UCSP FINALS

Monogamous Family

-the family consists of one husband and wife, including children, and is based on monogamous marriage

Family of Orientation

-the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization takes place

Family of Procreation

-the family that is formed through marriage and by having or adopting children.

Authority

-the legitimate or socially approved use of power.

Band

-the most traditional and smallest type of political organization. Familial ties connect a band. Politically independent, a band usually does not recognize the formal government. There are no written codes or laws. There is no organized group of leaders. This is the result of their tendency and nature of moving from one place to another in search of food or shelter.

Nodes

-the persons or organizations playing a part in a network

Serial Monogamy

-the possibility of remarriage caused by divorce or death

Padrino System

-the practice among those with power or influence of favoring relatives (nepotism) or friends (cronyism)

Polyandry

-the practice of marrying men or having multiple husbands

Polygyny

-the practice of marrying multiple women or having multiple wives

Taxation

-the process where the government collects taxes from people to turn into social services.

Adoption

-the process wherein a non-kin is incorporated into the kin group either traditionally or legally

Non-serial monogamy

-the question of marriage does not arise from either of the couple. A spouse has the same single mate throughout his or her life.

Legitimacy

-the right and acceptance of authority, usually a governing law or a régime.

Out-group homogeneity

-the tendency of a person to classify those people who are not in their in-group as being similar to one another. In short, people overgeneralize and label out-groups in a negative manner.

Political Activism

-the way people participate or get involved in various political processes to promote, impend, and raise awareness of an issue

Tribes

-traditional societies comprised of people or group of people connected by social, religious, ancestral, or cultural ties. Bigger than a band, tribes are usually settled in one place and do not rely on hunting and gathering but on agriculture for subsistence. Just like bands, tribes do not observe formal governments.

Political Structure

-used to call on the institutions and political entity organized in agreement with regulations, laws, and norms of society or of the entity itself. A society based on political structure may follow totalitarianism, authoritarianism, or democracy.

Debt of Gratitude

-utang na loob -a technique of reciprocity or debt of gratitude to others within the family of circle or primary group. This takes place when there is an exchange of goods and services between individuals that belong to different groups

Global Stratification in Conflict Perspective

A conflict perspective views global stratification as allowing for capable nations to compete for limited resources.

The Role of Social Desirables in a Conflict Perspective

A conflict perspective views the attainment of social desirables as a constant competition for scarce resources.

Terrorism

A criminal act that threatens the safety of a vast population of civilians to pursue ultimate goals

Difference Between Acculturation and Assimilation

Acculturation is a voluntary activity while assimilation is a forced activity.

Persuading the People to Support Social Movements' Causes

Advertisements, films, speeches, and posters are utilized to carry out *educational persuasion* *Political persuasion* involve financing political candidates' campaigns, running for public office, or persuading government officials. *Direct or violent tactics* involve social movements taking matters into their own hands through extreme measures like boycotting a business employing slave workers, demolishing abortion clinics, and liberating animals from experimental laboratories. *Non-violent tactics* involve civil disobedience like Mohandas Gandhi's peaceful protest against the British imperialists.

Ethnic Minorities

Because some minorities live traditionalistic lives far away from the city and technology, and some may appear differently than usual, they have been consistently labelled and treated as people with minimal knowledge and capabilities. Lack of resources easily available for many are not utilized within their group, thus, they receive negative attention from the dominant public.

Similarities Between Acculturation and Assimilation

Both assimilation and acculturation alter cultural, social, and political practices of the state or nation.

Buddhism

Buddhists believe that all beings suffer, desire causes suffering, desires can be overcome, and that enlightenment or ultimate reality may be achieved. Buddhism rituals and practices include meditation, eating vegetarian meals, going for refuge, offering homage or respect to the Buddha, making offerings, confession of faults, calling on spiritual forces for support or protection, and a dedication of merit.

The Importance of Innovation

Creative innovations and solutions pave the way for fostering sustainable growth, securing jobs, and increasing competitive abilities. Through innovations, social problems such as education and poverty are addressed through the development and introduction of new and feasible methods such as distance learning, money transfer, and zero-carbon housing. Through innovations, an increase in demand for research and development across different areas of modern living may be given focus. The emergence of innovations has become a global realization that traditional methods of dealing with societal issues may no longer be applicable in modern society.

Significance of Development Agencies in Society

Development agencies assist the government in attaining a well-developed society through well-studied developmental strategies and policies. Development agencies exist to promote business efficiency and competitiveness to increase economic growth and sustainable development. Development agencies actively provide avenues for honing employment strategies and opportunities.

The Dividing Line Between Markets and States

In the Philippines, some products are purely market-driven. with some products, the government can intervene in production and pricing. An example of this are utilities and selected essential services. In a global perspective, model market economies such as the United States and Singapore are characterized by freedom of choice and enterprise, private ownership of all economic resources, a prevalence of competition, and the presence of market mechanism. While in a state-driven economy like China, the government largely controls the industry.

Islam

Muslims believe that there is only one god, Allah, and one prophet, Muhammad. Islam's practices include daily confession of faith through prayers five times a day, almsgiving, fasting on Ramadan, and a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime.

Types or Forms of Family

On the Basis of Birth -family of orientation -family of procreation On the Basis of Marriage -polygynous family -polyandrous family -monogamous family On the Basis of the Nature of Residence -family of matrilocal residence -family of patrilocal residence -family of changing residence On the Basis of Ancestry or Descent -matrilineal family -patrilineal family On the basis of size or structure -nuclear or the single-unit family -joint or extended family -reconstituted or blended family On the Basis of the Nature of Relations -conjugal family -consanguine family

the features and functions of a development agency:

*Economic roles*: A development agency can take on entrepreneurial approaches—mediating between the government and the market—especially when such tasks are outside of government responsibility. As leverages are formed, investment failures are avoided. *Leadership roles*: Development agencies set out long-term developmental goals. As independent groups, their capability to shape goals and outcomes are not influenced by electoral or political changes. *Governance and coordination roles*: Agencies coordinate with the state in the attainment of developmental practices and methods. They help overcome the jurisdiction of the public sector in making a sole decision on developmental goals. *Implementation roles*: A development agency can formulate its team to facilitate attainment of a defined growth strategy. This team is focused on project management, instrument development, and business or investor-facing services.

Marriage

- a formal and legal union of two people as partners in life. It is the universal social institution that promotes procreation and establishes the bonds that are the basis of the household, family, and kinship system. -a legally recognized social contract between two people, traditionally based on a sexual relationship, and implying a permanence of the union. The statuses the spouses acquire go through from institution to companionship that may endure and sustain in their life cycle (Burgess and Locke, 1945). They play complementary roles to meet their material, sexual, emotional, psychological, and spiritual needs for their survival. -gives the offspring a position in society as he or she may be categorized as a legitimate son or daughter. It establishes continuing connections between the kin of each party. It is always symbolically marked in some way, usually a public ceremony.

Blood Brotherhood

- a sociological custom where two biologically unrelated persons or groups establish a close relationship that which exists between two true brothers by a variety of ceremonies and methods of blood-letting

Family of Changing Residence

- a type of family where the family stays in the husband's house for some time, and moves to wife's house, stays there for a period of time, and then moves back to the husband's parents or starts living in another place

Traditional authority

- based on a system in which authority is legitimate because it "has always existed."

Function of Blood Brotherhood

- it cements an already existing bond of friendship - it provides mutual or reciprocal aid pact

Function of Compadrazgo

- it helps formalize ties of friendship -it is the term used to refer to influential individuals for the family -it may be used to extend numerically the number of ritually-related kin, or reinforce or intensify already existing blood ritual ties

Function of Adoption

- it serves as a way of preserving family lineage, enabling the continuation of ancestor worship, creating political alliances and ensuring care for adoptive parents in their old age -it is undertaken to primarily provide a home for children deprived of parental care -it is also a way to satisfy the desires of individuals of couples to care for and rear for a child

Shame

-Hiya -the inability to say "no" to offers for the fear of what others will think, say and do. In other words, this is the failure to conform to the debt of gratitude or utang na loob

Redistribution

-In sociology, the system of exchange that involves the centralized collection of products from members of a group followed by the distribution of those goods among the members. -In economics, refers to the collection of goods and services of people and groups to be given by a central authority for allocation.

reciprocity

-In sociology, the system of voluntary exchanges among individuals based on the understanding that the giving of favor by one will be reciprocated in the future either to the giver or to someone else. -In economics, defined as an exchange of equal advantages.

How Transfers Work in the Government

-In the Philippines, the government is allocating a huge amount of money to finance different programs like education, infrastructures, health, and defense. -In the United States, transfers are payments made to individuals by the federal government through different social benefit programs. -In Canada, transfers are payments made to all provinces and territories by the federal government.

Functions of Family

-It is the smallest unit that cooperates in production and distribution. -It enables and promotes socialization processes for the youth. -It creates alliances with other family units. -It regulates sexual behavior. -It provides care and protection. -It is the foundation of social placement and social status. -It gives emotional support and affection.

Unilineal Kinship System

-One method of limiting the recognition of kinship is to emphasize relationships through one parent only

Comparative Reference Groups

-Some reference groups exist to provide people with means of comparison for behavior, style, and achievement. -For body figure, teenagers look up to supermodels as references. For skills in basketball, enthusiasts play by the rules of professional basketball players from the NBA or PBA. To check whether he fares well in his exams, a student may compare his score from that of his class's best students.

Consanguineous Kinship

-The bond of blood. -The relationship between the parents and their kids, and that among siblings -son and daughter, brother and sister, uncle and aunt, nephew and niece, and cousins are related through blood

Society

People have organized themselves into groups with common rules of living. The organization of such a group is called ______.

Kinship

-The relations based on blood may be close or distant. The bond of blood which binds people together in a group -involves socially recognized relationships based on supposed and actual genealogical bonds. These relationships are products of social interactions and are recognized by society -can refer both to the patterns of social relationships themselves and to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures. -can also refer to a principle by which people or groups of individuals are organized into roles, social groups, categories, and genealogy through kinship terminologies

The Importance of Social Networks

-Through networks, social linkages or connections are formed. It is important to note that these networks serve a role in the attainment of the goals of society. Through networks, people get connected, get updated, and become aware. -Networks are media for the spread and exchange of ideas. News awareness, information relay, and rumors are good examples. Some people also use their networks to obtain a position in a company, to make a business successful, or to earn a living. Social networks undoubtedly serve as social support and provide people with information or guidance in times of need.

Normative Reference Groups

-When reference groups serve a purpose of setting your norms and values -These groups directly influence the behavior of a person, serving as a role model, standard, or base point.

Potlatch

-a ceremonial distribution of property and gifts by the donor according to the social rank or status of the recipients.

Polygamy

-a common practice in Muslims, it is being married to multiple spouses at a time -polygyny and polyandry

Extended

-a domestic group that contains more than one adult married couple

Nuclear Household

-a domestic group that contains one adult couple that may or may not have children,

Single-person or Single-parent

-a domestic group that is composed of one adult person that may or may not have children living with him or her.

stock market

-a form of market where sellers and buyers exchange shares

redistribution

-a form of reciprocity. It differs from mere reciprocity, which is a back-and-forth two-party exchange.

State

-a formal political organization in a modern or industrial society regarded as an organized community under a government. Characteristics of a state include owning a certain territory, having a particular group of people to lead it, a group of people to take administrative roles, and freedom from external or foreign control.

Genogram

-a graphical representation of one's family and its members' relationship to one another. - widely used in medicine, sociology, and genealogy to determine medical, psychological, sociological, or historical patterns of health and behavior

State

-a group of people, more or less numerous, with a definite geographical area, with defined territorial boundaries, independent of external control, and ruled by a government through laws where inhabitants have to conform by force in the common interest. In economics, a state is always referred to as the *government*

Oligopoly

-a market in which only few sellers comprise the entire industry with a relatively larger number of buyers. Sellers, therefore, have the power over the price of products.

Monopsony

-a market in which there is only one buyer.

Monopolistic Competition

-a market structure characterized by a large number of independent sellers, each producing a differentiated product in the market with a low barrier to entry of other players.

Pure Competition Market

-a market structure characterized by a large number of sellers and buyers, homogenous products, and complete freedom of entry and exit of market players.

Monopoly

-a market structure characterized by a single seller of a well-defined product for which there is no available substitute and high barriers of entry of other market players. The seller has complete control of the pricing of goods and services.

foreign exchange market

-a market where parties are involved in the trading of currency; In this market, also called currency market, one party exchanges one country's currency with an equivalent quantity of another.

bond market

-a marketplace where buyers and sellers are engaged in the exchange of debt securities, usually in the form of bonds.

Monogamy

-a marriage between two individuals at a time -serial monogamy and non-serial monogamy

Cross-cultural Marriage

-a marriage between two people from different cultures. *A traditional Ifugao man is married to a liberated Catholic woman.* *A Japanese woman is married to an English man.*

Economic Institutions

-a network of commercial organizations that determine how goods and services are produced, generated, distributed, and purchased *Examples: producers, manufacturers, retailers, wholesalers, buyers* -the particular agencies or foundations devoted to the gathering or studying of economic data, or authorized with the job of supplying goods and services that are necessary to the economy of a country *Examples: the Philippine Bureau of Internal Revenue, the U.S. Federal Reserve, the National Bureau of Economic Research* -the popular and thriving arrangements and structures that are part of culture or society *Examples: competitive markets, the banking system, a system of property rights*

Chiefdom

-a permanent and formal government. Chiefdoms are formal political organizations in a traditional society based on kinship or the leadership of selected families.

Market

-a place or medium where buyers and sellers interact to transact economic goods and services. The meaning of market is not limited to a certain place, location, or geographic area; rather, it focuses on people who are willing and capable of buying or selling goods and services.

Markets

-a place where buyers and sellers transact economic goods and services. It is also a mechanism used by society for allocating and distributing the goods and services produced.

Transfer or Transfer Payment

-a redistribution of income or resources in the market system. It refers to payments or transactions where there is no value added to the economy. There is no additional production of goods and services but just a transfer of money from private hands to government.

Alliances

-a relationship between two people, groups or states that have joined for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them

Compadrazgo

-a religious rite of sponsorship in church ceremonies such as marriage, baptism and confirmation

Household

-a residential unit or dwelling that carries out economic production and consumption that coordinates work, inheritance, child rearing, and provision of shelter. It is important to note that family and household are not one and the same. -may be made up of a person, or persons, who lives in a shared space or dwelling -can be a family household or a non-family household. It would mean that persons living in a household maybe related or unrelated.

predictive market

-a setup where the exchange of good or service takes place for future use

Out-group

-a social group associated with competition or opposition as its nature is different from one's own. This is the "they" of society, where a person is not a part of or does not belong to the group. The formation of out-groups is the result of perceived differences. -One's out-group includes those groups one dislikes or disregards. It is also that group where one does not feel happy personality-, interest-, or ability-wise.

Social Network

-a social structure made up of a set of social actors (individuals or organizations), sets of a partner or dyadic ties, and other social interactions between actors. It represents relationships and flows between people, groups, and organizations

Family

-a socially recognized group, strengthened by the concept of kinship, where people are connected by blood, marriage, or adoption, and where a caring relationship mainly occurs. Although kin group and family are not one and the same, the family is actually one of the strongest kinship ties in our society. -It forms an emotional connection among people and serves as an economic unit of society. -It is considered as the basic building block of society.\-It is the institution mostly responsible for the "achievement of adult satisfaction and social integration." -It is also responsible for the distribution of economic resources from those who earn them in the marketplace to those who are dependent on those earnings

Organization

-a state of being or a condition in which various institutions in society are functioning by their recognized or implied purposes

Social Group

-a team of two or more individuals that are dependent on one another. Its organization rests on the purpose of working and achieving the goals of society. Humans are social beings whoa are constantly longing and needing association or support.

Nuclear or the Single-unit Family

-a type of family consisting of a husband, a wife, and children (unmarried), naturally-conceived or adopted; It is the nucleus of family structures. It is more or less an autonomous unit that is not under the control of adults or elders of the family. It consists of two generations only. The adoptation of children legally happen through an adoption process where the legal responsibilities and privileges of being a parent or parents are transferred from the biological parents to adoptive parents.

Polygynous Family

-a type of family consisting of one husband, and more than one wife, and all the children born to all wives or adopted by each of them.; It is based on polygynous marriage.

Polyandrous Family

-a type of family consisting of one wife and more than one husband, and the children, either born or adopted by each one of them; It is based on polyandrous marriage.

Patrilineal Family

-a type of family in which the authority is carried down the male line, and descent is traced through the male line or the father's side

Conjugal Family

-a type of family made up of adults among whom sexual relationships exist; It refers to a family system of spouses and their dependent children. The emphasis is placed on the marital relationship that exists between spouses.

Joint or Extended Family

-a type of family that consists of three generations living together under the same roof, and sharing the same kitchen or economic expenses; It consists of three nuclear families living together. In this setup, aunts, uncles, and grandparents may live in a family of parents and their children.

Reconstituted or Blended Family

-a type of family that is formed out of another relationship, otherwise known as a step-family

Consanguine Family

-a type of family where blood relation exists, or those who are consanguineal kin (e.g. a family consisting of parents and children, or siblings)

Matrilineal Family

-a type of family where the ancestry or descent is traced through the female line or through the mother's side

Family of Patrilocal Residence

-a type of family where the husband remains in his father's household while his wife leaves her family to move in with him

Family of Matrilocal Residence

-a type of family where the wife remains in her mother's household after reaching maturity and brings her husband to live with her family after marriage

Post-marital residency

-aka *residence rules* -rules or arrangements couples usually consider following their wedding.

Bilateral Descent

-all descendants of an ancestor enjoy membership of a common descent group by any combination of male or female linkages.

In-group

-an exclusive social group formed out of shared interest and identity. This is the "we" group in society from which people's loyalty is bestowed upon. This type of group satisfies the old saying "birds of the same feather flock together.'' It is in this group where people feel more comfortable and secured, with no threat, intimidation or conflict of interest. Members of this group consist of those who share common experiences or ideas in life. -Examples include friendship groups, families, and religious groups.

Descent Group

-any social group wherein membership depends on a common descent from a real or mythical ancestor. This system of acknowledged social parentage, which varies per society, is where a person may claim kinship ties with another -If there is no limitation on the recognition of kinship, everybody would be kin to everyone else. But in most societies, some restrictions are imposed on the perception of common ancestry so that an individual regards many of his associates as not his kin. -The importance of descent comes from its use as a means for one person to assert rights, privileges, duties, and status with another person who may be related to the first, either because one is an ancestor of the other or because the two acknowledge common ancestors. -Descent has limited influence when rights to succession, inheritance, or residence follow kinship lines.

Rational authority

-based on a system of rules that is applied administratively and judicially per known principle.

Primary Group

-characterized by personal and lasting relationships with its members. -The best example of a primary group is the nuclear family. Relationships and attachments organized in this group are permanent as one's identity, lifestyle, and stories are tied to this group. A group of close friends is another example of this group.

Labor unions

-collaborate or negotiate with the company administration to raise employee concerns regarding salary increase, benefits, and labor rights.

leverage politics

-creating linkages with other groups to gain moral and financial support in advocacy.

Power

-defined as the ability to get others to do things even when they might not want to.

Advocacy and interest groups

-designed for campaigning the rights, privileges, and concerns of a particular group of people in society. Such group of people may not be represented in government

cultural

-everything involving the growth and expression of the human spirit: education, art, science, religion, journalism, and publishing

Secondary Group

-formal, small or large, and usually short term. These groups are typically found at work and school. -An example of this group is a political party organized to plan the best campaign for the election. Members of the board meet infrequently and for only a short period. Team members may have some similar interests, but the main purpose of the group is on the task instead of the relationships. -Classroom and work environment are other examples of a secondary group. -Sometimes, secondary groups become informal, and members of the team get to know each other well; however, even if their friendships exist in a limited time, they will not necessarily remain close beyond. -Unlike the primary group, members play their roles in a secondary group based on arranged and conditional contract. Members of this group need not to convene based on shared interests or personalities.

Political parties

-formed for staging interest in the government seat.

Voluntary Associations

-groups that people choose to join, wherein members are united by the pursuit of a common goal. *a parent-teacher association at a particular school*

Reference Groups

-groups that serve as our standards in setting and evaluating our own behaviors and attitudes.

In-group favoritism

-happens when a person favors or offers special treatment to in-group members over out-group members. This activity may disregard merit and result to serious social situations such as corruption, crime, and padrino system.

Economic

-having to do with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

Legal or Political

-involving human rights and relationships between people and organizations

Bureaucracy

-is a type of formal organization in which a rational approach is used to handle large tasks. The bureaucratic organization is highly organized with a high degree of formality in the way it operates. *colleges and universities*

symbolic politics

-linking past events to another in order to provide a possible outcome for a similar, presently-occurring event.

Ties

-links or connections that bind individuals or organizations together.

accountability politics

-monitoring the action of states to ensure their commitment; The responsible state or company's accountability on the matter shall be made known to the public should any discrepancy between commitment and result occur.

Matrilocal

-occurs when a newly-married couple establishes their home near or in the brides's mother's house

Ambilocal

-occurs when a newly-married couple has the choice of living with or near the groom's or bride's family

the act of yielding to the majority of the kin group

-pakikisama -closely related to utang na loob. It is a social value based on "give and take" principle. This is characterized by togetherness and allegiance to your group with a concern for what other feels.

competition for a great status

-palakasan -it is a system wherein those in power compete to obtain special privileges and exemptions from regulations by bending the rules of law for kinship groups

Consumer cooperative

-procures and distributes commodities to members and non-members

Credit cooperative

-promotes thriftiness among its affiliates and creates funds to grant loans for productive endeavor of members

Associative reference groups

-refer to groups where we belong and take part in. These people include our neighbors, coworkers, club members, or church members. People have a tendency to confine with what is on trend in their immediate community.

Dissociative reference groups

-refers to groups that people have no interest in being associated with. This group of people includes those with whom we share conflicts in interest, attitude, or behavior.

Social structure

-refers to patterned institutions or groups in society where people work, act, and live together. -Examples: Social class and social institutions like the government and legal community, LGBT community, and professional community

Aspirational reference groups

-refers to people or groups of people with whom we want to be compared with. Product advertisers and celebrities like athletes, movie stars, or talk show hosts are fine examples of this reference group. People think that by supporting their favorite celebrity, they become associated with them.

Social organization or social system

-refers to the interdependence of parts in groups. These groups may differ in size and nature. It makes possible the complex activities where members of a complex society participate in.

Patrilineal Systems

-relationships reckoned through the father are emphasized

Matrilineal Systems

-relationships reckoned through the mother are emphasized.

Charismatic authority

-rests on the unique qualities of a leader who shows that he possesses the right to lead under magical powers, prophecies, heroism, etc.

Power Elite

-run by a small group representing the wealthiest, most powerful, and most influential people in government, business, and the military. *A generous business person may make substantial contributions to a political candidate.*

Formal organizations

-secondary groups organized to achieve specific goals. Legal organizations tend to be larger and more impersonal than voluntary associations. *A corporation is usually a formal organization. The very specific goal of most companies is to increase profits.*

Neolocal

-takes place when a newly-married couple establishes their home independent from both sets of relatives

Patrilocal

-takes place when a newly-married couple establishes their home near or in the groom's father's house

Avunculocal

-takes place when a newly-married couple sets their home near or in the groom's maternal uncle's house

information politics

-the ability of groups to control or limit the release of information so as to provide a realistic and broader picture of a certain issue; Doing so does not necessarily guarantee a good image for the government.

Market structure

-the classification of a market with regard to key characteristics, such as number of sellers and buyers, entry barriers to the market, the control and determinant of pricing, and types of products in the market.

Political Dynasty

-the concentration, consolidation, or continuation of public office and political power by persons related to each other

Church tithes

-the donations that are given to religious institutions to be used for their programs and projects.

Market Transactions

-the exchange of goods and services through a market where buyers and sellers agree on the price and quantity of goods and services to be bought and sold in a specific place and time.

Central Planning Model

The central planning model of North Korea dominates the entire economic activity of production as well as the social context. This model wants to create a classless society. In the long run, it is counter-productive, and lower growth rate or even economic stagnation occurs.

Market Economy Model

The market economy model of Taiwan, Korea, and Singapore prevails in the production of goods, competitiveness, flexibility, and high growth rates that are manifested in the economy. A high level of inequality prevails, resulting to a high incidence of poverty among people, a problem in the environment, and vulnerability to financial crisis.

Social Market Economic Model

The social market economic model of most European countries depends heavily on the role of the market in the distribution and allocation of products. The economy and the government is very active in providing social welfare to the people. This leads to equality and harmony among people and government, but a high level of taxation is evident.

State Capitalist Model

The state capitalist model of Russia and China shows the power of government in the production of goods but with passivity in social and environmental issues. High and steady growth rate evident but a high level of inequality is also manifested.

The following conditions should be met for one group to be called an international organization:

There must be membership from at least three states or nations. Activities must occur across several states. Members must have formally agreed to be part of the organization.

Physical Markets

This is a set up where buyers can physically meet the sellers and purchase the desired merchandise from them in exchange for money. Examples: shopping malls, department stores, retail stores

Knowledge Market

This is a setup that deals with the exchange of information and knowledge-based products.

Black Market

This is a setup where illegal goods like drugs and weapons are sold.

Financial Market

This market deals with the exchange of liquid assets (money).

Usog or balis

a Filipino cultural syndrome where an affliction or disorder is attributed to a greeting by a stranger. It usually affects a child, infant, or toddler. Vomiting, fever, nausea, or incessant crying may be signs of usog.

caste system

a closed system where membership is ascribed at birth.

Binat

a condition of critical ache or pain that is a consequence of continuous physical unrest. A person may experience this when after a stressful work day, sickness, fatigue-inducing activity, physical activity, or failure to take a rest.

Participatory governance

a form of leadership that involves the citizens in the form of civil society activists and government reformers establishing participatory institutions which enable them to take part in improving their democratic governments.

Education

a fundamental human need by which human existence of striving and developing depends on. -Education is a fundamental right. -Education is a process of learning.

Inclusive citizenship

a governing policy enabling the citizens to participate in policy-making by the government. Citizens are then given a strong feeling that they are a valuable component of the overall society. Elections, civic participation, and military service are some of the ways in which people can experience inclusive citizenship.

social movement

a large group of individuals congregating to either effect or prevent social changes. Members express the dissatisfaction of the people, seeking to transform the society by influencing public opinion and government policy-making.

Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012 (Republic Act No. 10175)

a law approved on September 12, 2012. It aims to address legal issues regarding online interactions and the Internet in the Philippines. The Department of Education encourages schools to embrace cyber wellness program to reduce if not totally prevent bullying and other cyber abuse incidents.

Culture

a learned, shared, symbolic system of norms and values, beliefs, and attitudes that molds or shapes and influences perception and behavior of human beings - an abstract "mental blueprint" or "mental code."

The Trade Union of the Philippines

a militant group that promotes the interest of workers in our country

Brain drain

a phenomenon in which a developing country suffers because its skilled laborers migrate to industrialized countries like the United States and Canada to permanently live and work there

Transnational migration

a phenomenon in which people from developing countries or nations with less developed economic conditions like the Philippines, Vietnam, and some African countries move to developed nations like the United States, Canada, Saudi Arabia, and Japan where economic opportunities like better-paying jobs are present.

separation of church and state

a principle based on the idea that the state has freedom to conduct activities, enact laws, or enforce rules and regulations without the Church interfering. On the other hand, the church can implement its ecclesiastical affairs without the influence of the state.

Protests

a public demonstration to show disapproval for any decision made by any social institution

Hinduism

a religion that believes that the earth is an expression of their gods and must therefore be preserved and venerated.

belief system

a set of principles that helps interpret natural and supernatural occurrences that affect lives.

Political change

a significant shift in the structure of the government and the relationship of people to their government. It happens hand in hand with social change, as the people are the ones that form the government.

church

a social institution composed of a group of people formed for religious purposes.

Social Network

a social structure comprised of individuals joined by a certain pattern of links or relations. Social networks are indicative of a person or an organization's relationships as either casual and informal or personal and intimate. This is often regarded as individuals' basic tool to connect to society.

Jainism

a traditional Indian religion known for observing non-violence towards all creatures. Animism is not practiced in isolation but expressed in many forms and observed in both modern and traditional settings.

Cooperative

a voluntary organization of people who have agreed to pool their resources together to undertake an economic enterprise to meet their everyday needs. A cooperative is something that they democratically manage, control, and share the economic benefits by participation and patronage (Cooperative Development Authority, CDA).

Commercial banks

accept savings deposits, check deposits, and time deposits. Examples of Philippine commercial banks are Bank of the Philippine Islands and Metrobank.

Capital

accumulated labor that can produce profits or expand in form. The misconception is that capital only consists of financial value, but according to Bourdieu, capital can take three forms—social, political, and cultural. These forms of capital initiate and significantly contribute to social inequalities.

Escapist movements

advocate retreating from the society through isolation like religious cults

Expressive movements

aim to improve their members' lives, not necessarily imposing their ideas on others like the Hippie Movement

Social networking

all about engagement — creating relationships, communicating with your readers, building your followers, and connecting with your online audience.

Employer Confederation of the Philippines

an association of employers of different industries in the Philippines

Western medicine

an evidence-based treatment of medical conditions with medications by medical practitioners and other healthcare providers who engage methods developed according to Western medical and scientific traditions. Its origin can be traced in countries in Europe and Americas; thus, the name. Examples include chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation performed by doctors, specialists, therapists, and nurses.

Innovation

an idea, translated into a tangible output, which is believed to produce excellent service and value, and is replicable at a possible economic cost. In a more social context, innovations can be seen as a method for increasing financial gain through production, employment, alliances, and joint venturing. In making innovations, it is reasonably acceptable and reasonable to take risks. It is in fact believed that innovations are a by-product of well-calculated risks. These new changes result in the creation of new products that attract various market types and consumers.

non-state actor

an individual or organization that has powerful economic, political, and social power but is not allied with any particular country or state.

class system

an open system where status is achieved from merit or effort.

Corporation

an organization of people legally bound by a charter to conduct some type of business. It has a legal entity separate from its owners. The type of business that a corporation wants to venture in depends on its articles of incorporation.

Religion

an organized system of beliefs and practices that explains the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe. It involves societal organization and a moral code that governs human affairs and order of existence.

Alternative medicine

any healing practice not supported by scientific method and biomedicine but is believed to have the same effects with that of prescribed medicine. It tries to prevent and treat different conditions with techniques such as healing touch, energy, and herbal medicines. Examples are acupuncture, chiropractic medicine, magnetic field therapy, and others.

Non-formal education

any learning experience or training outside the organized formal system. This type of teaching may include attending seminars, workshops, and community-based sports program. Unlike formal education which is based on concrete structure or curriculum, non-formal education follows less structured guidelines.

Protestantism

Protestants believe in the sufficiency and authority of the Scripture for salvation. Protestant churches' necessary rites are the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's supper. The worship of images and statues is prohibited.

Roman Catholicism

Roman Catholics believe that both the Bible and sacred Roman Catholic tradition, such as belief in the purgatory, prayers to saints, and worship of Mary are necessary. The Catholic church has many rituals and practices like the holy mass, baptism, confession, receiving communion, praying the rosary, and anointing of the sick. The Mass is the most important ritual among Catholics because it seen as a celebration of God's grace.

Development agencies

local or international groups committed to pursuing specific developmental agendas of the state. Initially seen as an immediate response to a common emergency, the rise of such agencies began after the World War II when there were war damage, industrial decline, and dereliction. Over time, development agencies became popular methods of shaping economic strategies that can uplift the state. It is reported that there are over 15,000 such organizations existing worldwide to

Self-actualization

manifested when individuals experience real and passionate joy and wonder.

Transparency

means any health-related information must be accessible for every person concerning information, decision-making, and management.

Human Right to Health

means that every person has the right for the highest attainable standard of physical and psychological health which guarantees a health system protections for everyone.

Human Right to Health Care

means that health care must be financed by the government to the people as a public good.

Non-discrimination

means that health care must be supplied without any discrimination in intent or effect.

Accountability

means the health care system must be accountable to the people it serves.

Participation

means the health care system must enable meaningful public involvement in all decisions affecting people's right to health care.

Transnational advocacy groups

networks, not bound by any national or international border, that defends a cause or proposition. They are a group of people from different walks of life who advocate for policy changes that are in line with their interests and the interests of others.

Revolutionary Innovation

newly-introduced innovations which may be disruptive and risky.

Financial Institutions

organizations that serve as bridges or intermediaries that facilitate the flow of money in various transactions. This means that financial institutions serve as links between the source of funds, the depositor, the fund user, and the borrower.

Marketing cooperative

participates in the supply of production inputs to constituents and markets their products

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) project

called action and support from nations and local and international development agencies to promote the following causes by 2015: 1.Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2.Achieve universal primary education 3.Promote gender equality and empower women 4.Reduce child mortality 5.Improve maternal health 6.Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7.Ensure environmental sustainability 8.Develop a global partnership for development

Thrift banks

categorized into stock savings and loan associations, savings and mortgage banks, and private development banks. They consolidate the savings deposits of their members into a fund from which their members can draw loans with interest. They also accept deposits from the public and provide loans for small- and medium-scale enterprises.

Rural banks

cater primarily to farmers and small business people, mostly in rural areas.

Inter-ethnic conflict

caused by conflicts in political, socio-economic, cultural or territorial matters characterized by uncertainly and particularistic interests

Pluralist movements

defend respect for diversity like the gay rights movement

Reactionary movements

defend returning to traditional lifestyles as demonstrated by the Ku Klux Klan

Social conflict (or contradiction) and tension

disturbances believed to be against social norms and standards and are caused by a group of people. As society evolves, numerous issues have become an apparent area of concerns by the majority of the population.

Social desirables

factors that affect social stratification. A social hierarchy exists because of the unequal distribution of social desirables—property, power, and prestige—in a society where the larger population of financially-challenged individuals have less social desirables than the smaller group of rich people. The following describes each social desirable: -property" income-producing assets that people own (e.g. real estate) that increase financial wealth -power: the capacity to influence individuals or activities to achieve wealth and prestige -prestige: an individual's status among his peers in society

3 Types of Reciprocity

general, balanced, and negative.

Minority Groups

groups composed of less-dominant classifications in a society that experience disproportionately lower opportunities than their dominant counterparts. Minority groups are characterized by distinct physical or cultural traits, unequal social treatment, subordination in society, and high-level of group solidarity.

Class struggle

groups divided regarding socio-economic capabilities oppose each other in society. Usually, the less-important group is overpowered by the richer one

International Organizations

groups that promote voluntary cooperation among its members

Formal education

happens inside a classroom and facilitated by a professional teacher. It is a classroom-based, structured, and sequentially graded system. It includes primary, secondary, undergraduate, and graduate schools.

Assimilationist movements

help minority groups become absorbed in the mainstream society, demanding equal treatment

Global Inequalities

involve the concentration of resources among a select number of nations, significantly affecting the living and economic conditions of non-participating countries.

New forms of media

involve the use of technology and are interactive in nature.

Pasma

pertains to a folk illness exclusive to the Filipino culture that is believed to be normally caused by exposure to cold (lamig) and water in many forms. Triggered by heat and cold, symptoms include sweaty palms and uncontrollable shaking of the hands.

Prevention

pertains to aiding individuals to avoid getting sick. This may also refer to detecting diseases early on so treatment can begin.

