Uil 2019
Bernice "Bunny" Sandler
(March 3, 1928 - January 5, 2019)[1] was an American women's rights activist from New York. Sandler is best known for being instrumental in the creation of Title IX, a portion of the Education Amendments of 1972, in conjunction with Representatives Edith Green and Patsy Mink and Senator Birch Bayh in the 1970s. She has been called "the Godmother of Title IX" by The New York Times. Sandler wrote extensively about sexual and peer harassment towards women on campus, coining the terms "gang rape" and "the chilly campus climate". She received numerous awards and honors for her work on women's rights and was inducted into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame in 2010, and the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2013.[10][5] Some of her papers are currently held in the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, at the Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
Chicago Riots (1968)
Sparked in part by the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. In Chicago itself, more than 48 hours of rioting left 11 Chicago citizens dead, 48 wounded by police gunfire, 90 policemen injured, and 2,150 people arrested. On April 5, 1968, in Chicago, violence sparked on the West side of the city, and gradually expanded to consume a 28-block stretch of West Madison Street. No clashes of this magnitude have happened in the United States since 1968.
Jonathan Daniels
( 1939-1965) He saved the life of the young black civil rights activist. They both were working in the Civil Rights Movement in Lowndes County to integrate public places and register black voters after passage of the Voting Rights Act that summer. Daniels' death generated further support for the Civil Rights Movement.
Marcus Garvey
(17 August 1887 - 10 June 1940) Jamaican-born political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator.He was President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL). Garveyism intended persons of African ancestry in the diaspora to "redeem" the continent of Africa and put an end to European colonialism.
Nathan Bedford Forrest
(1821-1877) First leader of the Ku Klux Klan
Ida B. Wells
(1862-1931): Led anti-lynching crusade in the 1890's, One of the founders of the NAACP
Mahatma Gandhi
(1869-1948) Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Indian independence leader, first was civilly disobedient lawyer for Indians in South Africa, r
Theodore Bilbo
(1877-1947) Theodore Gilmore Bilbo was an American politician who twice served as governor of Mississippi and later was elected a U.S. Senator.
Harry S Truman
(1884-1972) 33rd President (1945-1953): Marshall Plan, Atomic Bomb, Integrated the Armed Forces (Executive Order 9981, July 1948), McCarthyism
Alice Paul
(1885-1977) suffragette, one of the leaders of the 19th amendment fight, afterwards served for 50 years as leader of the National Women's Party, which advocated for the ERA.
Robert Moses
(1888-1981) Moses was a great political talent who demonstrated great skill when constructing his roads, bridges, playground, parks, and house projects. One of his most influential and longest-lasting positions was that of Parks Commissioner of New York City, a role he served from January 18, 1934 to May 23, 1960.
J. Edgar Hoover
(1895-1972) director of Bureau of Investigation in 1924, then first director of the FBI in 1935 and served for 37 years until he died in 1972. He introduced modern technologies, such as a centralized fingerprint database and forensic labs. He was found to have used the FBI to harass political dissenters and activists, to amass secret files on political leaders,and to collect evidence using illegal methods. Hoover amassed a great deal of power and was in a position to intimidate and threaten others, even sitting presidents of the United States. He vehemently opposed the civil rights movement and its leaders, especially Martin Luther King, Jr. Under Hoover's leadership, the F.B.I. sent an anonymous blackmail letter to King in 1964, urging him to commit suicide. Consistently used illegal measures to investigate, intimidate and persecute other proponents of civil rights.
Elijah Muhammad
(1897-1975) led the Nation of Islam (NOI, 1934-1975). He was a mentor to Malcolm X, Louis Farrakhan and Muhammad Ali
Langston Hughes
(1902-1967): Leader of Harlem Renaissance, invented "jazz poetry"
Ralph Bunche
(1904-1971): First black guy to win Nobel Peace Prize (1950 mediation in Israel). Also involved in the formation of United Nations.
Lyndon B. Johnson
(1908-1973): 36th president, assumed office after Kennedy assassination, signed civil rights act of 1964
Thurgood Marshall
(1908-1993) 1st African American supreme court justice (1967-1991), also successfully argued Brown vs. Board of Education to supreme court
Orval Faubus
(1910-1994) Governor of Arkansas, Little Rock Crisis (1957), used Arkansas National Guard to stop integration of Little Rock Central High School
Rosa Parks
(1913-2005) best known for her pivotal role in the Montgomery Bus Boycott (wouldn't relinquish seat). The United States Congress has called her "the first lady of civil rights" and "the mother of the freedom movement "
Ralph Ellison
(1914-1994): Wrote Invisible Man, (National Book Award 1953).
Lorraine Hansberry
(May 19, 1930 - January 12, 1965) wrote A Raisin In the Sun, and its performance on broadway marked the first time a play written by a black woman had been featured on broadway. The play challenges segregation and racism. At the young age of 29, she won the New York's Drama Critic's Circle Award — making her the first African American dramatist, the fifth woman, and the youngest playwright to do so.
Black Belt
The Black Belt is a region of the Southern United States. The term originally described the prairies and dark fertile soil of central Alabama and northeast Mississippi. Because of relative isolation and lack of economic development, the rural communities in the Black Belt have historically faced acute poverty, rural exodus, inadequate education programs, low educational attainment, poor health care, urban decay, substandard housing, and high levels of crime and unemployment. Given the history of decades of racial segregation into the late 20th century, African-American residents have been disproportionately most affected, but these problems apply broadly to all ethnic groups in the rural Black Belt.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
(November 12, 1815 - October 26, 1902) was an American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the Seneca Falls Convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and women's suffrage movements in the United States. Stanton was president of the National Woman Suffrage Association from 1892 until 1900.
Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
(November 29, 1908 - April 4, 1972) was a Baptist pastor and an American politician, who represented Harlem, New York City, in the United States House of Representatives (1945-71). He was the first person of African-American descent to be elected from New York to Congress. He was the fourth black person to be elected to Congress and was re-elected for nearly three decades. He was a Democrat and served as a national spokesman on civil rights and social issues. He also urged United States presidents to support emerging nations in Africa and Asia as they gained independence after colonialism. In 1961, after 16 years in the House, Powell became chairman of the Education and Labor Committee, the most powerful position held by an African American in Congress.
Hector Perez Garcia
(1914-1996) was a Mexican-American physician, surgeon, World War II veteran, civil rights advocate, and founder of the American G.I. Forum. As a result of the national prominence he earned through his work on behalf of Hispanic Americans, he was instrumental in the appointment of Vicente T. Ximenes, a Mexican American and American G.I. Forum charter member, to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1966. alternate representative to the United Nations in 1967, was appointed to the United States Commission on Civil Rights in 1968, was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, in 1984; and was named to the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope John Paul II in 1990. He died in Texas.
Lester Maddox
(1915-2003) American politician who served as the 75th Governor of the U.S. state of Georgia from 1967 to 1971. A populist Democrat, Maddox came to prominence as a staunch segregationist when he refused to serve black customers in his Atlanta restaurant.
John F. Kennedy
(1917-1963) referred to as JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963. He served at the height of the Cold War, and the majority of his presidency dealt with managing relations with the Soviet Union. He also represented Massachusetts in the US House of Representatives and senate.
Fannie Lou Hamer
(1917-1977) was an American voting and women's rights activist, community organizer, and a leader in the civil rights movement. She was the co-founder and vice-chair of the Freedom Democratic Party, which she represented at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Hamer also organized Mississippi's Freedom Summer along with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.She was also a co-founder of the National Women's Political Caucus, an organization created to recruit, train, and support women of all races who wish to seek election to government office.
Gwendolyn Brooks
(1917-2000): black poet who won Pulitzer for her work Annie Allen on May 1, 1950, first black person to win the award
Betty Friedan
(1921-2006) Wrote "The Feminine Mystique" (1963) which is often credited with sparking the second wave of American feminism in the 20th century.
James Baldwin
(1924- 1987) Baldwin returned to the United States in the 1960s and spent much of his time traveling through the South and commenting on civil rights issues. He also spoke out against the war in Vietnam and, being a homosexual himself, on behalf of gay rights
Robert E. Lee Baker
(1924-1998) Reporter at The Washington Post during the racial turmoil and civil rights struggles that followed the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education.
Medgar Evers
(1925-1963) Black civil right activist in Mississippi. He worked to overturn segregation at the University of Mississippi, to end segregation of public facilities, and to expand opportunities for African Americans, including enforcement of voting rights. He was assassinated by a white supremacist and Klansman.
Malcolm X (Malcolm Little, el -Hajj Malik el-Shabbazz)
(1925-1965) Prominent member of Nation of Islam (later disavowed NOI and converted to Sunni), civil rights leader, assassinated by members of NOI
Robert F. Kennedy
(1925-1968) Senator from New York, leading presidential candidate (democrat) until assassinated in 1968 by Sirhan Sirhan (Palestinian angry over RFK support of Israel in 6 days war)
Harry Belafonte
(1927) day-o was an early supporter of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s, and one of Martin Luther King Jr.'s confidants. advocate for political and humanitarian causes, such as the Anti-Apartheid Movement and USA for Africa. Belafonte has won three Grammy Awards, including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, an Emmy Award, and a Tony Award. In 1989, he received the Kennedy Center Honors. "King of Calypso"
Cesar Chavez
(1927-1993): Labor leader, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in 1962 with Dolores Huerta
Coretta Scott King
(1927-2006) was an American author, activist, civil rights leader, and the wife of Martin Luther King, Jr. Coretta Scott King helped lead the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. She was an active advocate for African-American equality. She was also an accomplished singer, and often incorporated music into her civil rights work.
James Forman
(1928-2005) Active in the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, the Black Panther Party, and the League of Revolutionary Black Workers. Wrote "The making of a black revolutionary"
Maya Angelou
(1928-2014): American poet, singer, memoirist, and civil rights activist. (I know why the caged bird sings)
Pollie Ann Myers Hudson
(1929-)Autherine Lucy is an educator who became the first African-American student to desegregate the University of Alabama, facing group threats.
Dolores Huerta
(1930- ) Co-founder of the National Farmworkers Association, with Cesar Chavez which later became the United Farm Workers, presidential medal of freedom
Harvey Milk
(1930-1978) was an American politician and the first openly gay elected official in the history of California. Milk served almost eleven months in office and was responsible for passing a stringent gay rights ordinance for San Francisco. November 27, 1978, Milk and Mayor George Moscone were assassinated by Dan White, who was another city supervisor.
David Halberstam
(1934-2007) Covered Civil Rights Movement for New York Times. Travelled with Martin Luther King Jr. from New York City to Cleveland and then to Berkeley, California for a Harper's article, "The Second Coming of Martin Luther King" (1967).
Russell Means
(1939-2012) Oglala Lakota activist for the rights of American Indian people, prominent member of the American Indian Movement (AIM) after joining the organization in 1968
John Lewis
(1940) American politician and civil rights leader. He is the U.S. Representative for Georgia's 5th congressional district, serving since 1987, and is the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation.
Jesse Jackson
(1941-) He is the founder of the organizations that merged to form Rainbow/PUSH. Jackson was also the host of Both Sides with Jesse Jackson on CNN from 1992 to 2000. During the 1980s, he achieved wide fame as a politician, as well as becoming a well-known spokesman for civil rights issues.
Stokely Carmichael
(1941-1998) prominent organizer in the Civil Rights Movement in the United States and the global Pan-African movement. He eventually developed the Black Power movement, first while leading the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), later serving as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party (BPP), and lastly as a leader of the All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP).
Muhammad Ali
(1942-2016) professional boxer he set an example of racial pride for African Americans and resistance to white domination during the Civil Rights Movement.
Judith Heumann
(1947- ) Disabilities activist, incumbent Special Advisor for International Disability Rights (2010- )
Bernard Lee
(2 October 1935 - 10 February 1991): expelled from Alabama for leading a march on Birmingham, joined the SNCC and later the SCLC. Worked in the Poor People's campaign, with the freedom riders, was pretty much everywhere in the CRM, liked MLKJr a lot
Lucy Stone
(August 13, 1818 - October 18, 1893) In January 1866, Stone and Anthony traveled to an AASS meeting in Boston to propose a merger of the anti-slavery and women's movements into one that would campaign for equal rights for all citizens. The AASS, preferring to focus on the rights of African Americans, especially the newly freed slaves, rejected their proposal.
Phyllis Schlafly
(August 15, 1924 - September 5, 2016) was an American constitutional lawyer and conservative political activist. She held staunchly conservative social and political views, supported antifeminism, opposed abortion, and successfully campaigned against ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Her book, A Choice Not an Echo (1964), a polemic against Republican leader Nelson Rockefeller, sold more than three million copies. Schlafly co-authored books on national defense and was critical of arms control agreements with the Soviet Union. In 1972, Schlafly founded the Eagle Forum, a conservative political interest group, and remained its chairwoman and CEO until her death in 2016.
George Wallace
(August 25, 1919 - September 13, 1998) was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Alabama, a position he occupied for four terms, during which he promoted "low-grade industrial development, low taxes, and trade schools". He sought the United States presidency as a Democrat three times, and once as an American Independent Party candidate, unsuccessfully each time. He is best remembered for his staunch segregationist and populist views. Wallace famously opposed desegregation and supported the policies of "Jim Crow" during the Civil Rights Movement, declaring in his 1963 Inaugural Address that he stood for "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever."
Ella Baker
(December 13, 1903 - December 13, 1986) activist, Baker criticized professionalized, charismatic leadership; she promoted grassroots organizing, radical democracy, and support of the oppressed finding a voice and self-advocating. She helped by being president of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).She has been ranked as "One of the most important African American leaders of the twentieth century and perhaps the most influential women in the Civil Rights Movement," known for her critiques of racism, and sexism/classism in the CRM
Strom Thurmond
(December 5, 1902 - June 26, 2003) was an American politician who served for 48 years as a United States Senator from South Carolina. Thurmond represented South Carolina in the United States Senate from 1954 until 2003, at first as a Southern Democrat and, after 1964, as a Republican. In opposition to the Civil Rights Act of 1957, he conducted the longest speaking filibuster ever by a lone senator, at 24 hours and 18 minutes in length, nonstop.[5] In the 1960s, he opposed the civil rights legislation of 1964 and 1965 to end segregation and enforce the constitutional rights of African-American citizens, including basic suffrage. Despite being a pro-segregation Dixiecrat, he insisted he was not a racist, but was opposed to excessive federal authority, which he attributed to Communist agitators.
Susan B. Anthony
(February 15, 1820 - March 13, 1906) was an American social reformer and women's rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement. Born into a Quaker family committed to social equality, she collected anti-slavery petitions at the age of 17. In 1856, she became the New York state agent for the American Anti-Slavery Society. Also see Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Huey Newton
(February 17, 1942 - August 22, 1989) was a revolutionary African-American political activist who, along with Bobby Seale, co-founded the Black Panther Party in 1965. He continued to pursue graduate studies, eventually earning a Ph.D. in social philosophy. In 1989 he was murdered in Oakland, California by Tyrone Robinson, a member of the Black Guerrilla Family, in a dispute over drug dealing.
James Reeb
(January 1, 1927-March 11, 1965) was an American Unitarian Universalist minister, pastor and activist during the Civil rights movement in Washington, D.C. and Boston, Massachusetts. As a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Reeb went to Selma to join protests for African American voting rights following the attack by state troopers and sheriff's deputies on nonviolent demonstrators on March 7, 1965. After eating dinner at an integrated restaurant on March 9, Reeb and two other Unitarian ministers, Rev. Clark Olsen and Rev. Orloff Miller, were beaten by white men with clubs for their support of African American rights. White hospitals refused to treat him and the black hospital in Selma didn't have the facilities to treat him. Reeb died two days later.
Martin Luther King Jr.
(January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) On October 14, 1964, won the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D.C., to be called the Poor People's Campaign, when he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.
Ross Barnett
(January 22, 1898 - November 6, 1987) Governor of Mississippi from 1960 to 1964. He was a prominent member of the Dixiecrats, Southern Democrats who supported racial segregation.
Carrie Chapman Catt
(January 9, 1859 - March 9, 1947) was an American women's suffrage leader who campaigned for the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave U.S. women the right to vote in 1920. Catt served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association and was the founder of the League of Women Voters and the International Alliance of Women.
Theophilus "Bull" Connor
(July 11, 1897 - March 10, 1973), known as Bull Connor, was an American politician who served as an elected Commissioner of Public Safety for the city of Birmingham, Alabama, for more than two decades. He strongly opposed activities of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. Under the city commission government, Connor had responsibility for administrative oversight of the Birmingham Fire Department and the Birmingham Police Department. Infamous for using attack dogs and fire hoses on children protesters, an act that was broadcast live to the nation.
Emmett Till
(July 25, 1941 - August 28, 1955) was a young African-American who was lynched in Mississippi in 1955 at the age of 14, after being accused of offending a white woman in her family's grocery store. The brutality of his murder and the fact that his killers were acquitted drew attention to the long history of violent persecution of African Americans in the United States. Till posthumously became an icon of the Civil Rights Movement.
James Earl Ray
(March 10, 1928 - April 23, 1998) was an American fugitive and felon convicted of assassinating Martin Luther King Jr. on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.
Ralph Abernathy
(March 11, 1926 - April 17, 1990): was an American civil rights activist and Christian minister. Leader of Civil Rights Movement, close friend and mentor of Martin Luther King. Helped create the Montgomery Bus Boycott. He was also co-founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). He became president of the SCLC after King was killed, where he led the Poor People's Campaign in Washington, D.C. among other marches and demonstrations for disenfranchised Americans. He also served as an advisory committee member of the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE). He also spoke to the United Nations in 1971 about world peace, and wrote the autobiographical And the Walls Came Tumbling Down.
Fred Shuttlesworth
(March 18, 1922 - October 5, 2011) He was a co-founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, initiated and was instrumental in the 1963 Birmingham Campaign, and continued to work against racism and for alleviation of the problems of the homeless in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he took up a pastorate in 1961.Shuttlesworth participated in the sit-ins against segregated lunch counters in 1960 and took part in the organization and completion of the Freedom Rides in 1961.
Earl Warren
(March 19, 1891 - July 9, 1974) was an American jurist and politician who served as the 14th Chief Justice of the United States (1953-1969) and earlier as the 30th Governor of California (1943-1953). The Warren Court presided over a major shift in constitutional jurisprudence, with Warren writing the majority opinions in landmark cases such as Brown v. Board of Education, Reynolds v. Sims, and Miranda v. Arizona. Warren also led the Warren Commission, a presidential commission that investigated the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
Gloria Steinem
(March 25, 1934) is an American feminist, journalist, and social political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader and a spokeswoman for the American feminist movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Steinem was a columnist for New York magazine, and a co-founder of Ms. magazine.[3] In 1969, Steinem published an article, "After Black Power, Women's Liberation", which brought her to national fame as a feminist leader.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
(October 14, 1890-March 28, 1969)American army general and statesman who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. The administration declared racial discrimination a national security issue. Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil rights office inside the Justice Department and a Civil Rights Commission to hear testimony about abuses of voting rights. Although both acts were much weaker than subsequent civil rights legislation, they constituted the first significant civil rights acts since 1875.
Margaret Sanger
(September 14, 1879 - September 6, 1966)was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America.
Paule Marshall
(born April 9, 1929). Known for her book advocating Civil Rights, Brown Girl, Brownstones. It was published in 1959. In 1992, at the age of 63, Marshall was awarded a Macarthur Fellowship Grant.
James Meredith
(born June 25, 1933) is an African-American Civil Rights Movement figure, writer, political adviser and Air Force veteran. In 1962, he became the first African-American student admitted to the segregated University of Mississippi. In 1966 Meredith planned a solo 220-mile March Against Fear from Memphis, Tennessee, to Jackson, Mississippi; he wanted to highlight continuing racism in the South and encourage voter registration after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.
Bobby Seale
(born October 22, 1936) is an American political activist. He and fellow activist Huey P. Newton co-founded the Black Panther Party. In 1968, Seale wrote Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton, published in 1970.
Paul Johnson
(not the Coach for Georgia Tech) born January 23, 1916 - October 14, 1985. He was a Mississippi Democratic Politician who served as governor from 1964 until January 1968. In is inaugural address, he is reported to have said, "Hate, or prejudice, or ignorance, will not lead Mississippi while I sit in the governor's chair." This later proved to be false, as he took a defensive stance against the Civil Rights Movement, claiming that it was a communist plot against America. He is also known for his reluctance to let the FBI investigate the Freedom Summer Murders.
Black Muslims
Beginning in 1913 with the founding of the Moorish Science Temple of America by Noble Drew Ali, the Black Muslim movement emphasized the unique role of Islam as the "true religion" of the black community and its role in fighting white supremacy in the United States. Fusing religion and black nationalism, the movement grew with the rising influence of the Nation of Islam (NOI), founded in 1930 by W.D. Fard and sustained by Elijah Muhammad thereafter.
Black Power Book
Black Power: The Politics of Liberation is a 1967 book co-authored by Stokely Carmichael (later known as Kwame Ture) and political scientist Charles V. Hamilton. The work defines Black Power, presents insights into the roots of racism in the United States and means of reforming the traditional political process for the future. The book has become a staple work produced during the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power movement.
Baton Rouge Bus Boycott
Boycott in Baton Rouge, Louisiana in 1953 after the city shut down nearly 40 black-owned bus businesses by revoking their licenses; led by Revenant T.J. Jemison. A compromise was brought about by this movement to reduce the number of white-exclusive seats on buses, but the decision was criticized as not powerful enough.
Affirmative action
Affirmative action policies are those in which an institution or organization actively engages in efforts to improve opportunities for historically excluded groups in American society. Affirmative action policies often focus on employment and education. In institutions of higher education, affirmative action refers to admission policies that provide equal access to education for those groups that have been historically excluded or underrepresented, such as women and minorities.In 1961, President Kennedy was the first to use the term "affirmative action" in an Executive Order that directed government contractors to take "affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin."
Bloody Sunday
On March 7, 1965, an estimated 525 to 600 civil rights marchers headed southeast out of Selma on U.S. Highway 80. The march was led by John Lewis of SNCC and the Reverend Hosea Williams of SCLC, followed by Bob Mants of SNCC and Albert Turner of SCLC. The protest went according to plan until the marchers crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge, where they encountered a wall of state troopers and county posse waiting for them.Televised images of the brutal attack presented Americans and international audiences with horrifying images of marchers left bloodied and severely injured, and roused support for the Selma Voting Rights Campaign.
Black Panther Party
Originally named the Black Panther Party for Self-defense, this group was an African-American revolutionary group that initially patrolled neighborhoods in hopes of preventing acts of police brutality. Later, the group developed into a Marxist organization with over 2,000 members and holdings in many cities and demanded things such as arms for all blacks, the release of all blacks from jail, and monetary compensation for years of racist oppression.
Sojourner Truth
an African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, Ulster County, New York, but escaped with her infant daughter to freedom in 1826. After going to court to recover her son in 1828, she became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man. Her best-known speech was delivered extemporaneously, in 1851, at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio. The speech became widely known during the Civil War by the title "Ain't I a Woman?" During the Civil War, Truth helped recruit black troops for the Union Army; after the war, she tried unsuccessfully to secure land grants from the federal government for former slaves. In 2014, Truth was included in Smithsonian magazine's list of the "100 Most Significant Americans of All Time".
Busing
the practice of assigning and transporting students to schools so as to redress prior racial segregation of schools, or to overcome the effects of residential segregation on local school demographics.
Booker T. Washington
1856 - November 14, 1915) was an American educator, author, orator, and advisor to presidents of the United States. Between 1890 and 1915, Washington was the dominant leader in the African-American community. Washington was a key proponent of African-American businesses and one of the founders of the National Negro Business League. As lynchings in the South reached a peak in 1895, Washington gave a speech, known as the "Atlanta compromise", which brought him national fame. He called for black progress through education and entrepreneurship, rather than trying to challenge directly the Jim Crow segregation and the disenfranchisement of black voters in the South. Washington mobilized a nationwide coalition of middle-class blacks, church leaders, and white philanthropists and politicians, with a long-term goal of building the community's economic strength and pride by a focus on self-help and schooling. But, secretly, he also supported court challenges to segregation and restrictions on voter registration, passing on funds to the NAACP for this purpose.
The Brown Berets
A Chicano (Mexican-American) rights group, partially founded after the Black Panther Party, to support Chicano rights and fight police brutality. Originally a youth group. AKA the Young Chicanos for Community Action (YCCA).
Albany, GA Campaign
Desegregation campaign formed on November 17, 1961, in Albany, Georgia.The Albany Movement intended to end all forms of racial segregation in the city, but it initially focused on desegregating travel facilities. Movement protestors used mass demonstrations, jail-ins, sit-ins, boycotts, and litigation. Although the first protestors were mostly students, the campaign eventually involved large numbers of black adults of varied class backgrounds. King arrived in Albany on December 15, 1961, and spoke at a mass meeting at Shiloh Baptist Church. The following day, King, Anderson, and Ralph Abernathy—SCLC's second-in-command—joined hundreds of black citizens behind bars on charges of parading without a permit and obstructing the sidewalk. On August 10, 1962, he agreed to leave Albany, ending his involvement in the Albany Movement. Almost all of Albany's public facilities remained segregated after King's departure, making the Albany Movement one of the few failures among the 1960s civil rights campaigns
Black Nationalism
The third period of black nationalism arose during the post-Reconstruction era, particularly among various African-American clergy circles. A modern form of black nationalism that stressed the need to separate blacks from non-blacks and build separate communities that would promote racial pride and collectivize resources. The new ideology became the philosophy of groups like the Moorish Science Temple and the Nation of Islam.
