Ultimate English GACE Terms Study Guide

visual acuity

sharpness of vision

creative reading

involves going beyond the material presented by the author

faulty parallelism

lack of balance in grammatical forms; dissimilar or unequal weight

Scottish Literature

literary tradition in which Walter Scott, Robert Burns, and J.M. Barrie emerge

statement support organization

main idea is stated and the rest of the paragraph explains or proves it

thesis statement

main idea or purpose at the beginning of a chapter or subsection

semantic webbing

making a graphic representation of relationships in written material through the use of a core question, strands (answers), strand supports (facts and inferences from the story), and strand ties (relationships of the strands to each other)

performance-based assessment

measurement of a student's ability to create an assigned response or product to demonstrate her or his level of competence

Frankfurt School

media theory, centered in neo-Marxism, that valued serious art, viewing its consumption as a means to elevate all people toward a better life; typical media fare was seen as pacifying ordinary people while repressing them

Corpus Christi Plays

medieval religious plays based on the Bible and performed by town guilds on movable wagons, or pageants, as a part of the procession on Corpus Christi day (the first Thursday after Trinity Sunday)

Ergodic Literature

open, dynamic tests where the reader must perform specific actions to generate a literary sequence: i.e. video games.

self-concept

opinion of oneself

Trochee

opposite of iambic, DUM da, DUM da

Rhetorically Poor Run-on

A word group that contains at least two independent clauses that are joint with a conjunction but without punctuation.

Direct Speech Quotation

A word or words that are repeated exactly as they were spoken or written by the source.

Adjective

A word that describes a noun or pronoun.

What were SFL?

Choices in language based on genre, audience, subject and situation.

context clues

Clues in surrounding text that help the reader determine the meaning of an unknown word.

Anticlimax

Like a climax, it is the turning point in a story. However, it is always a letdown. It is the point at which you learn that the story will not turn out the way you had expected.

Crown of Sonnets

Seven sonnets interlinked by having the last line of the first form the first line of the second, the last line of the second from the first line of the third, and so forth, with the last line of the last sonnet repeating the first line of the first.

School of Spenser

Seventeenth century poet. Major writers: William Browne, George Wither, and William Drummond.

Hamartia

Tragic flaw, leads to a Hero's fall

Regular Plural Noun

To make a regular or standard noun plural, an -s or -es is added to the end of the noun.

Agroikos

a rustic or country bumpkin in Greek works.

modality

a sensory system for receiving and processing information (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile)

Cycle

a series of poems or songs on the same theme

rubric

a set of criteria used to describe and evaluate a student's level of proficiency in a particular subject area;also known as a scoring guide. It is used as a guideline for evaluating a student's work.

Howler

a small error that begins in innocence or ignorance and ends in folly and potential embarrassment.

Paean

a song of praise or joy.

Dirge

a song or hymn of mourning composed or performed as a memorial to a dead person

English/Shakespearean Sonnet

a sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg

Spenserian Stanza

a stanza with eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine with the rhyme pattern abab bcbc c

Chiasmus

a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed

chiasmus

a statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed

Double Entendre

a statement that has two meanings, one of which is dirty or vulgar

reading miscue inventory

an informal instrument that considers both the quality and the quanitity of miscues made by the reader

Strategies for Teaching English Language Learners (ELLs):

avoid idioms and slang, involve students in hand-on activities, reference students' prior knowledge, speak slowly

Comstockery

censorship because of perceived obscenity or immorality

descriptive

centers on person, place, or object; concrete and sensory words; creates mood or impression; chronological or spatial organization

Wrenched Accent

change word accent for metrical accent.

Bloomsbury Group

an inner circle of writers and artists and philosophers who lived in or around Bloomsbury early in the 20th century and were noted for their unconventional lifestyles

guided reading

an instructional model of delivery that provides structure and purpose for reading

readability

an objective measure of the difficulty of written material

Intrusive Narrator

an omniscient narrator who freely and frequently interrupts a narrative to explain, interpret, or qualify, sometimes in the form of essays. Ex: Fielding in Tom Jones; Tolstoy in War and Peace, George Eliot in Adam Bede.)

varied language

changing wording or structure to avoid dullness

Choral Character

character whose role is to comment on the main character

Tourette Syndrome:

characterized by facial twitches, grunts, explosive sounds and inappropriate words, body spasms; rarely aggressive, nor reluctant to make eye contact or otherwise engage others; often also suffer from OCD

Gothic

characterized by gloom and mystery and the grotesque

denouement

final resolution of the plot

Sestet

six-line stanza

Emblem

special design or visual object representing a quality, type, group, etc.

reading rate

speed of reading, often reported in words per minute

developing literacy

stage of literacy development where children begin to read and write by decoding and recognizing high-frequency vocabulary words

reading/study techniques

technique design to enhance comprehension and retention of written material

metacognitive strategies

techniques for thinking about and monitoring one's own thought processes

technological literacy

the abiltiy to use various technological resources for learning and completing various types of projects

verisimilitude

the appearance of being true or real

phonics

the association of letters with speech sounds

Hebraism

the attitude that subordinates all other ideals to those of the obedient conduct and ethical purpose; opposed to the Hellenistic conception of life that subordinates everything to the intellect.

Meliorism

the belief that the world can be made better by human effort

Alazon

the braggart in Greek comedy; he is the opposite or the eiron because he pretends to know more than he does.

alphabetic principle

the concept that letters represent speech sounds

cognitive development

the development of the ability to think and reason

diction

the distinctive tone or tenor of an author's writings. the selection of certain words or phrases that become peculiar to a writer.

Gemination

the doubling of a word or phrase (as for rhetorical effect)

Feminine Ending

the ending of a metrical line on an unstressed syllable, as in a regular trochaic line

Concrete Universal

the idea that a work of art expresses the universal or abstract through the concrete and the particular.

consonant blend

two or more adjacent consonant letters whos sounds are blended together with each individual sound retaining its identity

architectonics

unifying structure of something; Machiavelli took the distinct concepts of liberty, citizenship, and republicanism as they had been developed autonomously of each other in previous generations and proceeded to show the realisation of the one is possible only by being linked to the realization of the others. citizenship, liberty and republicanism form a body of interconnected principles implying popular government.

holistic rubric

rubric used to assess student's work as a whole. overall quality

Heptastich

seven-line stanza

Gematria

Assigning numerical values to letters and thereby computing totals for words.

word sort

catergorization activities that involve classifing words into categories

motivation

incentive to act; goal-directed behavior

narrative

incident or anecdote; uses series of events; chronologic; answers 5 W questions; topic sentence and conclusion are necessary

dramatic arc

pattern that drama takes from beginning to end

Idyll

(adj.) Charming in a rustic way; naturally peaceful.

line graph

A graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time

Fourteeners

A verse form consisting of 14 syllables arranged in iambs.

Hypotyposis

-vivid description used for rhetorical or dramatic effect.

Edinburgh Review

...

Panegyric

A formal composition lauding a person for an achievement. Roman's usually used these in praise of living things, while the Greeks used these for praise of the dead.

Assistive Technology Act of 1998: Four Required Activities

1. A public awareness program 2. Coordinate activities among state agencies 3. Technical assistance and training 4. Outreach to underrepresented and rural populations

Age of Johnson

1750-1798. Neoclassicism was yielding in many ways to the impulse towards romanticism. The creation of the "laughing" comedy by Sheridan and Goldsmith in reaction against sentimental comedy. The chief poets were Burns, Gray Cowper, and Crabbe. Gibbon's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. It is sometimes called the Age of Sensibility.

Late Victorian Age

1870-1901. The first sub-period of the Realistic Period. With the death of Queen Victoria saw the full flowering of the movement toward realism, which had begun as early as the 1830s but had been subordinated ot the dominant romanticism of the first half of Victoria's reign. George Eliot and Hardy carried the realistic novel to new heights. Spencer, Huxley, Newman, Arnold, and Morris, in the essay, argued the meaning of the new science, religion and society. The drama, which had been sleeping for more than a century, awoke under the impact of Ibsen and the Celtic Renaissance. Stevenson, WH Hudson, and Kipling revived romantic fiction. Wilde, following the lead of Pater, advanced the doctrine of "art for art's sake." The tendency to look with critical eyes on human beings, society and God, to as pragmatic questions, and to seek utilitarian answers ha become the dominant mode of thought and writing by the time Queen Victoria died. Major works: Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island and doctor Jekyll and Mister Hyde, Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories, Bram Stoker's Dracula, Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas, and Kipling's The Jungle Book series.

Georgian Age

1914-1940

Period of Conformity and Criticism

1930-1960; Period of the Great Depression and the New Deal. Major writers were Hemingway, Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe,Steinbeck, Robert Frost, T.S Eliot, Eugene O'Neill, and Gertrude Stein.

Double Rhyme

A rhyme in which the repeated vowel is in the second last syllable of the words involved (politely-rightly-sprightly); one form of feminine rhyme.

Chanson

2 line stanzas each ending in refrain

Pentameter

5 meters of poetry

Limerick

A rhymed humorous or nonsense poem of 5 lines in which lines 1,2,5 rhyme and 3,4 rhyme. a-a-b-b-a

Alterity

: otherness; specifically : the quality or state of being radically alien to the conscious self or a particular cultural orientation

The Literary Club

A 1764 club in London formed by Sir Joshua Reynolds, the painter, and co-founded by Samuel Johnson. They met to discuss books and writers. Major writers: Edmund Burke, Adam Smith, James Boswell, Tennyson, and Oliver Goldsmith.

Naturalism

A 19th century literary movement that was an extension of realism and that claimed to portray life exactly as it was.

Transcendentalism

A 19th century movement in the Romantic tradition, which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition, which transcends reasons and sensory experience.

Impressionism

A 19th movement in literature and art which advocated a recording of the artist's personal impressions of the world, rather than a strict representation of reality

Hardy Stanza

A Stanza form, adapted and perfected by Thomas Hardy, with a ballad-like mixture of four-stress and three-stress lines and plangent echo effect in the second line, like Renaissance lyrics.

Tennessee Williams

A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1948) & Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1955). Playwright

Eiron

A basic comic character in Greek drama.

Analogy

A comparison between two things, such as a computer and a brain.

Leitmotif

A dominant theme or underlying pattern.

Synecdoche

A figure of speech in which a part represents the whole. Example: "If you don't drive properly, you will lose your wheels." The wheels represent the entire car.

Metonymy

A figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing, is referred to by something closely associated with it. "We requested from the crown support for our petition." The crown is used to represent the monarch.

verbal irony

A figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant

Kit-Cat Club

A group of Whigs in London from 1703-1733. They were dedicated to ensuring a Protestant succession to the throne. Major writers: Addison, Steele, Marlborough, Jacob Tonson, and Congreve.

Misspellers

A group of comic writers who flourished during the 19th century, specializing in rustic PERSONAE for whom usage and spelling are a challenge.

Geneva School

A group of critics, who see a literary work as a series of existential expressions of the author's individual consciousness, placing high value on individual consciousness.

Suffixes

A group of letters added to the end of the root of a word.

Bathos

A ludicrous attempt to portray pathos.

caesura

A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.

Elegy

A poem of mourning, particularly for someone who has died.

Periodic Structure

A sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end.

Pantoum

A series of quatrains with a rhyme scheme of ABAB BCBC CDCD and repeated lines

Rhyme Royal

A seven-line stanza of iambic pentameter rhymed ababbcc, used by Chaucer and other medieval poets.

An Aside

A short speech delivered by an actor in a play, which expresses the character's thoughts. Traditionally, the ____ is directed to the audience and is presumed to be inaudible to the other actors.

Pidgin

A simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common.

Vignette

A sketch or brief narrative characterized by precision and delicacy.

Phonemes

A small unit of sound used in spoken words

Consonant Sound

A sound represented by the letters of the alphabet excluding the vowels that is made by controlling air flow in order to make a specific sound.

Novel of Incident

A term for a novel in which episodic action dominates, and plot and character are subordinate.

Aesthetic Distance

A term used to describe the effect produced when an emotion or an experience, whether autobiographical or not, is so objectified that it can be understood as being independent of the immidiate experience of its maker.

Underlining

A title or major work is underlined. Usually the larger work is underlined and what is contained in that work is placed in quotation marks.

Maze Test:

A type of cloze test with multiple choice answers for each blank

auditory acuity

Acuteness or sharpness of hearing

Horatian Satire

After the Roman satirist Horace: Satire in which the voice is indulgent, tolerant, amused, and witty. The speaker holds up to gentle ridicule the absurdities and follies of human beings, aiming at producing in the reader not the anger of a Juvenal, but a wry smile.

New York School

American poets who flourished between 1950 and 1970, distinguished by urbanity, wit, learning, spontaneity, and exuberance. Leader- Frank O'Hara. These poets were interested in the culture of France, modern paintings, jazz, Hollywood movies, and city life.

Definition Poem

An Elizabethan mode defined by Louis Martz as "a rapid sequence of analogies."

Cock-and-Bull-Story

An unbelievable tale.

Tony Kushner

Angels In America: Millennium Approaches ( 1993)

Philippic

Any bitter speech.

Sinclair Lewis

Arrow smith (1926) prize declined

Rhetoric

Art of effective communication, especially persuasive discourse.

gerund phrase

Begins with noun form of verb ending in -ing, plus any modifiers or complements

Phonetically Spelling Untaught Words

Being able to "sound out" words and spell them by comparing what is heard with what the student knows about the sounds of consonants and vowels.