Non-state institutions

refer to institutions that are organized by private individuals or groups for the purpose of providing services to the members of society. These institutions are not controlled by the government but are regulated through laws and statutes of the state.

Society

refers to interacting people who share a culture while culture is the product of that interaction. In reality, human society and culture cannot exist independently of each other.

Intergenerational mobility

refers to movement of social status across several generations.

Universal Access

refers to the accessibility of any health care whenever and wherever it is needed.

Quality

refers to the good quality that must be provided by the medical centers and hospitals.

Social stratification

refers to the kind and degree of distribution of resources within a social system.

Politics

refers to the process that determines who shall occupy roles of leadership in government and how this power shall be exercised.

traditional medicine

refers to traditional Chinese medicine, Indian ayurveda, and Arabic unani medicine, as well as to various forms of indigenous medicine around the world. Traditional medicine accounts for approximately 40 % of health care in China, and 80 % in Africa, with methods including the use of herbal medicines and animal parts or minerals, manual therapies, and spiritual therapies to maintain well-being, to diagnose and treat illness (World Health Organization 2002).

Availability

relates to the availability of health care infrastructure, well-trained health, goods, and services.

Radical movements

replace existing social orders with a totally different social or political structure like the American Civil Rights Movement, the Occupy Movement, Black Lives Matter, and the Arab Spring

Conservative movements

resist changes in the society like the anti-technology group, Luddites

effects of global warming and climate change

rought, stronger typhoons, higher risk of getting heat-related illnesses, hotter global temperature, melting of glaciers, higher sea levels, and many others.

Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs)

skilled professionals like engineers, nurses, doctors, and other workers like drivers, domestic helpers, and construction workers who work abroad to seek better economic opportunities. Their remittances are an important contributor to the Philippine economy.

Intragenerational mobility

specifies a vertical or horizontal movement of social status in the course of one's lifespan.

Deities and gods

supernatural beings who are believed to be sacred, divine creators and rulers of the universe, and sources of ethical authority.

Reform movements

support change like the marriage-opposed Free Love Movement

agents of diffusion

technology, language, and globalization.

Social change

the alteration of social interactions, political institutions, stratification systems, and elements of culture over time.

Theism

the belief in the existence of a god or gods. Theism is a category of religion, and under it are monotheism and polytheism.

Animism

the belief that all natural entities have spirits or souls. It views all things, like animals, plants, and inanimate objects, as sacred life forms.

Monotheism

the belief that there is only one god to be worshiped as the supreme being. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism are examples of monotheistic religions.

constitution

the fundamental law of the land.

Social mobility

the horizontal or vertical movement from one social status to another by individuals or groups.

brain gain

the host countries of the migrant workers benefit from the services of these outsourced skilled laborers.

Diagnosis

the identification of the nature of illnesses or other problems by examining symptoms. This is made possible by a systematic analysis of the symptoms or signs, assessment of test results, review of the background, and study of the possible causes.

Global warming

the increase in the Earth's temperature caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide.

Social media

the media (content) that you upload — whether that is a blog, video, slideshow, podcast, newsletter, or an eBook.

Cultural change

the modification or discontinuance of existing tried and tested procedures transmitted to an individual society from the culture of the past as well as the introduction of a new set of proceedings.

Shintoism

the native religion of Japan which worships the existence of natural objects such as mountains, rivers, rocks, and trees.

Diffusion

the process by which a belief or activity is passed on from one group to another. The process is catalyzed by communication, social media, and other forms of technology, and can even occur during the military conquest, missionary works, and tourism. Christianity, having started in Israel, has spread internationally and is now known as the primary religion worldwide. Chinatown, a small makeshift village representing the Chinese community, can be found in many countries all over the world (e.g. There are Chinatowns in the USA, Singapore, Thailand, and the Philippines.).

Acculturation

the process by which a group gradually adapts to the culture, processes, and beliefs of another. It is considered as a second culture learning where a person of one distinct culture learns another culture without forgetting or abandoning his primary culture and belief system. Examples: A Filipino bachelor decided to migrate to the United States where he sees himself become a naturalized citizen in ten years. Due to warfare in their country, a group of Middle Eastern civilians braved three days of travel to start a new and safer life in Greece.

Assimilation

the process by which two cultures are merged to become one distinct culture. Beliefs, customs, and practices are combined and act as the characterizing factors of the newly developed culture. Examples: During the Spanish colonial period, the Spaniards forced pre-colonial Filipinos to shift their religion from Islam or animism to Roman Catholicism. With 90% of the seminar attendees being Tagalog speakers, the native Ilocano, Cebuano, and Hiligaynon speakers had no choice but to use Tagalog in all of their conversations throughout the 5-week seminar.

Healing

the restoration of well-being. After suffering from discomfort as a result of bodily disease, healing occurs when tissues, organs, or the biological system are repaired or renewed. It is followed by the reappearance of normal functions of the body.

Auction Market

the seller sells his or her goods to the highest bidder.

Global stratification

the unequal distribution of social gaps across nations that are usually seen on the ratio between the number of deaths versus the number of live births per capita as well as life expectancy.

gender issues

there is still discrimination among different genders and roles in society

Windigo psychosis

thrives among the North American tribes, is believed to be a condition characterized by intense craving for human flesh for consumption or eating.

FEDOJAP, Pasang Masda, ACTO

transport groups that were formed to represent their associations on issues related to the land transport system

Producer cooperative

undertakes joint agricultural or industrial production

Trade unions or labor unions

voluntary associations of either employees, employers, or independent workers to protect their interest and become an instrument of defense against exploitation and maltreatment.

Armed conflict

wars between two different states or groups brought about by issues of identity, race, religion, or competition

Polytheism

worshipping more than one god. Hinduism and Shinto are examples of polytheistic religions.

Articles of incorporation

written applications to the government requesting permission to form a corporation. This will give the name, address, and type of business for the corporation; the names of the officers, and the initial amount of money being put into the business.

Alternative movements

influence the people to change their lifestyles like the vegans

Functions of Transnational Advocacy Groups

*They change political and policy-making focus*: Issues raised by transnational advocacy groups are actual issues of the common population. Implicating moral and emotional forces, these groups refocus the most important issues in society. *They redefine issues*: These groups, through wise use of information, repackage issues into more general and unbiased forms. As such, positions on various issues are influenced to change, with some being on the advocacy networks' favors. *They reframe information*: As mentioned, transnational advocacy groups learned to control the flow of information to include unbiased and broader pictures of existing issues. In doing so, a moral and emotional appeal will likely influence people to raise their advocacy and concern for the phenomenon. *They give a voice to the voiceless*:Because of their moral and emotional impact on the public, coupled with their advocacy for vulnerable groups, transnational advocacy groups give the voiceless and vulnerable people a chance to raise their concerns in the international scene.

Functions of International Organizations

*an acquaintance of information*: International organizations have the capability to access relevant information for a specific cause. They also have the capability to monitor trends and progresses of longitudinal empirical researches. *provide service and aid*: These organizations, especially the bigger ones, provide various types of services to people depending on the cause. For example, an international organization tackling health may provide free vaccines to a specific nation hit by a dangerous epidemic. *provide avenues for communication*: Being part of an international organization means that members from different parts of the world get to easily voice out their concerns to one another. This may lead to easier communication and work flow. *provide avenues for settling disputes*: Because international organizations' members continuously communicate with each other, disputes and misunderstandings over certain issues and concerns may easily be resolved. As such, organizations provide opportunities for communication through regular meetings and updates.

the disadvantages of corporations as business organizations in the economy

*difficult to start*-needs government approval before starting the business *less direct control*-owners that are usually far from the day-to-day operation of the business *double taxation*-corporate taxes that need to be paid by the corporation and the owner who received dividends from the profit *limited activities*-limited activities by the article of incorporation

the advantages of corporations as business organizations in the economy

*easy to raise funds*-since the corporate form is the most effective for raising money *limited liability*-the concept that owners of the business are only responsible for its debts up to the amount they invest in the business *unlimited life*-not ceasing to exist if a major stockholder dies *specialized management*-affording to have specialized managers to run the business *shared risks*-spreading business risks among many owners

Kinship by Ritual

-Anthropologist and ethnographers sometimes call it as fictive kinship -The word means "fake" or "created by imagination." This type of kinship is not false, but it is just that in this type of kinship, relationships among individuals are based neither on blood ties nor by marriage. -refers to relationships among individuals who recognize their associations and obligations despite the absence of blood or marriage bonds. Fictive kinship may tie people together in ties of affection, concern, obligation, and responsibility. Examples include adopted or surrogate families, brotherhood, sororities, or peer groups. -used in fictive kinship links for non-kinship purposes. Members of a brotherhood or fraternity consider each other as brothers despite the absence of blood relations among them. Such act naturally builds a harmonious relationship between them.

The Functions of Economic Institutions

-Enhance development through financial services -Provide business opportunity to people by financing and loans -Fund research projects aimed at improving the lives of the individuals in the society

Non-Physical Markets or Virtual Markets

In such markets, buyers purchase goods and services through the internet. The buyers and sellers do not meet or interact physically, but transact online instead. Examples: Rediff shopping, eBay, Amazon

Institutionalized Religion

It is formed by a sect, meaning, it is closed but not limitless. It is also known as organized religion, a social institution established to express people's belief in a divine power. Its beliefs, practices, and rules are formally organized and codified.

amok

In Malaysia, believed to be an unexplained condition wherein the affected person is acting aggressively, killing residents and animals.

kuru

In New Guinea, a fatal culture-particular disease of the brain and nervous system, found among the South Foré people. Symptoms include contracted face muscles, palsy, and the loss of motor control resulting in the inability to walk and eat.

The Role of Social Desirables in a Functionalist Perspective

In a functionalist society, all social elements are seen as contributing factors in reaching social equilibrium and balance.

Global Stratification in Functionalist Perspective

In a functionalist society, global stratification is seen as a method of maintaining continued health and viability of all populations.

Minority Groups in Conflict Societies

In conflict societies, minority groups are seen as lower class individuals that will not be able to keep up with the consistent competition occurring within the environment. In both societies, discrimination against minorities is possible.

Minority Groups in Functionalist Societies

In functionalist societies, minorities also play social roles that contribute to social balance and equilibrium. However, these functions are bound by limitations and social norms.

Gender Inequality

In some countries, women are paid relatively lower than men due to their sexuality and biological differences. The LGBT community has always been treated differently and discriminatively because they do not fall within a biologically-defined group.

Political Capital

It involves passing on public political policies to build up "goodwill" with the public. Public goodwill may be utilized whenever socially controversial policies or bills need to be approved without damaging public interest for politicians.

Social Capital

It is a network of mutual relationships within a particular social group. It deals with interactions that strengthen group solidarity.

Cultural Capital

It is an accumulation and sharing of symbolic elements of society (e.g. skill, language, mannerism) within a specific social class. It may be embodied by a person, objectified by tangible materials, or institutionalized by qualifications or titles.

Health

It is defined as the state of a person being free of any illnesses or injuries with complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Health becomes a dynamic condition because of a body's constant adaptation and adjustment in response to the changes in his environment.

Market for Intermediate Goods

Such markets sell raw materials (goods) required for the final production of other goods.

Political stratification

best explained as the extent to which such inequalities are enclosed in, or influenced by, political structures and processes.

Evolutionary Innovation

brought about by technological advances and repetitive methods to perfect a certain technological trend.

Group-focus movements

concentrate on changing factions, transforming into or joining a political party

Climate change

considered as a long-term shift that happens in the Earth's climate.

social hierarchy

exists because of the unequal distribution of social desirables in a society where the larger population of financially-challenged individuals have less social desirables than the smaller group of rich people.

Service cooperative

engages in medical and dental care, hospitalization, transportation , insurance, housing, labor, electric lights and power, communication and other services

Traditional forms of media

include printed literature like books, magazines, journals, and newspapers as well as the television and the radio.

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

known as the banks of all banks in the Philippines. It is the bank responsible for the regulation, creation, and management of monetary supply in the country.