Byron De La Beckwith
White supremacist and Klansman, assassinated civil rights leader Medgar Evers (1963). Two trials = hung juries (1964)
Boycott
Withdraw from commercial or social relations with (a country, organization, or person) as a punishment or protest.
American Indian Movement (AIM)
a Native American advocacy group in the United States, founded in July 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota.AIM was initially formed to address Native American affirmation, treaty issues, spirituality, and leadership while simultaneously addressing incidents of police harassment and racism against Natives forced to move away from reservations and tribal culture by the Indian Termination Policies. AIM's paramount objective is to create "real economic independence for the Indians".
Black Consciousness
a grassroots anti-Apartheid activist movement that emerged in South Africa in the mid-1960s out of the political vacuum created by the jailing and banning of the African National Congress and Pan Africanist Congress leadership after the Sharpeville Massacre in 1960. The BCM represented a social movement for political consciousness. The BCM attacked what they saw as traditional white values.
Alcatraz Island
an occupation of Alcatraz Island by 89 American Indians and supporters, led by Richard Oakes, LaNada Means, and others. They chose the name Indians of All Tribes (IOAT)[1] and John Trudell was the spokesperson. According to the IOAT, under the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) between the U.S. and the Lakota, all retired, abandoned or out-of-use federal land was returned to the Native people who once occupied it. Since Alcatraz penitentiary had been closed on March 21, 1963, and the island had been declared surplus federal property in 1964, a number of Red Power activists felt the island qualified for a reclamation. The Alcatraz Occupation lasted for nineteen months, from November 20, 1969, to June 11, 1971, and was forcibly ended by the U.S. government. The Occupation of Alcatraz had a brief but somewhat direct effect on federal Indian Termination policies, and established a precedent for Indian activism.
Accommodation
facilities, private or public, used by the public (restrooms, restaurants, libraries etc.)
W.E.B. DuBois
first black person to win a doctorate, got it from Harvard and Berlin, one of the founders of the NAACP, taught history, sociology, economics at Atlanta U. Disagreed with Booker T. Washington's proposals to submit to white rule and better black society, encouraged the fighting of segregation, Jim Crow, lynching,
American Equal Rights Association (AERA)
formed in 1866 in the United States. According to its constitution, its purpose was "to secure Equal Rights to all American citizens, especially the right of suffrage, irrespective of race, color or sex." Some of the more prominent reform activists of that time were members, including women and men, blacks and whites. The AERA conducted two major campaigns during 1867. In New York, which was in the process of revising its state constitution, AERA workers collected petitions in support of women's suffrage and the removal of property requirements that discriminated specifically against black voters. In Kansas they campaigned for referenda that would enfranchise African Americans and women. The meeting in 1869 signaled the end of the organization and led to the formation of two competing women's suffrage organizations
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
in 1986, the National Council on Disability had recommended enactment of an Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and drafted the first version of the bill which was introduced in the House and Senate in 1988. The final version of the bill was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H. W. Bush.
Black Lives Matter
international movement created in response to African-American murders by police officers, protesting police brutality as well as racial profiling and racial inequality. Originated as #BlackLivesMatter in 2013 after the acquittal of George Zimmerman after the shooting of Trayvon Martin in 2012
Black Codes
laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 in the United States after the American Civil War with the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. Black Codes were part of a larger pattern of Southern whites, who were trying to suppress the new freedom of emancipated African-American slaves, the freedmen. Black codes were essentially replacements for slave codes in those states.
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
nonprofit organization whose mission is to defend the rights of all Americans. Have worked to support gay rights, gun ownership, freedom of speech, and was very heavily involved in the Civil Rights era. Founded in 1920, Today has over 1.2 million members
Black Power
political slogan and a name for various associated ideologies aimed at achieving self-determination for people of African descent.It is used primarily, but not exclusively, by African Americans in the United States. The Black Power movement was prominent in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