Spell Phonetically

Being able to "sound out" words and spell them by comparing what is heard with what the student knows about the sounds of consonants and vowels.

Between you and I or between you and me?

Between you and me *Prepositions should be followed by an objective pronoun

Clause vs Phrase

Clause has subject and verb - He hit the ball phrase is missing subject and verb -hitting the ball

Cultural Load:

Concerned with how the relationship between language and culture can help or hinder learning

Palilogy (or Palillogy)

Deliberate repetition of words, as in Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address."

Edmond Spenser

Developed Spenserian Sonnet: combines English and Italian form. English quatrain and couplet pattern, Italian in rhyme scheme.

Education Novel

Devp. in late 18th cent., presenting in fictional form a plan for the education of a young person into a desirable citizen and a morally and intellectually self-reliant individual.

John Patrick Shanley

Doubt (2005)

Liturgical Drama

Drama that had roots from religious ceremony.

Gongorism

Elaborate and affected poetic style which was originated by the 16th century Spanish poet Luis de Gongora y Argote.

Orthography

Fancy word for spelling

David Mamet

Glengarry Ross ( 1984)

Mood

Feeling or atmosphere that a writer creates for the reader

August Wilson

Fences (1987) & The Piano Lesson (1990)

Cinquain

Five line stanza, unrhyming, line 1 gives the title. Adelaide Crapsey (1878-1914) named it and invented meter.

Paragram

Generally, a word that resembles another and is used in its place for the sake of euphemism, apotropaic deformation, insult, avoidance of libel, or some other purpose.

Bildungsroman

German term signifying "novel of formation" or "novel of education" the coming of age novel

Modal Auxiliaries

Helping verbs that are used to place a condition on a main verb.

What are the difficulties with English spellings?

Homophones, digraphs, irregular spellings.

Light verse

Humorous, comic, witty poems.

Vice

Immoral or wicked behavior/characteristic

deus ex machina

In literature, the use of an artificial device or gimmick to solve a problem.

Figura

In theology and literature a person who represents both a human being and a higher reality.

Elements of Word Recognition:

Include strategies to decode unfamiliar words, considering alternate word meanings to decode a text and the ability to apply prior knowledge to determine a word's meaning

Explicit Instruction:

Includes clarifying the goal, modeling strategies, and offering explanations geared to a student's level of understanding

Haiku

Japanese poetry: Is a three-line verse form. (5,7,5) It seeks to convey a single vivid emotion by means of images from nature.

Stephen Vincent Benet

John Brown's Body(1929); Western Star (1944)

Second Generation of Romantic Poets

Lord Byron (George Gordon) Percy Byshe Shelle Mary Shelley John Keats (lower born & educated)

Robert Lowell

Lord Weary's Castle (1947); The Dolphin (1974)

rimes

Part of a syllable that contains the vowel and all that follows it (i.e., the rime of bag is ag and the rime of swim is im.)

tactile

Pertaining to the sense of touch

euphony

Pleasing or sweet sound, especially as formed by a harmonious use of words

Robert Penn Warren

Promises: Poems 1954-1956 (1958); Now and Then: Poems 1976-1978(1979).

Pronoun Number

Pronouns are either singular or plural.

Expository Book

Simply informative, not intended to persuade.

Speaker

The imaginary voice assumed by the writer of a poem. In many poems, the _______ is not identified by name. The _________ within the poem may be a person, an animal, a thing, or an abstraction.

Mixed Figures

The incongruous mingling of one figure of speech with another immediately following.

Fireside Poetry

The introduction of public education at the beginning of the 19th century prod. by 1825 a generation of literates who needed entertainment and education.

Word Recognition

The process of identifying a word's meaning and pronunciation

scale

The ratio between the size of an area on a map and the actual size of that same area on the earth's surface.

Alliteration

The repetition of initial consonant sounds. Writers use this to give emphasis to words, to imitate sounds, and to create musical effects.

Simple Verb Tense

The three verb tenses of present, past, and future.

Phonological Awareness:

The understanding of the sounds within a spoken words

Convention

The universally agreed upon rules, methods, or processes

Why can't you be too critical (take a deficit approach) of children's work?

They're still learning. Spelling errors may reflect the writer's best effort.

Richard Wilbur

Things of This World (1957); New and Collected Poems (1989)

Obiter dicta

Things said "by the way"; incidental remarks

Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)

This is an approach to linguistics that considers language as a social semiotic system. It was developed by Michael Halliday, who took the notion of a system from his teacher, J. R. Firth.

listening comprehension level

This refers to the level at which students can understand texts that are read aloud to them....

Words for Effect

Words that more powerfully, purely, or connotatively contribute to the author's intended tone and/or purpose.

Roman Noir

Thriller involving crime, detection, punishment, and corruption in high places

Compound Sentence

Two independent clauses (simple sentences) joined together with the correct punctuation (comma and coordinating conjunction or a semicolon).

Scansion

Two part analysis of a poetic line.

Dyslexia:

Use both sides of the brain for activities such as reading, while non-dyslexics only use the left side

Dysphemism

a common neutral word.

picture graph

a graph that uses pictures or symbols to stand for the number of things

Duple Meter

a line consisting of two syllables

Response to Intervention

a multitiered pre-referral method of increasingly intensive interventions; used to identify nonresponders or student with learning disabilites

portmanteau

a new word formed by joining two others and combining their meanings

Life and Letters

a type of biography popular in the nineteenth century.

Nonsense Verse

a type of light verse that emphasizes rhythmic and sound effects over meaning

Cloak and Sword

a type of literary work containing swashbuckling action, gallant heroes, and plots filled with adventure

Apocope

abbreviation of a word by omitting the final sound or sounds

visual discrimination

ability to determine difference between objects or shapes

fluency

act of reading easily, smoothly and automatically with a rate appropriate for the text, indicating that students inderstand meaning

Mesostich

an acrostic in which the middle letters form a word.

balanced approach to reading instruction

an approach in which teachers concentrate on providing both word recognition and comphrension strategy and skill instruction, along with a variety of other materials

miscue

an unexpected oral reading response (error)

Displacement

analysis of dreams. one of the devices for coping with a challenging problem.

Didactic Novel

any novel clearly designed to teach a lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking

categorization

classification into related groups

Genteel Comedy

comedy of manners, early 1700s, included Addison

Cloak and Dagger

concerning the activities of spies or undercover agents, especially involving elaborate deceptions

Iambic Pentameter

da DUM, da DUM

illustrations

drawings or pictures to clarify a point

Antidepressant side effects

dry, cottony mouth

study guide

duplicated sheets prepared by the teacher and distributed to students to help guide reading in content fields and allieviate some difficulties that interfere with understanding

expository essay

gives information; explains or defines topic; based on facts, examples, and statistics; uses direct tone and objective delivery; non-emotional information

bar graph

graph that has vertical or horizontal bars to compare quantities

Metanalysis

incorrect placement of 'n' at start of word following a nindefinite article

ekphrastic

related to a literary description of or response to a visual work of art

affective

relating to attitudes, interests, appreciations opinions, and values

Epizeuxis

repetition of the same word for emphasis

Literation

representation of sounds by letters

Verse-novel

represented by Alexander Pushkin's Eugene Onegin and Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Aurora Leigh, as well as by Anthony Burgess's Byrne, in which is found the explanatory "He thought he was a kind of living myth/ And hence deserving of ottava rima [...]"

falling action

result of the climax

Merism

rhetorical device of contrasting two parts of a whole

Barbarism

the incorrect usage of words or forms of language

prosody

the rhythmic patterns of oral language in speech

Hermeneutic Circle

you interpret something by going from general to specific and from specific to general; go from overall meaning back to specifics, etc.

Sentimental Novel

"The Vicar of Wakefield"

In medias res

"in the middle of things"; beginning a story in the middle and using flashbacks to tell the beginning

Aphaeresis

(linguistics) omission at the beginning of a word as in 'coon' for 'raccoon' or 'till' for 'until'

Motif

(n.) a principal idea, feature, theme, or element; a repeated or dominant figure in a design

Choriambus

- U U -

What are the 5 spelling stages?

-Stage 1: pre-communicative stage. -Stage 2: semi-phonetic stage. -Stage 3: phonetic stage. -Stage 4: transitional stage. -Stage 5: conventional stage.

Four types of Bilingual Special Education Instructional Delivery Models:

1. Bilingual Support Model teams bilingual paraprofessionals with English-speaking special educators to assist with the IEP implementation 2. Coordinated Services Model team consists of an English-speaking special education teacher and a bilingual educator 3. Integrated Bilingual Special Education is applied in districts with bilingual special education teachers who can give instruction in the native language, English as Second Language (ESL) training and transition assistance as the student gains proficiency 4. Bilingual Special Education Model integrates all school personnel who focus on bilingual special education instruction and services

Emergent Writers' Stages:

1. Scripting the end-sound to a word (KT=cat) 2. Leaving space between words 3. Writing from the top left to the top right and from top to bottom of the page

What is the order of representation?

1. Spoken Language; 2. Written Language

Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences:

1. Verbal linguistic 2. Mathematical logical 3. Musical 4. Visual spatial 5. Body kinesthetic 6. Interpersonal 7. Naturalistic 8. Existential

Sentimental Comedy

18th century genre that was a reaction to the immorality in Restoration drama; presents life as ideal

"Graveyard School"

18th century poets who wrote about death and morality. The poetry was related to early stages of the English Romantic Movement. Members include Thomas Parnell, Gray, Robert Blair, and Edward Young. The lasting effect of there poetry has been one element in the Gothic aspect of romanticism.

Period of Confessional Self

1960 - Present. Anne Sexton, Sylvia Plath, James Tate, Louise Gluck, Alan Williamson, Robert Morgan, Everettte Maddox, Kathleen Norris, Albert Goldbarth.

Parnassians

19th century French poets. Influenced by Gautier's doctrince Art for Art's Sake, they reacted against romanticism. They wrote impersonal poetry with great objective clarity and precision of detail. They had a strong preoccupation with form and reintroduced French forms. Their leader was Leconte de Lisle. Other members included Rene Sully-Prudhomme, Albert Glatigny, Francois Coppee, and Theodore de Banville. They influenced other poets in the use of French forms.

Alcaics

4 four-line stanzas (first two hendecasyllabic (11), third - nine syllables, fourth - decasyllabic. The most notable English attempt is in Tennyson's "Milton."

Sestina

6 six-line stanzas ending with tercet; last words of each line in 1st stanza are repeated as last words in next stanza

Edward Albee

A Delicate Balance (1967); Seascape (1975); Three Tall Women (1994)

William Faulkner

A Fable (1955) & The Reivers (1963) posthumously

Epitaph

A brief poem or statement in memory of someone who is deceased, used as, or suitable for, a tombstone inscription; now, often witty or humorous and written without intent of actual funerary use.

Anecdote

A brief story about an interesting, amusing, or strange event. They are told to entertain or to make a point.

Theme

A central message or insight revealed through a literary work. It is a generalization about people or about life that is communicated through the literary work. It may be stated directly or implied. When the _______ of a work is implied, readers think about what the work seems to say about the nature of people or about life. The story or poem can be viewed as a specific example of the generalization the writer is trying to communicate. Not all literary works have this. A work meant to only entertain may have no _______ at all.

Great Vowel Shift

A change in the pronunciation of the long vowels of English, which happened in the centuries around 1500. Most long vowels were raised, but the high vowels became diphthongs.

Picaresque Novel

A chronicle-usually autobiographical- presenting the life story of a rascal of low degree engaged in menial tasks and making his living more through his wits then his industry.

Scriblerus Club

A club organized in 1714 in London by Jonathan Swift. Their goal was to satirize literary incompetence. Major writers: Pope, Gay, and Congreve.

Loose sentence

A complex sentence in which the main clause comes first and the subordinate clause follows

Habbie

A component of the names of stanzas used in Scottish poetry

Open Couplet

A couplet in which the second line is not complete but depends on succeeding material for completion.

Hyperbole

A deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. In Mark Twain's "The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County," the claim that Jim Smiley would follow a bug as far as Mexico to win a bet is _______. They are often used for comic effect. Ex: "If I told you once, I've told you a million times...."

Adverbial Clause

A dependent clause (includes a subject and a verb) that acts as an adverb in the sentence and begins with subordinating conjunction.

Relative Clause

A dependent clause (includes a subject and a verb) that modifies a noun or a noun phrase and is introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose), a relative adverb (when, where, why) or a zero relative. It is also known as an adjective clause. Omitting the relative pronoun or relative adverb is using the zero relative and is acceptable as long as the first word of the phrase is not a verb. Ex: The girl [who works in the bakery] is my cousin.

Adjective Clause

A dependent clause that acts as an adjective. Ex: The tiger [that was angry] snarled at me.

Dangling Modifiers

A dependent clause that comes at the beginning of a sentence that does not modify the correct subject.

Jumping the Shark

A desperate recourse that attempts to reverse a downward trend in ratings for a series, usually on television. The name, first applied in 1997, refers to an episode of Happy Days in which a character on water skis jumped over a shark.

Kenning

A device employed in Anglo-Saxon poetry in which the name of a thing is replaced by one of its functions or qualities, as in "ring-giver" for king and "whale-road" for ocean... another way of describing something to avoid repetition.

Oxymoron

A figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase. "Jumbo shrimp." "Pretty ugly." "Bitter-sweet"

Personification

A figure that endows animals, ideas, abstractions, and inanimate objects with human form.

Rising Rhythm

A foot in which the last syllable is accented, the iamb and the anapest.

Tribrach

A foot of three short or unstressed syllables.

critical reading

A form of critical thinking that includes evaluation of purpose and ideas

Autobiography

A form of nonfiction in which a person tells his or own life story.

Biography

A form of nonfiction in which a writer tells the life story of another person.

Drame

A form of play between tragedy and comedy dev. by French in 18th Century intro. into England

Mysticism

A form of religious belief and practice involving sudden insight and intense experiences of God

Italian (Petrarchan) Sonnet

A form of sonnet made popular by Petrarch consisting of an octave with a rhyme scheme of abbaabba, cdecde or cdcdcd

Parallel Structure

A form of syntax in which word forms, sentences, clauses, or paragraphs are constructed in the same way.

Ballad Stanza

A four-line stanza, known as a quatrain, consisting of alternating eight- and six-syllable lines.

Sonnet

A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. The English, or Shakespearean, sonnet consists of three quatrains (four-line stanzas) and a couplet (two lines), usually rhyming abab cdcd efef gg.

Muscular Dystrophy:

A genetically inherited disease that frequently first manifests in childhood; Loss of muscle strength over a period of time

Auxesis

A gradual increase in intensity of meaning with words arranged in ascending order of force or importance.

Angry Young Men

A group of male British writers who created visceral plays and fiction at odds with political establishment and a self-satisfied middle class. John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger (1957) is one of the seminal works of this movement. (1950's-1980's)

Prepositional Phrase

A group of words beginning with a preposition and ending with the object of a preposition. Ex: across the bridge

Simple Sentence

A group of words consisting of one subject and one verb that express a complete thought. Contains only one independent clause.

Dependent Clause

A group of words including a subject and a predicate that cannot stand alone as a simple sentence. It can also be called a subordinate clause. Some _________ __________ begin with a subordinating conjunction, such as -while or -though.

Independent Clause

A group of words that contain both a subject and a verb and that can stand alone as a simple sentence.

Romance

A highly imaginative tale set in a fantastical realm dealing with the conflicts between heroes, villains, and/or monsters.

Epigone

A less dist. follower or initator of a work, author, or movement.

Moral

A lesson taught by a literary work.

Epistle

A letter that is not always intended for public distribution; yet, owing to the fame of its sender or recipient becomes so.

Hypercatalectic

A line with an extra syllable at the end.

Periodic Sentence

A long and frequently involved sentence, marked by suspended syntax, in which the sense is not completed until the final word--usually with an emphatic climax.

Epic

A long narrative or narrative poem about the deeds of gods or heroes. Ancient folk _______ like RAMAYANA and SUNDIATA were recited aloud as entertainment at feasts and were not written down until long after they were composed.

Novel

A long work of fiction. Like a short story, it has a plot that explores characters in conflict. However, this is much longer than a short story and may have one or more subplots, or minor stories, and several themes.

Ode

A lyric poem with intricate rhyme schemes and irregular number of lines. Generally long. Usually marked by serious, respectful, and exalted feelings toward the subject.

Canzone

A lyrical poem, a song or ballad.

Universal Theme

A message about life that can be understood by most cultures. Many folk tales and examples of classic literature address __________ _____________ such as the importance of courage, the effects of honesty, or the dangers of greed.

characterization

A method an author uses to let readers know more about the characters and their personal traits.

Antibacchius

A metrical foot of three syllables, of which the first two are stressed and the third unstressed, or the first two are long and the third short.

Asperger Syndrome

A mild form of autism; children with this disorder typically do interact with teachers, other adults, and sometimes other children; however, the interaction is rather remote and without emotional expression; very focused on subjects of great interest to the abandonment of all others; when asked to redirect focus, they often become emphatically obstinate, refusing to shift focus

Prompt

A more detailed and thought provoking exam question or writing assignment. Prompts may be more than just a question, and they may seek to frame the exam taker's thinking in a certain way before giving the assigned writing topic.

Apocalyptics

A movement of English Poetry flourishing between 1935 and 1950 led by Henry Treece and J.R. hendey

Rationalism/Neoclassicism/Age of Reason

A movement that began in Europe in the seventeenth century, which held that we can arrive at truth by using our reason rather than relying on the authority of the past, on the authority of the Church, or an institution.

Constructivism

A movement, org. in Russian theater around 1920, that used mechanical constructions as a means of expression.

Lyric Poem

A musical verse that expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker. They have a musical quality achieved through rhythm and such other devices as alliteration and rhyme.

Colliteration

A name suggested for the effect, similar to alliteration, of beginning accented syllables with similar consonants.

University Wits

A name used for certain young university people who came to London in the late 1850s and took careers as professional writers. The most important was Christopher Marlowe. Others were Robert Greene, George Peele, Thomas Lodge, Thomas Nash, and Thomas Kyd.

Half Rhyme

A near-rhyme; one that is approximate, not exact

Inappropriate Shift

A negative shift in writing is one that creates inconsistency because of an abrupt change. Shifts can occur in tense, number, voice, mood, person, pronoun, diction, tone, direct and indirect discourse.

Tribe of Ben

A nickname for young poets and dramatists of the seventeenth century who acknowledged Ben Jonson as their master. Major members: Robert Herrick

Villanelle

A nineteen-line poem divided into five tercets and a final quatrain. The villanelle uses only two rhymes which are repeated as follows: aba, aba, aba, aba, aba, abaa. Line 1 is repeated entirely to form lines 6, 12, and 18, and line 3 is repeated entirely to form lines 9, 15, and 19; thus, eight of the nineteen lines are refrain. Dylan Thomas's poem "Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night" is an example of a villanelle.

standardized test

A norm-referenced published test that has been constructed by experts in the field and is administered, scored, and interpreted according to specific criteria.

Noun Clause

A noun clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb that is dependent and functions as a noun in a sentence (as the subject, object, or complement). It is also called a nominal clause.

Gerund

A noun formed from a verb (such as the '-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)

Irregular Plural Noun

A noun that does not follow the conventional rules to becoming plural. The plural of these nouns is not formed by adding -s or -es.

Common Noun

A noun that does not name a specific person, place, or thing and is not capitalized.

Proper Noun

A noun that is naming a specific person, place, thing, or idea.

Singular Noun

A noun that is preceded by the articles "a" or "an" that is only one in number.

Novel of Manners

A novel focusing on and describing social customs and habits of a particular social group. The novels of Jane Austen, Edith Wharton, and John P. Marquand are novels of manners. Some critics consider the works of Edward Higgins and Elmore Leonard novels of manners.

Novel of Sensibility

A novel in which the characters have a heightened emotional response to events, producing in the reader a similar response. Sterne's Tristram Shandy is a major example. Mackenzie's Man of Feeling carries the idea of intensity of character response beyond the limits of reason.

Couplet

A pair of rhyming lines, usually of the same length and meter. A ______ generally expresses a single idea. Shakespeare's Sonnet 18 ends with the following ______: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

Conjunction

A part of speech used as connectors between words, clause, sentences, or phrases.

An Article

A part of speech used to identify a noun.

Scribe

A person who copies manuscripts and documents

Eponym

A person whose name is the source of a word

metacognition

A person's ability to think about his or her own thinking; requires self-awareness and self-regulation of thinking.

Absolute Phrase

A phrase that consists of a noun or pronoun and at least one other word. An _______ ________ modifies an entire sentence and not just a word. It can be found anywhere in the sentence. It is often separated by commas, but may be set apart from the sentence by other punctuation.

Adjectival Phrase (adjective phrase)

A phrase, usually a prepositional phrase, that can modify a noun or pronoun.

Participial Phrase

A phrase, usually acting as an adjective, that includes a present participle (-ing), a past participle (-ed) and any modifiers, complements or objects. It generally is found at either the beginning or the end of a sentence and is generally set apart from the rest of the sentence by a comma.

Closet Drama

A play that is written to be read rather than performed onstage. In this kind of drama, literary art outweighs all other considerations. See also drama.

Cavalier Lyric

A poem characteristic of the Cavalier Lyricists; lighthearted in tone; graceful, melodious, and polished in manner; artfully showing Latin classical influences; sometimes licentious and cynical or epigrammatic and witty.

Map Poem

A poem that gives the impression that the poet wrote it while looking at a map.

Epithalamium

A poem written to celebrate a wedding.

Madrigal

A popular poem set to music, containing multiple parts to be sung in harmony

Paralepsis

A pretended or apparent omission; a figure of speech by which a speaker artfully pretends to pass by what he really mentions; as, for example, if an orator should say, ``I do not speak of my adversary's scandalous venality and rapacity, his brutal conduct, his treachery and malice.''

Indefinite Pronoun

A pronoun that is not referring to a specific defined object or objects.

Possessive Pronoun

A pronoun that shows ownership. A possessive pronoun does not use apostrophes

Vague Pronoun

A pronoun with an antecedent that is not clear.

Contrerime

A quatrain, so named by Paul-Jean Toulet, in which an alternating syllabic scheme of 8-6-8-6 is opposed by a chiastic rhyme scheme of abba.

Henopeoia

A rare name for a figure that sums up several qualities as one entity.

Intensive Pronoun

A reflexive pronoun and an intensive pronoun are both defined as a pronoun in which the antecedent is referenced and combined with the -self ending to form the pronoun (myself, himself, herself). The difference is that an intensive pronoun can be omitted from the sentence and not change the sentence's meaning.

Refrain

A repeated stanza or line(s) in a poem or song

Romanticism

A revolt against Rationalism that affected literature and the other arts, beginning in the late eighteenth century and remaining strong throughout most of the nineteenth century.

Metaplasm

A rhetorical term for any alteration in the form of a word, in particular the addition, subtraction, or substitution of letters or sounds. Adjective: metaplasmic

Near Rhyme

A rhyme based on an imperfect or incomplete correspondence of end syllable sounds.

Collective Noun

A singular noun that represents many members or parts as a whole.

Objective Correlative

A situation or a sequence of events or objects that evokes a particular emotion in a reader or audience.

Phonemic Awareness

A skill in which a student is able to hear, identify, and manipulate the parts of a word.

Intonation

A speaker's pitch in their voice or the expressions they use

Novel of Soil

A special kind of regionalism in the novel, in which the lives of people struggling for existence in remote rural sections are starkly portrayed. This term is usually restricted to portrayals in the manner of realism or naturalism. Examples are Ellen Glasgow's Barren Ground, O.E. Rolvaag's Giants in the Earth, and Elizabeth Madox Robert's Time of Man.

Lyrical Novel

A species of novel in which conventional narration is subordinated to the presentation of inner thought, feelings, and moods.

Monologue

A speech by one character in a play, story, or poem. May be addressed to another character or to the audience, or it may be a soliloquy-a speech that presents the character's thoughts as though the character were overheard when alone.

Soliloquy

A speech that presents the character's thoughts as though the character were overheard when alone.

Creole

A stable, natural language developed (with grammatical rules) from the mixing of parent languages.

Caudate Sonnet

A standard fourteen-line sonnet is augmented by the addition of other lines, including "tails".

Paradox

A statement that although seemingly contradictory or absurd may actually be well founded or true. "less is more" in Browning's "Andrea del Sarto" is an example.

Allegory

A story or poem in which characters, settings, and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities EXAMPLE: Animal Farm; Dante's Inferno; Lord of the Flies, John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress

magic Realism

A style of writing in which realistic details, events, settings, characters, and dialogue are interwoven with magical, bizarre, fantastic, or supernatural elements.

Inverted Pyramid

A style of writing most commonly applied to news stories in which the most important facts appear early in the story and less important facts later in the story

Realism

A style of writing, developed in the nineteenth century, that attempts to depict life accurately without idealizing or romanticizing it.

Incunabulum

A term applied to any book printed in the last part of the fifteenth century.

Enclosed Rhyme

A term applied to the rhyme pattern of the In Memoriam stanza: abba

Robinsonade

A term coined by JG Schnabel in 1731 for a work with a shipwreck on a desert island followed by adventures of survival. Examples are the play The Admirable Chrichton (1902) which is the ancestor of Gilligan's Island,The Blue Lagoon (1908) and Lord of the Flies (1954).

Determiner

A type of adjective that includes articles and demonstratives to modify a noun or noun phrase in order to classify or identify the noun.

Demonstrative Pronoun

A type of adjective that modifies the noun to show which object is being written or spoken about. This, That, These, Those

Platonic Criticism

A type of criticism that finds the value of a wor of art in its extrinsic rather than intrinsic qualities.

Technical Article

A type of expository writing that explains a procedure, provides instructions, or represents specialized information. Often, specialized vocabulary is used. Sometimes, diagrams or charts illustrate complicated structures or steps.

Dub

A type of poetry org. around 1975 w/ words improvised to a background of recorded music.

Spenserian Sonnet

A variant that the poet Edmund Spenser developed from the Shakespearean sonnet that he used in The Faerie Queen. It has the rhyme scheme ABAB BCBC CDCD EE.

Dialect

A variation of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers.

Verb Phrase

A verb that is made up of more than one word and still functions as the simple predicate of the sentence.

Malapropism

A verbal blunder in which one word is replaced by another similar in sound but different in meaning.

Infinitive

A verbal form comprised of the word to followed by the root form of the verb ex: to hold

Solecism

A violation of prescriptive grammatical rules.

diphthong

A vowel sound produced by two adjacent vowels in the same syllable whose sounds blend together (i.e., oy, ow).

Legend

A widely told story about the past that may or may not have a foundation in fact. A legend generally has more historical truth and less emphasis on the supernatural than does a myth.

Jeu d'esprit

A witty playing with words, a clever sally. The term is also applied to brief, clever pieces of writing, such as Ben Franklin's "bagatelles."

Rhetorically Poor Fragment

A word group that is missing at least a subject or a verb and does not express a complete thought. A fragment may be okay if the writer intends to write the fragment for a specific rhetorical reason. A rhetorically poor fragment does not accomplish any rhetorical goal and is a mistake.

Adverb

A word that describes/modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb. Tells how, when, to what extent. Not & Never = Always Adverbs

Pronoun

A word that represents a specific noun in a generic way ex. I she he it

Libertine Play

A work concentrating on a man. The treatment may be farcical, satirical, comic, or tragic, all with a strong sense of moral didacticism.

Tragedy

A work of literature, especially a play, that results in a catastrophe for the main character. In ancient Greek drama, the main character was always a significant person, a king or hero, and the cause of the _______ was a tragic flaw, or weakness, in his or her character. the purpose of __________ is not only to arouse fear and pity in the audience, but also, in some cases, to convey a sense of grandeur and nobility of the human spirit.

Campus Novel

A work, usually comic, set at a university.

Oedipus Complex

According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Metalepsis

Adding multiple tropes to reduce the literal meaning.

Wordiness

Adding words to a writing sample or speech with the intent of sounding more sophisticated than the writer and speaker really is.

ADA

Americans with Disabilities Act: a federal act prohibiting discrimination based on disability in the areas of employment, state and local government, public accommodations, commercial facilities, transportation, and telecommunications

What is the Harlem Renaissance?

An African American cultural movement that took place in the United States in the 1920s and 1930s. Zora Neale Hurston is associated with this movement.

Epithet

An adjective or adjective phrase applied to a person or thing that is frequently used to emphasize a characteristic quality. "Father of our country" and "the great Emancipator" are examples. A Homeric epithet is a compound adjective used with a person or thing: "swift-footed Achilles"; "rosy-fingered dawn.

Superlative Adjective

An adjective that tells the difference between three or more objects, people, ideas, or places. It can be formed by adding -est to a single syllable word or by using most or least.

Comparative Adjective

An adjective that tells the difference between two objects, people, ideas, or places. It can be formed by adding -er to a single syllable word or by using more or less.

Conjunctive Adverb

An adverb that is used to join two independent clauses. A semicolon or period must come before a ____________ ________ and a comma is usually placed after the adverb.

Cockney School

An alleged group of cockney poets writing in England in the second and third decade of the nineteenth century. This term came in the form of hostile reviews in Blackwood's Magazine in 1817. Its primary target was Leigh Hunt but included John Keats and William Hazlitt. John Scott died after a duel over the controversy

Dadaism

An artistic movement that had a purposely nonsensical name, expressing its total rejection of previous modern art.

Irony of Situation

An event occurs that directly contradicts the expectations of the characters, the readers, or the audience.

Cacemphaton

An expression that is deliberately either foul (such as crude language) or ill-sounding (such as from excessive alliteration).

Catalexis

An extra unaccented syllable at the ending of a line after the regular meter ends

euphemism

An indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant

Book Pass

An instructional method for introducing students to a variety of works in a short period of time in order to encourage interest.

Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD)

An instructional method that includes building background knowledge, discussing and modeling a strategy, memorizing the strategy, and supporting the practice of the strategy until students can use it independently.

Arts and Crafts Movement

An international design movement that originated in Britain and flourished between 1880 and 1910. It was instigated by the artist and writer William Morris (1834-1896) in the 1860s and was inspired by the writings of John Ruskin (1819-1900). It influenced architecture, domestic design and the decorative arts, using simple forms and a medieval style of decoration. It advocated truth to materials, traditional craftsmanship and economic reform.

Enantiomorph

An object that is a mirror image of another.

Omniscient Point of View

An omniscient (or all knowing) narrator tells the story, also using the third person pronouns. This narrator, instead of focusing on one character only, often tells us everything about many characters.

Introduction-Body-Conclusion Strategy (IBC)

An organizational method of ensuring that students have sufficient supporting details in their essays and paragraphs.

Enantiosis

An utterance which says the opposite of what is meant.

Subordinating Conjunction

Any one of a set of words that can connect a dependent clause and an independent clause. Most of the time the dependent or subordinate clause is dependent because of the __________ ______________. Ex: after, since, before, while, because, although, so that, if, when, whenever, as, even though, until, unless, as if, etc....

Reference Material

Any one of many types of books, web pages, or other research utilities that can be used by a student to find factual answers.

Spasmodic School

Applied by W. E. Aytoun in 1854 to a group of contemporary English poets. They were influenced by Shelley and Byron. Their verse reflected discontent and unrest, and their style was marked by jerkiness and strained emphasis. Members included Dobell, Alexander Smith, P. J. Bailey, and George Gilfillan.

Temporal Words

Are transition words that alert the readers to shifts in ideas. They usually indicate the sequence/order (elementary). They can also indicate addition, exception, contrast, comparison, location, cause and effect, emphasis summary and conclusion (middle/high). EX: Rosie asked what the surprise was. FIRST, the teacher was quiet. NEXT, she stopped....

Conferencing

Assessment Tool. Technique for evaluation. The process of discussing a piece of writing, assessing its strengths and weaknesses, and setting goals based on the evaluation of the writing piece.

formal assessment

Assessment measures that are formally constructed such as teacher made tests, norm-referenced tests and criterion-referenced tests.

formative assessment

Assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson and/or unit to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching

Assistive Technology Act of 1998: Devices

Assistive devices include any device that could help a disabled student in education or life functioning

ADHD

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: disorganized, defensive, immature, impulsive, often interrupts conversations, hyperactive

ASD/PSD

Autism Spectrum Disorder/Pervasive Spectrum Disorder: typically very withdrawn, avoid eye contact and are not responsive to verbal or physical attempts to connect. Some children fall into repetitive behaviors that are very difficult to arrest or prevent. These behaviors include rocking, spinning, and handshaking.

3 categories of metacognition

Awareness, planning, and self monitoring

Antithesis

Balanced writing about conflicting ideas.

Holistic Evaluation

Based on the premise that the overall impact of an essay depends on the integration of different elements of writing, such as organization, development, sentence structure, word choice, and mechanics. _________ evaluators assign a single score to a student essay based on the total effect to which these elements contribute.

Magazines

Became popular in America in the 19th Century.

Children's Lit

Became popular second half of 18th century. The Visible World of Pictures by John Amos Comenius.

Paganism

Belief or conduct different from that contained in a prevailing religion. Charges of this were brought against writers- such as Byron, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, William Carlos Williams, Ezra Pound, D.H. Lawrence, Karen Blixen, and Henry Miller.

Eugene O' Neill

Beyond the Horizon (1920), Anna Christie (1922), Strange Interlude (1928). Has won 4 times-most Pulitzer prizes for drama.

Aphorism

Brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life, or of a principle or accepted general truth. Example: "If it ain't broke, don't fix it."

Apostrophe

Calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or a personified abstract idea. If the character is asking a god or goddess for inspiration it is called an invocation. Example: Josiah Holland ---"Loacöon! Thou great embodiment/ Of human life and human history!"

Sentence Patterns

Can be determined in a variety of ways. They may be classified according to verb by verbs of being, linking verb, and action verb. They may be classified by the order of the subject, verb, direct object, indirect object, or objective complement in the sentence. They may be classified by how independent clauses are joined and the placement of dependent clauses.

K-L-W Chart

Can be used to document what students know, what they want to know, and what they learned. Would be an effective means of collecting data on students' prior knowledge in order to effectively plan instruction that meets curricular objectives.

Dysgraphia:

Cannot manage the physical act of writing

Subordinate Clause

Cannot stand alone and begins with a subordinating conjunction (after, while, which, where)

Meditative Poetry

Certain kinds of metaphysical poetry of the 16th and 17th centuries that yoke religious meditation with Renaissance poetic techniques, usually dealing with memorable moments of self-knowledge and of union with some transcendent reality.

Spelling Pattern

Certain sounds can be made in many different ways in the English language. Spelling patterns are used when there is not a hard or fast rule to explain why a word is spelled a certain way.

Lake Poets and Lake School

Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Southey. Poets living at the beginning of the 19th century at the Lake District.

CSR

Collaborative Strategic Reading: group of four reading strategies that students with learning disabilities can use to decipher and understand texts; Small groups of students at various reading levels support one another by going through the strategies as they read aloud or silently. 1. Before reading the group previews, applying prior knowledge and prediction. 2. Readers target words or syllables they didn't understand called clunks and apply a number of strategies to decode the clunks. 3. Students get the gist by determining the most important character, setting, event, or idea. 4. Students wrap it up by creating questions to discuss their understanding of the text and summarizing its meaning.

Edwin Arlington Robinson

Collected Poems (1922); The Man Who Died Twice (1925); Trist ram (1928)

Asyndeton

Commas used without conjunction to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally: instead of X, Y, and Z... the writer uses X,Y,Z.... see polysyndeton.

Simile

Compares two things using LIKE or AS.

Conceit

Comparison between seemingly disparate objects or concepts. John Donne's "flea bite to act of love" in the poem "The Flea"

Drama

Compositions written in verse or prose and in the form of a play involving action and dialogue for the purpose of presentation on stage.

Archibald MacLeish

Conquistador (1933); Collected Poems 1917-1952 (1953)

Tanka

Consists of five unrhymed lines with a pattern of five, seven, five, seven syllables.

Complex Sentence

Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.

Compound-Complex Sentence

Contains two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.

Epigram

Couple or quatrain compromising of a single thought or event and often witty or humorous/satirical Ex: "Sir, I admit your general rule, That every poet is a fool, But you yourself may serve to show it, That every fool is not a poet."

American Academy of Arts and Letters

Created in 1904 to recognize accomplishment in literature, art, or music. Resulted from the American Social Science Association creating the National Institute of Arts and Letters. From the NIAL it was created out of the fifty most distinguished members of the Institute.

Formal Criticism

Criticism that examines a work in terms of the type or genre to which it belongs.

Chicago Critics

Critics associated with the University of Chicago who published Critics and Criticism in 1952. They are plurists who attempt to value our understanding of literature. They are Neo-Aristotelisn, being concerned with the practical criticism of individual works of literature, emphasizing the principles that govern their construction and tending to see literary texts in generic classifications. Members include Ronald S. Crane, Elder Olson, Richard McKeon, Wayne Booth, Norman Maclean, W. Rea Keast, and Austin M. Wright.

Paradiastole

Distinguishing two meanings of the same word or euphemistic replacement of a negative word with something more pleasant.

High Comedy

Elegant comedies characterized by witty banter and sophisticated dialogue rather than the slapstick physicality and blundering common to low comedy.

Indeterminacy

Elements in a literary work which depend for their effect or result on a reader's interpretation, and which may be interpreted in a number of different (and, likely, mutually conflicting) ways are said to be 'indeterminate'.

Nonrestrictive/Parenthetical Elements

Elements such as appositives, clauses, or phrases that do not limit the meanings of modified words. They are set off with commas.

School of Night

Elizabethan dramatists, poets, and scholars with some nobility. It was lead by Sir Walter Ralegh. Its members include Christopher Marlowe, George Chapman, and Thomas Harriot. They studied natural sciences, philosophy, and religion and were suspected of being atheists.

authentic assessment

Evaluating knowedge or skill in a context that approximates the real world or real life as closely as possible.

Old English Period

Express religious faith and give moral instruction through literature; Early English epic poems such as Beowulf, The Wanderer and The Seafarer

Coordinating Conjunction

FOR, AND, BUT, OR, YET, and SO -- used to join ideas are that similar; remember to use a comma before a conjunction in a compound sentence: Ex: Craig gets in trouble, BUT he usually gets out of it.

FERPA

Federal Educational Rights and Privacy Act: a federal law that addresses student rights regarding their records; Students have the right to: 1. obtain records within 45 days of making the request. 2. request amendment of inaccurate information or information that violates the student's privacy. 3. be notified before personal information is shared with third parties. 4. file a complaint with the U.S. Department of Education should the school fail to fulfill these requests.

Assessing Silent Reading Fluency:

Give a three-minute Test of Silent Contextual Reading Fluency for times a year. This test presents a student with a string of text in which no spaces between words appear; punctuation is also removed. The student must divide one word from another by marking where division should occur. The more words a student accurately separates the higher the silent reading fluency score.

Margaret Mitchell

Gone With Wind (1937)

Postmodernist Period in English Literature, 1965-

Graham Greene, Kingsley Amis' and Lawrence Durrell, Philip Larkin. Struggles in Ireland and between Catholics and Protestants intensified and demanded more and more of the attention of the English.

Euology

Great praise or commendation of someone who has died

New Comedy

Greek comedy developed around 300 BC stressing romance, wit and unexpected plot twists

Old Comedy

Greek comic plays that directly or indirectly lampooned society and politics; they were filled with sight gags and obscene humor

Hartford Wits

Group of Connecticut writers, active around the American Revolution. Members included Joel Barlow, Timothy Dwight, and John Trumbull. They followed Addison and Pope. (Connecticut Wits)

Knickerbocker Group

Group writing in New York during the first half of the 19th century. Members included Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant, Joseph Rodman Drake, Fitz-Greene Halleck, John Howard Payne, and Samuel Woodworth.

Mary Chase

Harvey (1945)

Contested Usage

How a word or part of speech can or should be used can be disagreed upon. When that is the situation, students must be able to justify why they used the word they did, or at the very least realize the way in which they used the word could be incorrect. Students should be able to look through the necessary reference materials and determine a word's correct usage.

Archetype

Idealized model of a person, object, or concept from which similar instances are derived, copied, patterned, or emulated.

Agon

In Greek tragedy, it was a prolonged dispute, often a formal debate in which the CHOROS divided and took sides with the disputants.

Extended Metaphor

In an __________ _________, as in a regular metaphor, a subject is described as though it were something else. However, an _______ ___________ differs from a regular metaphor in that several comparisons are made. They sustain the comparison for several lines or for an entire poem.

Modulation

In poetry a variation in the metrical pattern by the substitution of a foot that differs from the basic rhythm of the poem or by the addition or deletion of unstressed syllables.

Function of Clauses

Independent clauses can function as a sentence. Dependent or subordinate clauses function as nouns, adjectives or adverbs in sentences.

Hedge Club

Informal group of transcendentalists living in or near Boston. Headed by Frederick Henry Hedge

Anastrophe

Inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence. Purpose is rhythm or emphasis or euphony. It is a fancy word for inversion. Noun and adjective flipped.

Internal Conflict

Involves a character in conflict with himself or herself.

Foil

Is a character who provides a contrast to another character.

Parody

Is a comical piece of writing that mocks the characteristics of a specific literary form. Through the exaggeration of the types of ideas, language, tone, or action in a type of literature or a specific work, a _______ calls attention to the ridiculous aspects of its subjects. Don Quixote is a ______ of 16th century romantic literature.

Surprise Ending

Is a conclusion that violates the expectations of the reader but in a way that is both logical and believable.

Stanza

Is a formal division of lines in a poem, considered as a unit. Often the ________ in a poem are separated by spaces.

Parable

Is a simple, brief narrative that teaches a lesson by using characters and events to stand for abstract ideas.

Image

Is a word or phrase that appeals to one or more of the five senses. Writers use these to re-create sensory experiences in words.

Misplaced Modifier

Is a word, phrase, or clause that is intended to modify another word, phrase, or clause.

Symbol

Is anything that stands for, or represents, something else. An object that serves as a _______ has its own meaning, but it also represents abstract ideas. Marks on paper can symbolize spoken words. A flag symbolizes a country. A flashy car may symbolize wealth. Writers sometimes use such conventional _________ in their work, but sometimes they also create _________ of their own through emphasis or repetition.

Free Verse

Is poetry not written in a regular rhythmical pattern, or meter. It seeks to capture the rhythms of speech. It is the dominant form of contemporary poetry.

Oral Tradition

Is the passing of songs, stories, and poems from generation to generation by word of mouth. Many folk songs, ballads, fairy tales, legends, and myths originated in this.

Point of View

Is the perspective from which a story is told. First-person, second-person, third-person

Rhyme Scheme

Is the regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem. The _____ _____ of a poem is indicated by using different letters of the alphabet for each new rhyme. In an aabb stanza, for example, line 1 rhymes with line 2 and line 3 rhymes with line 4.

Conditional (conditional mood)

Is used to speak of an event whose occurrence depends on another condition. It generally uses the verb - would and is found in the independent clause. The subjunctive mood occurs in the dependent clause.

Persuasion

Is writing or speech that attempts to convince the reader to adopt a particular opinion or course of action. A newspaper editorial that says a city council decision was wrong is an example of persuasive writing attempting to mold opinion.

Arabesque

Islamic art/geometric patterns that are repeated over and over

Exposition

It is writing or speech that explains a process or presents information. In the plot of a story or drama, the ______ is the part of the work that introduces the characters, setting, and situation.

Petrarchan Conceit

It rests on exaggerated comparions ex pressing the beauty, cruelty, and charm of the beloved and the suffering of the forlorn lover.

K-W-L strategy

Know-Want to Know-Learned. Elicits students' prior knowledge of the topic of the text. Sets a purpose for reading. Helps students to monitor their comprehension.

Preposition

Links a noun and pronoun to the other parts of the sentence

Denotations

Literal or dictionary meanings of a word in contrast to its connotative or associated meanings. Ex: "And on a day we meet to walk the line And set the wall between us once again. We keep the wall between us as we go. To each the boulders that have fallen to each." Wall = physical barrier/emotional barrier

Wisdom Literature

Literature in which literary elements plot, character, and so forth, are subordinate to the direct formulaic expression of moral wisdom and truth.

Regionalism

Literature that emphasizes a specific geographic setting and that reproduces the speech, behavior, and attitudes of the people who live in that region.

Epistolary Literature

Literature written as letters

Rational Appeal

Logical reasoning (logos)

Ballad

Lyrical poem that tells a story

Subjunctive Mood

May express conditions or wishes that are contradictory to facts, demands, or requests. The present form of the subjunctive is the same as the past form of the indicative, unless the verb -be is used. The subjunctive uses -were for all subjects when using the verb -be.

Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry

Mildred Taylor. The Logan family lives in Mississippi in the 1930's. Times are tough, especially for a black family in the segregated South. Despite all odds, the Logans instill in their children determination and strong values. Cassie and her siblings are taught to stand up for what they believe despite the dangers. It provides a realistic view of racism in the 1930's and 1940's.

Zona Gale

Miss Lula Bett (1921)

Comparative Adverb

Most adverbs are formed by adding -ly to the word. ____________ adverbs use more and less to compare to what degree two object perform an action. Some irregular adverbs do use the -er ending to make their comparison.

Surrealism

Movement in art and literature that started in Europe during the 1920s. Wanted to replace conventional realism with the full expression of the unconscious mind, which they considered to be more real than the "real" world of appearances.

Deductive Reasoning

Moves from general to specific facts.

Ingenue

Naive, unsophisticated person

Saul Bellow

Nobel Prize for literature (1976) and Pulitzer Prize for fiction for Humboldt's Gift.

Gazebo

Notably boring material that takes up time and space without advancing a plot, exp. character, or even affording entertainment.

Stage Directions

Notes included in a drama to describe how the work is to be performed or staged. These instructions are printed in italics and are not spoken out loud. They are used to describe sets, lighting, sound effects, and the appearance, personalities, and movements of characters.

OCD

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: an anxiety disorder characterized by uncontrollable, unwanted thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors you feel compelled to perform

Split Infinitive

Occurs when an adverb is placed between "to" and the verb.

End Rhyme

Occurs when the rhyming words come at the ends of lines.

Compound Adjective

Occurs when two or more adjectives are used together to modify the same noun. Sometimes hyphenated: well-known, long-distance

Corrective Feedback:

Offered to a student to explain why a particular error is, in fact, an error. Corrective feedback is specific; it locates where and how the student went astray so that similar errors can be avoided in the future

Cloze Test:

Offers a text with key words blanked out and the student must determine the most likely words based upon context and vocabulary

Willa Cather

One of Ours (1923)

School Plays

One of the most important traditions contributing to the development of Elizabethan drama was the practice of writing and performing plays at schools.

Relative Adverb

One of three main adverbs that begin a subordinate clause.

Poetry

One of three major types of literature; the others are prose and drama. Most poems make use of highly concise, musical, and emotionally charged language. Many also make use of imagery, figurative language, and special devices of sound such as rhyme. Poems are often divided into lines and stanzas and usually employ regular rhythmical patterns, or meters. However, some poems are written out just like prose, and some poems are written in free verse.

ODD

Oppositional Defiant Disorder: a psychiatric disorder characterized by noncompliance, tantrums, extremely irritating conduct, refusal to follow rules, argumentative behavior, and blaming others

ORF/CBM

Oral Reading Fluency/Curriculum-Based Measure: a one-minute assessment in which the student reads a grade-level text aloud; test supervisor notes errors the reader doesn't self-correct and the number of words read correctly

Correlative Conjunction

Pair of words that are used to join two words or group of words. The second half of the pair is a coordinating conjunction. Either/Or, Neither/Nor, Both/And

Function of Phrases

Phrases can function to add information to a sentence or to shape it. Phrases can serve as nouns, verbs, adjectives, or adverbs.

Parallelism

Phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other.

Phrases for effect

Phrases that more powerfully, purely, or connotatively contribute the author's intended tone/or purpose.

Juxtaposition

Poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit. Ezra Pound: "The apparition of these faces in the crowd;/ Petals on a wet, black bough."

Dramatic Poetry

Poetry that uses the techniques of drama. A dramatic poem is a verse that presents the speech of one or more characters. It usually involves many narrative elements, such as setting, conflict, and plot.

Epideictic Poetry

Poetry written for special occasions prim. for the pleasure and edification of its audience.

Blank Verse

Poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter lines. This verse form was widely used by William Shakespeare.

Laudatory

Praising, Complimentary

Affixes

Prefix, Root, Suffix

Reflexive Pronoun

Pronoun in which the antecedent is referenced and combined with the -self ending to form the pronoun. (myself, himself, herself)

Relative Pronoun

Pronoun that starts a subordinate clause that acts as an adjective clause. Ex: that, which, who, whom, whose

Pronoun Person

Pronouns have three different persons or points of view. 1st person contains the singular "I" and the plural "we." 2nd person contains the singular "you" and the plural "you." 3rd person contains the singular "he," 'she," and "it." The third person plural is "they."

Inappropriate Shift in Pronoun Usage

Pronouns must agree in number and person. An ______________ _______ occurs when the writer changes number from either singular to plural or when the writer changes person from 1st, 2nd, or 3rd.

Pronoun Antecedent Agreement

Pronouns must agree with their antecedent in number and person. For the third person singular pronoun "she" to be used, the antecedent would have to be a singular female who is not the speaker or who is being directly spoken to.

Objective Pronoun

Pronouns that can be the direct or indirect object of the verb, object of the preposition, or any other instance where an object is needed.

Subjective Pronoun

Pronouns that can be the subject in a sentence.

David Auburn

Proof (2001)

Nonfiction

Prose writing that presents and explains ideas or that tells about real people, places, objects, or events. To be classed as __________, a work must be true. They are essays, newspaper and magazine articles, journals, travelogues, biographies, political, and philosophical writings.

David Lindsay-Abaire

Rabbit Hole (2007)

John Updike

Rabbit is Rich (1982) & Rabbit at Rest (1991)

Allusion

Reference to someone or something that is well-known from history, literature, mythology, religion, politics, sports, science, or another branch of culture. An indirect reference to something (usually from literature, etc.).

Jonathan Larson

Rent (1996)

Antanaclasis

Repetition of a word in two different senses

Anaphora

Repetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect.

Antimetabole

Repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order. Example- Moliere: "One should eat to live, not live to eat." In poetry, this is called chiasmus.

Formal discourse

Requires more passive voice, a lack of contracted forms, impersonality, and complex sentence structure

RTI

Response to Intervention: A strategy for diagnosing learning disabilities in which a student receives research supported interventions to correct an academic delay

Hyperbaton

Reversal of normal word order (as in 'cheese I love')

Complex Texts

Rhetorically sound essays, articles, novels, poems, short stories, or plays. Texts are said to be complex when they are at the proper level of difficulty to challenge the reader.

Cross-Compound Rhyme

Rhyme between the first syllable of one word and the second syllable of another, and vice versa. Meathead and Deadbeat

Old Man, Old Woman

STOCK characters in the theater and also the performers who customarily take such roles.

Ambiguous Antecedent

Same as a vague pronoun. The antecedent for the pronoun is not clear.

Parabasis

Scene in classical Greek Old Comedy in which the chorus directly addresses the audience members and makes fun of them.

Use of semicolon with lists

Semicolons are also used to separate lists of itmes that are separated by commas

Closely Related Independent Clauses

Sentences that deal with the same subject. A semicolon is used to connect the sentences to emphasize their relationship.

Inappropriate Shifts in Verb Tense and Aspect

Shifts in verb tense and aspect that create inconsistency in tense without explainable cause.

Picture Walks:

Should start on the first day; Give young readers the idea books are arranged sequentially; Pictures provide a narrative coherence and context clues; Holding a book and turning pages gives young readers a familiarity with them

Minnesinger

Singer of love, a medieval German lyric poet whose art was perhaps inspired by that of the troubadour, but who reflected the system of courtly love.

Shakespearean Sonnet

Sonnet with a rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg

Inductive Reasoning

Specific to general.

Dramatic Monologue

Speech given by actor, with audience in mind, reveals key aspects of character's psyche and sheds insight on the situation at hand. (Invented by Robert Browning).

What do written symbols represent?

Spoken symbols.

Red Badge of Courage

Stephan Crane novel best known for its literal realism depicting actual accounts of the American Civil War using the allegory of heroism/cowardice & the repeated use of color/irony

Myth

Stories that are more or less universally shared within a culture to explain its history or traditions.

Sprung Rhythm

Stressed and unstressed syllables, invented by Gerard Hopkins.

concentric circles strategy

Students form two concentric circles and exchange information with a partner until the teacher signals the outer circle to move in one direction, giving each student a new peer to talk to. An effective way to encourage one-on-one communication between students.

Personal Pronoun

Subjective or objective pronoun that identifies who is speaking, who is spoken to, or who or what is being spoken about.

Subject Verb Agreement

Subjects and Verbs must agree in number. If the subject is singular, the verb must also be in its singular form. If the subject is plural, the verb must be in its plural form.

What are 3 critical thinking tools?

Summarization, question generation, and textual marking

Position Based Spellings

Teaching predictable spellings of sounds based on where they are located in a word.

Indirect Object

Tell for who and what an action was done ex. Joan served us the meal

Direct Object

Tell to who or what an action was committed ex. Joan served the meal

Superlative Adverb

Tells to what degree in relation to three or more objects an action is being performed. Ex: She is the fastest runner on her team.

Fable

Terse tale offering up a moral or exemplum.

Edith Wharton

The Age of Innocence (1922) House of Mirth (1905) Ethan Frome (1911)

William S. Merwin

The Carrier of Ladder (1971); The Shadow of Sirius (2009)

Alice Walker

The Color Purple (1983)

Usage as a Matter of Convention

The English language is always evolving and word meanings change over time. Slang and cliches change the meaning of a word and the accepted usage of that word changes.

Pearl S. Buck

The Good Earth (1932)

John Steinbeck

The Grapes of Wrath (1940)

Marc Connelly

The Green Pastures (1930)

Booth Tarkington

The Magnificent Ambersons (1919), Alice Adams (1922), Winner of two Pulitzer Prizes for Fiction.

Ernest Hemingway

The Old Man and the Sea (1953), A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Won a Pulitzer Prize for The Old Man and the Sea, and was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

William Saroyan

The Time of Your Life (1940)

Tone

The _____ of a literary work is the writer's attitude toward his or her audience and subject. The _____ can often be described by a single adjective, such as formal or informal, serious or playful.

Climax

The _____ of a story, novel, or play is the high point of interest or suspense. The events that make up the rising action lead to the _______. The events that make up the falling action follow the ______.

Meter

The _______ of a poem is its rhythmical pattern. This pattern is determined by the number and types of stresses, or beats, in each line. To describe the ____ of a poem, you must "scan" its lines, marking the syllables. Each strong stress is marked with a slanted accent mark, and each unstressed syllable is marked with a curved accent mark. The stressed and unstressed syllables are then divided by vertical lines into groups called feet.

Connotation

The ___________ of a word is the set of ideas associated with it in addition to its explicit meaning. For example, the title "The Bean Eaters" refers literally to people who eat beans. The phrase connotes simplicity and poverty.

auditory discrimination

The ability to hear differences in sounds

Spelling Conventions

The accepted and universally used spelling rules and methods.

Inference

The act or process of inferring; the act of passing from one proposition, statement, or judgment considered as true to another whose truth is believed to follow from that of the former.

Paragoge

The addition of an extra letter, syllable, or sound at the end of a word, as in "dearie for "dear."

Hermeneutics

The art of analyzing literary texts or human experience, understood as fundamentally ambiguous, by interpreting levels of meaning.

Pedagogy

The art, science, or profession of teaching.

Pathetic Fallacy

The attribution of human emotions or characteristics to inanimate objects or to nature; for example angry clouds; a cruel wind.

Analytical Essay

The author breaks down a large idea into parts. By explaining how the parts of a concept or an object fit together, the essay helps readers understand the whole idea or thing.

Miles Gloriosus

The braggart soldier, a stock character in comedy.

Well-Made Play

The climactic play structure codified by Eugene Scribe and marked by cause-to-effect action, with heavy reliance on exposition, discoveries, complications, and reversals. The term is now sometimes used derisively.

Imagery

The descriptive or figurative language used in literature to create word pictures for readers. These pictures, or images, are created by details of sight, sound, taste, smell, and movement.

Style

The distinctive manner in which a writer crafts his work, including diction, syntax, and figurative language.

Dialogue

The exact spoken words between two characters in a story or play. Dialogue is set off from the rest of the work by quotation marks.

Suspense

The feeling of curiosity or uncertainty about the outcome of events in a literary work. Writers create _________ by raising questions in the minds of their readers.

Irony

The general term for literary techniques that portray differences between appearance and reality, expectation and result, or meaning and intention.

Beat Generation

The generation of writers who rebelled against American Culture for its conformity, blind faith in technology, and materialism.

Play-poem

The genre into which Virginia Woolf placer her novel "The Waves" (1931).

Contraction

The joining of two words with an apostrophe being used to signify the dropping of a letter or letters.

Diastole

The lengthening of a syllable usually scanned as short.

Protagonist

The main character in a work of fiction-the character readers would like to see succeed.

External Conflict

The main character struggles against an outside force.

Adonic Verse

The measure that consists of a Dactyl and a Spondee (stress un un / stress stress) or a dactyl and a Trochee (stress un un/ stress un)

Modernist Period in English Literature

The modernist period in England may be considered to begin with the first world war in 1914, to be marked by the strenuousness of that experience and by the flowering of talent and experiment that came during the boom of the twenties and that fell away during the ordeal of the economic depression in the thirties.

Indicative

The mood used for stating facts, asking questions, or stating opinions is the indicative mood.

Chartism

The movement of supporters of the People's Charter (drawn up in Britian in 1838), which sought to transform Britain into a democracy and demanded universal suffrage for men, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, annual elections, and the elimination of property qualifications for and the payment of stipends to members of Parliament.

Homeoarchy

The occurence of the same or similar unstressed syllables preceding rhyming stressed syllables, as in indeed rhymed with in need.

Prose

The ordinary form of written language. Most writing that is not poetry, drama, or song is considered ________. One of the major genres of literature, _______ occurs in two forms: fiction and nonfiction.

Neoclassic Period

The period in English Literature spanning the years 1660-1798 and including the Restoration Age, the Augustan Age, and the Age of Johnson

Pantheism

The philosophic-religious attitude that god exists in all things.

Jacobean Age

The portion of the Renaissance during the reign of James I (1603-1625). The literature was a rich flowering of the Elizabethan Age and showed attitudes of the Caroline Age.

Discipline-Based Inquiry

The practice of learning about a writing form by dissecting it and investigating its parts. It involves analyzing, questioning, and forming conclusions from examples of the writing mode. Builds off a question, problem/idea that allows for exploration and connects students to the world.

Legitimate Theater

The presentation of regular plays, depending entirely on acting, on a stage before an audience, using live actors; differentiated from film, television, vaudeville, puppets, ballets, musicals.

perception

The process of organizing and using information that is received through the senses.

Aritculation

The pronunciation of words and phrases

Consonance

The repetition of similar consonant sounds at the ends of accented syllables. The repeated T and CH sounds in "the spurt of a lighted match" create ________. It is used to create musical effects and to emphasize particular words.

Assonance

The repetition of vowel sounds followed by different consonants in two or more stressed syllables. In "The Kraken," Tennyson repeats the long e sound in the following lines: Below the thunders of the upper DEEP; Far, far BENEATH in the abysmal SEA,...

Parallel Structure/Parallelism

The repetition of words or phrases that have similar grammatical structures. Ex: Ellen likes hiking, attending the rodeo, and taking afternoon naps.

Inversion

The reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase. Examples: What a beautiful picture it is! Where in the world were you! How wonderful the weather is today!

Syntax

The rules governing the formal construction of sentences. _____ is the way in which words are grammatically placed together to form sentences.

Indirect Satire

The satire is expressed through a narrative and characters are ridiculed by what they say and do.

Plot

The sequence of events in a literary work. In most novels, dramas, short stories, and narrative poems, the ______ involves both characters and a central conflict. The _____ usually begins with an exposition that introduces the setting, the characters, and the basic situation. This is followed by the inciting incident, which introduces the central conflict. The conflict then increases during the development until it reaches a high point of interest or suspense, the climax. All the events leading up to the climax make up the rising action. The climax is followed by the falling action, or denouement. The resolution is the end of the story, in which an insight or a change as a result of the conflict is shown.

morphemes

The smallest units of meaning in a language.

Foreshadowing

The use in a literary work of clues that suggest events that have yet to occur. This technique helps to create suspense, keeping readers wondering what will happen next.

Onomatopoeia

The use of words that imitate sounds. Whirr, thud, sizzle, and hiss are typical examples. Writers can deliberately choose words that contribute to a desired effect.

Philistinism

The worship of material and mechanical prosperity and the disregard of culture, beauty, and spirit.

Dramatic Irony

There is a contradiction between what a character thinks and what the reader or audience knows to be true.

What must children learn in order to be able to write and spell efficiently?

They must learn that there is some correspondence between sound and symbol. (writing and speaking)

Aristotle's Unities

Time, Place, Action

Informal English Situations

Times at which a speaker or writer may incorporate a more relaxed tone and may for effect ignore some standard grammar and usage rules.

Formal English Situations

Times at which a speaker or writer should follow all of the standard usage and grammar rules.

Effect

Totality of impression or emotional impact.

Bandwagon

Tries to persuade the reader to do, think, or buy something because it is popular or everyone is doing it

Petrarchan Sonnet

Two part theme: first 8 lines, octave, state a problem, ask a question, or express an emotional tension. Last six: resolve the aforementioned. (Thomas Wyatt, Henry Howard Earl of Surrey) (16th Century).

Verbal Dyspraxia:

Unable to correctly place the tongue, lips, and jaw for consistent sounds that can be organized into syllables

Conventional Spelling

Universally accepted rules in the correct spelling of words.

Satire

Use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose or criticize people's stupidity or vices. ex: "Weekend Update" from Saturday Night Live

Hypozeuxis

Use of series or parallel clauses.

Fused Rhyme

Used by Gerard Manley Hopkins, the rhyme sound is begun at the end of a line but not completed until the beginning of the next. "Rest of them... unconfessed of / them... breas of the / Maiden."

Pageant

Used in three senses: (1) a scaffold or stage on which dramas were preformed in the Middle Ages; (2) play performed on such stages ; and (3) modern dramas spectacles designed to celebrate some historical event.

Concisely

Using as few words as necessary to convey the point the writer or speaker is trying to convey. The goal is not just to use fewer words but to use the exactly correct words to convey the point.

Redundancy

Using words that mean the same thing to convey meaning. It can be used for rhetorical emphasis, but is not considered a standard usage strategy.

Verbals

Verb forms that do not function as verbs in the sentence. They function in a sentence as noun adjectives and adverbs. They are also infinitives, participles and gerunds.

Progressive Verb Aspects

Verb forms that show continuing action at a certain point in time.

participle

Verb that acts like an adjective

Verb Mood

Verbs are generally indicative, subjunctive, or imperative in mood. They should be written consistently when possible.

Ethical Appeal

When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor in this type of appeal, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audience's confidence. (Ethos)

Modified

When the meaning of a word is changed by the words describing it.

Active Voice

When the subject is acting, the verb is in the ______ ________.

Passive Voice

When the subject is being acted upon, the verb is in the passive voice.

First Generation of Romantic Poets

William Blake William Wordsworth S. T. Coleridge

(Poetry is) "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings"

William Wordsworth

Past Tense of Irregular Verbs

With irregular verbs instead of adding -ed to form the past tense the whole word changes.

"Simplistic"

Word that carries a negative connotation when used in a sentence.

Interjection

Words that express emotion, which are usually found at the beginning of the sentence. Set apart from sentence by "," or "!"

Homophones

Words that sound alike despite their differences in spelling and meaning

Formal English

Writing and speaking that follows all of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage.

Informal English

Writing and speaking that incorporates slang, cliches, and nonstandard spelling.

Figurative Language

Writing or speech not meant to be interpreted literally. It is often used to create vivid impressions by setting up comparisons between dissimilar things.

Haplography

Writing something once when it should be written twice.

Travesty

Writing that its incongruity of treatment ridicule a subject inherently noble or dignified.

Science Fiction

Writing that tells about imaginary events that involve science or technology. The setting can be on Earth, in space, on other planets, or in a totally imaginary place. Many ________ __________ stories are set in the future.

Moss Hart and George S. Kaufman

You Can't Take it With You (1937)

Vers libre

a 19th century poetic movement to free poetry from strict rules resulted in cadences and rhythmic poetry called vers libre, which means free verse.

Hagiography

a biography that idealizes or idolizes the person (especially a person who is a saint)

Comitatus

a body of well born men attached to a king or chieftain by the duty of service - it entails a mutual loyalty.

Vade Mecum

a book or other thing that one regularly carries about.

predictable book

a book that is written with repetitive and rhythmic language patterns, often featuring familiar concepts

Emendation

a change made in a literary text by an editor for removing error or supplying a suppressed correct reading that has been obscured or lost through textual inaccuracy or tampering.

Naïve Narrator

a character who is the ostensible author of a narrative, the implications of which are plainer to the reader than they are to the narrator who is often innocent, ignorant, or a child.

Dime Novel

a cheaply printed, paperbound tale of adventure or detection, or originally selling for about ten cents

Glyconic

a classical quantitative measure of three or four feet sometimes simplified to the pattern trochee-trochee-trochee-dactyl, but with plenty of room for variation

Common Meter

a closed poetic quatrain, rhyming abab, in which lines of iambic tetrameter alternate with iambic trimeter

Canon

a collection of books accepted as holy scripture especially the books of the Bible recognized by any Christian church as genuine and inspired

portifolio

a collection of work or artifacts gathered over a period of time

Low comedy

a comedy characterized by slapstick and burlesque

adequate yearly progress

a component of the ESEA; established by each state to determine the progress of each school district and school

Investigative Questioning Procedure (InQuest)

a comprehension strategy that combines student questioning with creative drama

Handbook

a concise reference book providing specific information about a subject or location

Auteur Theory

a critical method by which a film is viewed as the product of its "auteur" or director and is judged by the quality of its expression of the director's personality or world view; usually used to relate a film to others by the same director.

Sensual and Sensuous

a critical term characterizing writing that plays fully on the various senses of the reader; not to be confused with sensual, which is now generally used in an unfavorable sense and implies writing that is fleshly or carnal, in which the author displays the voluptuous.

emergent literacy

a developing awareness of the interrelatedness of oral and written language

Incremental Repetition

a device widely used in ballads whereby a line or lines are repeated with slight variations from stanza to stanza

Amphibrach

a foot with unstressed, stressed, unstressed syllables

Heroic Quatrain

a four line stanza rhymed abab

developmentally appropriate

a framework or an approach for working with young children in which the reader considers each child's competencies and adjusts instruction accordingly

City Comedy

a genre of Elizabethan, Jacobean, and Caroline comedy on the London stage from the last years of the 16th century through 1672. Could refer to: - any English comedy written during the Reign of James I and set in London. - London comedies that are particularly satirical in nature, depicting London as a hotbed of vice and folly. - Thomas Middleton and Thomas Dekker's "The Roaring Girl" is a city comedy. (Review Roaring Girl for examples).

Clerihew

a humorous form in which the first line is a person's name and has a rhyme scheme of aa bb.

Morality Play

a kind of drama with personified abstract qualities as the main characters and presenting a lesson about good conduct and character, popular in the 15th and early 16th centuries.

big book

a large over-sized book that the whole class can share together

instructional level

a level of difficulty at which the reader can read with understanding with teacher assistance; the reader can ordinarily recognize at least 95 percent of the words in a selection and comprehend at least 75 percent of what he or she reads.

Frustration Reading Level

a level of reading difficulty which which a reader is unable to cope; when reading material is on this level, the reader usually recognizes 90 percent or less of the words he or she reads or comprehends 50 percent or less of what he or she reads.

Hendecasyllabic Verse

a line of eleven syllables

Serpentine Verse

a line of poetry that begins and ends with the same word

Interior Monologue

a literary genre that presents a fictional character's sequence of thoughts in the form of a monologue

Cento

a literary patchwork, usually inverse, made up of scraps from one or many authors.

Dandyism

a literary style marked by excessively refined emotion and preciosity (affectation) of language

Harangue

a loud bombastic declamation expressed with strong emotion

Magnus Opus

a masterpiece

sematic clues

a meaning clue

Bestiary

a medieval book (usually illustrated) with allegorical and amusing descriptions of real and fabled animals

Dead Metaphor

a metaphor that has become so overused that we no longer realize that is a figure of speech—we simply skip over the metaphorical connection it makes. Examples: the roof of the mouth, the eye of the storm, the heart of the matter, and the arm of a chair

Dactyl

a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed-unstressed syllables

Dibrach

a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed syllables

anapest

a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed-stressed syllables

Oxford Movement

a nineteenth-century group of teachers in Oxford who rallied against England's interference in the workings of the Irish church. John Henry Newman was one of its leaders

appositive

a noun or pronoun placed beside another noun or pronoun to identify or describe it

Roman a Clef

a novel in which actual persons and events are disguised as fictional characters

Identical Rhyme

a phenomenon, also called redundant rhyme or rime riche, in which a syllable both begins and ends in the same way as a rhyming syllable, without being the same word as in "rain," "rein," and "reign."

Hegelianism

a philosophy developed by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel which can be summed up by a favorite motto by Hegel "The rational alone is real". Which means that all reality is capable of being expressed in rational categories. His goal was to reduce to a more synthetic unity the system of transcendental idealism.

Cerebral Palsy:

a physical disability that affects movement and posture

Passion Play

a play based on the last week in the life of Christ or the part of a life of a God.

Contaminatio

a practice--followed by some Roman comic writers--which involved using material from one play to rewrite another.

Accismus

a pretended refusal that is sincere or hypocritical

Folk Etymology

a process by which the form of a word is altered to make it resemble a word or words which are better known and with which speakers may believe the word has a semantic relationship.

text leveling

a process that organizes texts according to a define continuum of characteristics so that students may be matched with appropriate materials

Elaboration

a rhetorical method for dev. a theme or pic in such a way as to give the reader a completed impression.

Feminine Rhyme

a rhyme of two syllables, one stressed and one unstressed, as "waken" and "forsaken" and "audition" and "rendition." Feminine rhyme is sometimes called double rhyme.

Cryptarithm

a sophisticated puzzle in which letters of the alphabet are assigned a numerical value so that a spelled-out formula is true of both the words and the numbers.

Masculine Ending

a stressed syllable ending a verse line

retelling

a student's recounting of a story or other material that he or she has read.

SQRQCQ

a study method consisting of six steps: Survey, Question, Read, Question, Compute, Question

SQ3R

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review

Galant

a style in the arts, emphasis on lightness and elegance.

Secondary Transition:

a synchronized group of activities that are results-oriented; include post-school activities, vocational education, employment support, adult services; and considers the individual's strengths, preferences, and interests Additional activities include instruction, related services, community experiences, the development of employment and other post-school adult living objectives, and acquisition of daily living skills and functional vocational evaluation

Rime couee

a tail-rhyme stanza, in which two lines, usually in tetrameter, are followed by a short line, usually in trimeter, two successive short lines rhyming

K-W-L teaching model

a teaching model for expository text; stands for What I Know, What I Want to Learn, What I Learned

semantic feature analysis

a technique in which the presence or absence of particular features in the meaning of a word is indicated through symbols on a chart, making it possible to compare word meanings.

reciprocal teaching

a technique to develop comprehension and metacognition in which the teacher and students take turns being "teacher". Occurs when dialogue takes place between the students and the teacher. They predict, generate questions, summarize, and clarify ideas

Drab

a term for early Renaissance literature

Romantic Criticism

a term sometimes used for the ideas that developed late in the 18th and early 19th centuries as a part of the triumph of ROMANTICISM. New theories suggested that Shakespeare was successful because his works followed the laws of nature and were more authentic than artificial formal rules. Wordsworth's theory was that poetry called for simple themes drawn from humble life expressed in the language of ordinary life - a sharp reaction to neoclassic poetry. Art was an expression of the artist unsullied by artifice or by commerce.

transactive theories of reading

a theory based on Rosenblatt's idea that every reading act is a transaction that involves a reader and a text and occurs at a particular time in a specific context, with meaning coming into being during the transaction between the reader and the text

Negative Capability

a theory of the poet John Keats describing the capacity for accepting uncertainty and the unresolved.

subskill theory of reading

a theory that depicts reading as a set of subskills that children must master and integrate

interactive theories of reading

a theory that depicts reading as acombination of reader-based and text-based processing

Romantic Novel

a type of novel marked by strong interest in action, with episodes often based on love, adventure, and combat.

Mystery Play

a type of religious drama in the MIddle Ages based on stories from the Bible

Miracle Play

a type of religious drama in the Middle Ages based on stories about saints

Macaronic Verse

a type of verse that mingles two or more languages

Miltonic Sonnet

a variation of the Italian sonnet in which the rhyme scheme is kept but the turn between the octave and sestet is eliminated

asynartete

a verse measure in which rhythmic members consist of two unrelated patterns.

Dithyramb

a wildly enthusiastic speech or piece of writing

malapropism

a word humorously misused

Gallicism

a word or phrase borrowed from French

Deictic

a word specifying identity or spacial or temporal location from the perspective of a speaker or hearer in the context in which the communication occurs

synonym

a word that has the same meaning as another word

Hapax Legomenon

a word with a special meaning used for a special occasion

Nonce Word

a word with a special meaning used for a special occasion

Vox nihili

a worthless or meaningless word.

Ghostwriter

a writer who gives the credit of authorship to someone else

experience chart

a written account about common experiences, dicated by student and recorded by teacher

creative dramatics

acting out stories spontaneously without a script

amplification

addition of extra material or illustration or clarifying detail

Esemplastic

adj. - forming, by imagination, disparate partsinto a whole; aesthetically unifying

Georgic

agricultural; a poem or book dealing with agriculture or rural topics

alternative assessment

all types of assessment other than standardized tests

Link Sonnet

an english sonnet in which the three quatrains are linked by repeating the second rhyme of one quatrain as the first rhyme of the succeeding quatrain. Spenserian sonnet.

Obligatory Scene

an episode of which the circumstances are so strongly foreseen that the writer is obliged to deliver the scene.

legend (of a map)

an explanation of a map's symbols and scale

Exegesis

an explanation or critical interpretation (especially of the Bible)

Calque

an expression introduced into one language by translating it from another language

Controlling Image

an image or metaphor that runs throughout and determines the form or nature of a literary work

Fourth Wall

an imaginary wall between the audience and the actors in a representational play

vicarious experience

an indirect experience

circumlocution

an indirect way of expressing something

structural analysis

analysis of words to help understand the meaning of a word as a whole. Commonly involves the identification of roots, affixes, compounds, , inflected and derived endings, contractions, and in some cases, syllabication. Is sometimes used as an aid to pronunciation or in combination with phonic analysis.

Mise en Scene

arrangement of scenery and properties to represent the place where a play or movie is enacted

Dionysian

as distinguished from Apollonian, the word refers to sensual, pleasure-seeking impulses

Anacoenesis

asking a question as though to seek the opinion of one's hearer, reader, opponent, or judge.

interrogative pronoun

asks a question: which, whose, what, whom, who

Pantisocracy

attempts at communal living (Keats, Coleridge, Southey), part of romantic period

Alienation Effect

audience kept at such a distance that unthinking emotional and personal involvement is inhibited while politcal messages are delivered.

argument

author's intended point or information

audience

author's intended readers

purpose

author's intended reason for writing

prefixes

beginning units or meaning which can be added to a base or root word

Laconism

brevity of speech

Motto

brief statement used to express a principle

Vers de societe

brief, lyrical verse in a genial sportive mood and sophisticated in both subject and treatment.

knowledge-based processing

bringing one's prior world knowledge and background of experiences to the interpretation of the text

assessment

collection of data to measure student achievement; assessment methods can include interviews, objective methods or subjective methods.

metaphor

comparison not using like or as

summative assessment

conducted at the end of the learning unit to analyze student progress & the success of the unit; quizzes, tests, products

Electra Complex

conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

Ottava rima

consists of eight iambic pentameter lines with a rhyme scheme of a-b-a-b-a-b-c-c. It is a form that was borrowed from the Italians.

informative connotations

definitions agreed upon be the society in which the learner operates

cause and effect organization

describes how two or more events are connected

comparison-contrast organization

describes the differences or similarities of two or more ideas, actions, events, or things

Hysteron Proteron

description of events in an order reversing their logical sequence

spatial/place organization

descriptions are organized according to the location of items in relation to one another and to a larger context

sequence of events organization

details presented in the order they occurred

Dramatic Conventions

devices that theater audiences accept as realistic even though they do not necessarily reflect the way real-life people behave

Octava Rima

eight line stanza

Octave

eight-line stanza

Homeoptoton

ending adjacent phrases in the same case

flashback

episode from an earlier time inserted into a chronological narrative

Great Chain of Being

everything in the universe is interconnected. each element has to function properly within its own sphere to secure universal harmony. when an element moves out of place, the world of nature and human society are disrupted

humor

evokes feelings of amusement; achieved through irony, understatement, exaggeration, funny words, jokes, stereotyping, and word play (puns)

Hubris

excessive pride, a tragic flaw

Elegiac

expressing sorrow often for something past

empirical evidence

facts and statistics used to prove a point or justify a claim

Paralogism

false reasoning

Leonine Rhyme

fancy words of internal rhyme

Metafiction

fiction that concerns the nature of fiction itself, either by reinterpreting a previous fictional work or by drawing attention to its own fictional status.

informal reading inventory

finds frustration level, independent level ,instructional level, and capacity level

Anacoluthon

finishing a sentence with a different grammatical structure from that with which it began

International Novel

focus on the collision between American and European cultures (Henry James, Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Lawrence)

Quatrain

four-line stanza

writing workshop

framework or model for teaching writing that includes a mimilesson designed to improve specific skills; includes a writing time, a conference time, and sharing time

expository

gives information; explains or defines topic; based on facts, examples, and statistics; uses direct tone and objective delivery; non-emotional information. A precise, factual writing style.

semantic maps

graphic representations of relationships among words and phrases in written materials

word webs

graphic representations of the relationships among words that are constructed by connecting the related terms with lines

Ennead

group of nine

The Fugitives

group of poets and scholars centered in Vanderbuilt university in Nashville, TN; included Allen Tate, John Crowe Ransom, Donald Davidson, and Robert Penn Warren; attacked industrialism and materialism; looked for community based on benevolence toward dependents and respect for land

word consciousness

having awareness of and interest in words and word meanings

semantic cues

hints based on meaning that help readers understand text

Nostos

homecoming

Distance

indifference by personal withdrawal

onsets

initial consonant sound of a syllable (the onset of bat is b-; of swim is sw-).

