UCCS A&P VAP 21.10-21.18

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

Alveoli

Which of the following is defined as the amount of air remaining in the lungs after one has completed a quiet respiratory cycle?

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?

Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.

Emphysema:

Occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluid is

internal respiration

Hemoglobin

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

After blood becomes oxygenated,

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

modifies the rate and depth of breathing

Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why.

slow deep breaths ventilate alveoli more effectively, because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space of the lungs

During inhalation,

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract,

the volume of the thorax increases

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

tidal volume

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide

The apneustic centers promote quiet inhalation by stimulating the

dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin.

BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.

Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels?

Blood CO2 levels

Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia.

Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor (cancerous) cells; and, in anaplasia, the malignant cells spread (metastasize) throughout the body.

Which of the following statements is true regarding partial pressure and the diffusion of gases in the body?

In internal respiration, the PCO2 in the systemic capillary is 40, while the PCO2 in the interstitial fluid is 45.

Which statement is correct?

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why?

Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest.

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false?

It causes RBCs to swell.

Which is true regarding the compliance of the lungs?

The lower the compliance, the less easily air flows along the conducting passages.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions