual well-being

Media stories that focus on the lack of education or work history among the homeless and not on structural factors such as economic recession or the lack of affordable housing fail to account for the __________ of the situation.

macro view

At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.

macrolevel

Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her _________ status.

master

​One's occupation is an indicator of level of education and income and may also reflect family background. In the United States, occupation is an important determinant of social position. This makes occupation a likely __________ status.

master

Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.

mechanical solidarity

Maintaining eye contact during conversation is_____________________________.

more common for women than men

What do most men consider to be their master status?

occupation

The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence

organic solidarity

​The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.

organic solidarity

​__________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.

primary groups

All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that___________________________.

require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind

The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________.

role

as a student, certain behavioral expectations are placed on you by other students, the university, and society as a whole. The expectations characterize your __________ as a student.

role

​A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status.

role

Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening, Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is experiencing __________.

role conflict

Recent research indicates that female student -athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of __________.

role conflict

When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.

role conflict

​__________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.

role distancing

__________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.

role exit

__________ is the way that a certain role ought to be played out, as defined by a group or society

role expectation

For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role.

role performance

__________ describes the way in which a person plays a role, which may not always line up with the role expectations.

role performance

Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing __________.

role strain

Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to __________ for both men and women.

role strain

Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups.

secondary

Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

secondary group

Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

social construction of reality

A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

social institution

​The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of __________.

social institutions

​Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that______________________.

social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society

The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is __________.

social interaction

​ __________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.

social marginality

The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is __________.

social network

A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.

status

Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________.

status set

The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________.

stigma

Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of __________.

stigmas

Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in __________, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.

studied nonobservance

which of the following is not an example of a social group?

the people shopping in the grocery store while you're there

Which of these is the best example of a primary group?

the people working together in the same department

Which of these is not considered to be a social institution?

travel

The same status symbol may convey different meaning, depending upon the status of the person who has it, true or false?

true

Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure?

value and beliefs

As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:____________________.

what holds societies together?

(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

achieved

Occupation is an example of a(n) _______ status.

achieved

​A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

achieved

__________ is a social position that a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

achieved status

A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender

ascribed

A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

ascribed