Bathos

insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to evoke pity

Four Senses of Interpretation

interpreting allegorical or scriptual materials: the literal, the allegorical, the moral, and the anagogical.

Coined Words

inventing new words...adolecent slang (geek, dweeb)

litotes

ironical understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary

Decadents

late 19th & early 20th C. France, England, America. Writers who believed that art was superior to nature and that the finest beauty was that of dying or decaying things. They attacked the moral and social standards of their times. Members: France- Verlaine, England- Oscar Wilde, America- Edgar Saltus.

Goliardic Verse

lilting Latin verse, usually satiric, composed by university students and wandering scholars; celebrating wine, women, and song, marked by licentiousness and irreverent attacks on church and clergy

syllogism

logical argument in which a proposition or conclusion is inferred from two prior bits of information that are already accepted as true

Ectasis

making a short syllable

story mapping

making graphic representation of stories that make clear the specific relationship of story element

cloze procedure

method of estimating reading difficulty by omitting every nth word in a reading passage and observing the number of correct words a reader can supply; can also be used as a method of instruction and testing for comprehension.

Palimbacchius

metrical foot of two long and one short syllable

Logaoedic

mixed rhythms

Demotic Style

modeled on the language, rhythms and associations of ordinary speech

epiphany

moment when something is realized and comprehension sets in

inductive reasoning

moves from facts to conclusions

scanning

moving the eyes rapidly over the selection to locate a specific bit of information

Eclipsis

n. - omission of a grammatical element necessary to the full meaning of a sentence

Epyllion

narrative poem similar to an epic but much shorter

third person omniscient point of view

narrator knows everything that is going on inside every character's head

third person limited point of view

narrator knows only about one character's perspective only

Naturalistic and Symbolistic Period in American Literature

naturalism before WWI, symbolism after WWI; birth of American poetry; imagists; Frost, Pound, Doolittle, Eliot, Stevens, W.C. Williams; in drama, Eugene O'Neill and Little Theater Movement; in prose, realistic novel, W. E. Howells, Willa Cather, Edith Wharton; Lost Generation (Fitzgerald, Hemingway, Cummings, Cowley, Anderson); Agrarians in south (John Crowe Ranson, Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren, William Faulkner); these groups looking for something new from traditional American writer; New Humanists formed at end of period. Ended with Stock Market Crash and Great Depression.

Neologism

new word or expression

Ingemination

old term for repetition of a word or phrase

Haplology

omission of a doubled or similar sound or syllable in a word

Hypheresis

omission of a letter of syllable in the body of a word (grandmother becomes grammer)

Gift Books

one of the first products to achieve market segmentation and market penetration in the American economy

Compound/Complex

one or more dependent clauses plus two or more independent clauses.

frame narrative

overall underlying story within which one or more tales are related

tempo

pace at which the writer wishes the reader to read

Palimpest

paper or parchment in which the original writing has been effaced to make way for other writing

affective connotations

personal feelings a word arouses

kinesthetic

pertaining to body movement and muscle feelings

Hypocorism

pet-name; diminutive or abbreviated name

Benthanism

philosophy all individuals should be able to achieve the most happiness for the greatest number

graphic aids

pictures, maps, graphs, illustrations, charts etc.that provide informatiin to nonfiction materials

visualization

picturing events, places and things described by the author

Mock Drama

plays whose purpose is to ridicule the theater of their time.

Palinode

poem in which earlier thoughts or feelings are retracted

Terza Rima

poetic stanza with recurring scheme, used by Keats, Byron, Shelley.

Chain Verse

poetry in which the stanzas are linked through some pattern of repetition

Melic Poetry

poetry written to be accompanied by the lyre or flute

rising action

point at which conflict starts

structural grammar

prescriptive grammar

visually representing

presenting information through use of still pictures, animation, and videos

classification organization

presents grouped information about a topic

bottom-up processing

processing printed text by examining the printed symbols, with little input being required from the reader

scaffolding

provide support through modeling or feedback and then withdrawing support gradually as the learner gains competence

Catharsis

purging of the emotions

shared-book experience

reading and rereading books in a group activity for understanding and enjoyment

top-down processing

reading begins with the generation of hypotheses or predictions about the material by the reader

interpetive reading

reading between the lines

skimming

reading selectively to pick up main ideas and general impression about the material

viewing

receiving and deriving information from visual images, sometimes accompanied by sound, as in viewing of television, video, or live performances

Dualism

recog. the possibility of the coexistence of antithetical or complementary principles.

transformational grammar

recognizes the relationship among the various elements of a sentence and among the possible sentences of a language and uses processes or rules (some of which are called transformations) to express these relationships.

cacophony

refers to the use of words and phrases that imply strong, harsh sounds within the phrase.

Slant Rhyme

rhyme in which the vowel sounds are nearly, but not exactly the same (i.e. the words "stress" and "kiss"); sometimes called half-rhyme, near rhyme, or partial rhyme

Parodos

scene in Classical Greek Drama where the chorus enters, also the entrance way for the chorus in Greek theatre

disaggregated data

scores that show the progress of subgroups of students, including racial/ethnic groups, economically disadvantaged students, students with disabilities, and students with limited English proficiency

epistolary

series of letters or correspondences between two characters

Menippean Satire

ses plot freely and loosely to present the world in sharply controlled intellectual patterns (Gulliver's Travels by Swift, Alice in Wonderland by Carroll).

story grammar

set of rules that define story structures

recognition vocabulary

set of words they can assign meanings to when spoken or read

productive vocabulary

set of words they know the meanings of when spoken or read

multiple intelligences

several distinct areas of potential that readers posses to different degrees.

Dyscalculia:

severe difficulty in making arithmetical calculations, as a result of brain disorder.

Lai

short narrative poem

Conte

short story

contractions

shortened forms or two words in which a letter or letters have been deleted

Correption

shortening in pronunciation

example, clarification, and definition organization

show, explain, or elaborate more on the main idea

Gnomic

signifying general truth; pertaining to aphorisms or proverbs

Venus and Adonis Stanza

six lines of iambic pentameter rhyming ababcc, named from Shakespeare's poem

Burns Stanza

six-line stanza rhyming aaabab. Lines 1,2, 3 and 5 are tetrameter, and lines 4 and 6 are dimeter.

base words

stand-alone linguistic unit which cannot be deconstructed or broken down into smaller words

Keats Ode Stanza

stanza developed for odes written with ten or eleven lines with a rhyme scheme that exploits the benefits of both the ENGLISH and ITALIAN SONNET while avoiding the drawbacks of an unwieldy 14-line unit

curriculum standards

statements or descriptions of expectation outlining what students should know and be able to do at particular grade level and content areas

dramatic play

stimulating real-life or authentic experiences, such as playing a cashier at a grocery store

first person point of view

story is told by a character in the story

Amphimacer

stressed, unstressed, stressed

Enallage

subst. of one grammatical form for another.

inflectional endings

suffixes that express plurality or possession when added to a noun, tense when added to a verb , or comparison when added to an adjective

direct instruction

teacher control of the learning environment through lessons goal setting, choice of activities, and feedback

synthetic approach to phonics instructions

teaching pupils to blend together individual known letter sounds in order to decode written words

analytic approach to phonics

teaching the sounds of letters in already known words

propaganda techniques

techniques of writing used to influence people's thinking and actions, 1. Card stacking (present facts on your side only). 2. Bandwagon (everyone's doing it.) 3. Transfer (symbols). 4. Plain folks (attachment to common people). 5. Name calling (give bad name/image). 6. Glittering generalities (Mussolini/ Hitler pics. Vague phrases that makes it hard to tell where you stand). 7. Testimonals (well-known ppl to endorse idea).

invented spelling

temporary unconventional spelling resulting from children's attempts to associate sounds with letters

Art Brut

term used by Jean Dubuffet to describe art that is untaught, brutish, "genuine"

criterion-reference test

test designed to yield measurements interpretable in terms of performance standards

norm-referenced test

test designed to yield results interpretable in terms of a norm, the average or mean results of a sample population

content area textbooks

textbooks in areas of information such as literature, social studies, science and mathematics

Volta

the Italian term for the turn in a sonnet, from question to answer, occurring between the octave and the sestet in the 9th line.

automaticity

the ability to carry out an activity, or to process information, without effort of attention

Enjambment

the continuation of a syntactic unit from one line of verse into the next line without a pause

Erastianism

the doctrine that the state is supreme over the church in ecclesiastical matters

Nobel Savage

the idea that primitive human beings are essentially good and their evil is the product of civilization and society

print conventions

the language rules that involve location, punctuation, and capitalization when reading and writing

independent reading level

the level of reading material that a student can read independently with high comprehension and an accuracy level of 95-100%

Mot juste

the most suitable or exact word or expression

Acmeism

the name of a poetic movement founded in Russia in 1912 on the initiative of two poets, Nikolai Gumilev and Sergei Gorodetsky. Its members also included two major Russian poets of the first half of the twentieth century, Anna Akhmatova and Osip Mandelstam

Language Load:

the number of unrecognizable words an English Language Learner encounters when reading or listening; one of the barriers ELLs face Rephrasing, dividing complex sentences into smaller units and teaching essential vocabulary before the student begins reading are all strategies which can lighten the load.

ellipsis

the omission of a word or phrase that is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from the context

etymology

the origin and history of words

schemata

the personal knowledge and experience that a reader relies on to represent and understand concepts. (schema theory)

Dramatic Propriety

the principle that a statement or an action within any dramatic situation is to be judged not in terms of its correspondennce to standards external to the dramatic situation but in terms of appropriateness to its context

Hedonism

the pursuit of pleasure as a matter of ethical principle

Demotion

the reduction of STRESS on a syllable caused by the rhythmic environment.

Anabasis

the rising of action to climax or dénouement; A military march up-country, especially that of Cyrus the Younger into Asia.

Formal Satire

the satiric voice speaks, usually in the first person, either directly to the reader or to a character in the satire

topic sentences

the sentence which states what the entire paragraph is about; set forth the central thought of the paragraph

zone of proximal development

the span between a child's actual skill level and potential level

Theater of Cruelty

the theater becomes a ceremonial act of magic purgation. Human beings' inescapable enslavement to things and to circumstance.

literal comprehension

the understanding of what is explicitly stated in a text

Antiphrasis

the use of a word in a sense opposite to its normal sense (especially in irony)

polysyndeton

the use, for rhetorical effect, of more conjunctions than is necessary or natural

guide word

the words that appear at the top of the page in many reference books; they tell the first and last subjects on each page

Grub Street

the world or category of impoverished literary hacks.

grapheme

the written symbol that represents a sound, or phoneme

text-based processing

trying to extract the information that resides in the text

vowel digraph

two adjacent vowel letters that represent a single speech sound

Golden Line

two adjectives and two nouns with a verb between

consonant diagraph

two consecutive consonants that represent one new speech sound. in the word diagraph, the "ph" sounds like "f"

compound words

two or more base words that are connected to form a new word

Dimoric

two short syllable

Heteronym

two words are heteronyms if they are spelled the same way but differ in pronunciation (e.g. 'bow')

homonyms

two words are spelled alike and sound alike, but have different meanings

Epitrite

unstress, stress, stress, stress

bacchius

unstressed - stressed - stressed

Antispast

unstressed, stressed,stressed, unstressed

Noh Plays

use music and dance to tell a story but actors do not move much and wear masks, using their gestures to convey their tale

Hypozeugma

use of a series of subjects with a single predicate

periphrasis

use of excessive language and surplus words to convey a meaning that could otherwise be conveyed with fewer words and in more direct a manner.

repetition

use of repeating a phrase or word to emphasize its importance

Hendiadys

use of two words connected by a conjunction, instead of subordinating one to the other, to express a single complex idea.

Anticipation guide

used before reading a text, provides agree/disagree statements to challenge or support preconceived ideas

circle or pie graph

used to compare parts of a whole

persuasive

used to direct actions of the listener/reader; arranges facts and opinions; uses selective vocabulary

Local Color Writing

uses specific details describing dialect and other customs associated with a particular region or section of the country

think-aloud

verbalizing aloud the thought processes present as one reads a selection orally

graphic organizers

visual depictions of text material, such as webs

Self-Effacing Author

when objectivity is so used in the narrative point of view that the author ostensible ceases to exist and seems to become merely an impersonal and non evaluation medium through whom the story is witnessed.

Aposiopesis

when the speaker or writer deliberately stops short and leaves something unexpressed, but yet obvious, to be supplied by the imagination

root words

word from which another word is developed

syntactic clues

word order in a sentence provides clues to readers.

idioms

words and phrases that mean something different from the literal meanings of the words

sight words

words that are recognized immediately without having to resort to analysis

environmental print

words that children frequently see in the world around them

homographs

words that have the same spelling but different meanings and pronunciations

transitions

words that help the story move from one event to another

Rime Riche

words with identical sounds but different meanings, such as "stair" and "stare"

Attic

writing characterized by a clear, simple, polished, and witty STYLE.

wit

writing of genius, keenness, and sagacity expressed through clever use of language

stream of consciousness

writing that reflects the mental processes of the characters expressing jumbled memories

anecedotal record

written account of a specific incident or behavior in the classroom

Metrical Romance

written in meter; a long narrative poem that tells of love, knights, adventure, women, long ago, and far away times; expresses Rules of Courtly Love