Un1Pt1 Psychology's History & Approaches/ Perspectives

Iceberg analogy

The conscious part of your mind is only the tip of the iceberg Pre or subconscious is the ice right under the iceberg The unconscious mind is the majority of the iceberg underwater

Sigmund Freud

Theory of psychoanalysis. You are not in control of your dreams, unconscious, non responsive to your environment. He believed that glimpse of the unconscious could be revealed in dreams, memory blocks, slips of the tongue and humor

John Locke

Made one of history's greatest late papers A tabula rasa "a blank slate" is how the mind is at birth. Empiricism- idea that our knowledge comes from experience, and that observing your experiments enable scientific knowledge. Empiricists- blank slate learned through sensory experiences (nurture)

mental

Not physically observable internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior Sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, feelings

behavior

Observable anything an organism does Anything that you can record Yelling, smiling, blinking, sweating, talking

Francis Bacon

One of the founders of modern science, his influence is still present today in psychological experiments, fascinated by the human mind Experimentation, experience, and common sense judgment

Allegory of the Cave

Plato's description of individuals who live their lives in accordance with the shadows of reality provided by sensory experience instead of in accordance with the true reality beyond sensory experience

Mary Wilkins Calkins

Psychology's first woman, outscored male students on exams, went to get Phds, refused unequal treatment when offered a different degree than harvard, first female president of the American Psychological Association

Functionalism

Purpose and function of CONSCIOUS mind. How do parts interact with one another? William James wanted to consider the deep functions of thoughts and feelings we have

Introspection

A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings

nature-nurture issue

Ancient Greeks debated this. Genes vs experience in the development of psychological traits and behaviors, Nurture works on what nature provides

critical thinking

Examine assumptions, appraise sources, detect hidden biases, analyze evidence, reach conclusions. You cannot make claims based on something you "feel" is correct; you need evidence. Recognize different perspectives, examine new sources, can identify effective rules

"the rat is always right"

Facts speak for themselves. Researchers have to accept the results of the study even if the hypothesis has been proven wrong.

Margaret Floy Washburn

First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921)

Clinical Focus

Focuses on treating and caring for the patient Psychiatrists Clinical psychologists Counseling psychologists

Wilhelm Wundt

Wanted to measure atoms of the mind through his experiment- a simple and fast mental process of ours' Started the first Psychological Laboratory Collected and analyzed data

Rene Descartes

Wondered how the mind and body communicate, right to discover that nerve paths are important and cause reflexes, nativists- innate truth (nature)

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

biological psychology

a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior

counseling psychology

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

human factors psychology

a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

community psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

psychodynamic psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

Psychology

a science about the way we function, feel, act, think

SQ3R

a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

health psychology

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. how our mind processes and retains information

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

Forensic Psychology

area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system

John B. Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat. Defined psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior", you cannot scientifically study things you cannot measure and observe

culture

behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared and moved through generations, shapes our behavior. One's socially defined gender and biological sex matters too. There are differences in what we dream, how we express and detect emotions, and risk for alcohol use disorder, depression, and eating disorders

The scientific attitude

curiosity, skepticism, humility

Gestalt Psychology

early perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures. "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" (structuralism and functionalism)

Structuralism

early school of thought promoted by Wundt and Titchener; used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Cognitive Psychology

explores how we perceive, process, and remember information and how thinking and emotion interact in anxiety, depression, and other disorders.

nature

how you are born, your DNA

nurture

how you were raised and brought up, your surroundings affecting you

Empiricism

idea that our knowledge comes from experience, and that observing your experiments enable scientific knowledge

natural selection

inherited traits that better enable an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations because it is a beneficial trait. Darwin's principle is still with us more than 150 years later as biology's organizing principle. Evolution is an important principle for 21st century psychology

cognitive neuroscience

interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition including perception, thinking, memory, and language

psychoanalytic perspective

perspective that Freud influenced. Pre/subconscious mind, unconscious mind and things we are unaware of. Close to nurture on the spectrum, we are who we are and do what we do because of negative or positive childhood experiences and memories hidden in the subconscious/ unconscious mind, we repress traumatic memories and it causes internal mental conflict, it was so traumatic that a person's mind tries to forget about an event and take it out of the conscious mind and have it in the unconscious mind; you aren't able to actively think about it and feel all the negative feelings that come with the event "dreams were the unconscious mind speaking"

Humanistic Perspective

perspective that humans are innately good, humans have a desire to achieve their fullest potential (self- actualization) 1960s and 70s from the United States. Maslow created the hierarchy of needs; pyramid with levels about the idea that humans are very similar to each other and all have the same needs that need to be met in the same order; Food and water is the most basic need. Focuses on free will and choice, look at environmental factors that people need to reach their fullest potential and what prevents others from doing so. You need to fulfill what need you're lacking as a human being to fix issues

evolutionary perspective

perspective that is about "Survival of the fittest" interaction of genes with our environment, Darwinism. Behaviors passed on that have helped our ancestors survive- natural selection. Adaptive- prolongs the survival of a species. Having to do with ancestors, Darwin, evolution, gene pool, procreate, adaptive, and long time periods. You can redirect a trait and not get rid of it if it helped survival, yet seems to be socially negative

Behavioral Perspective

perspective that is about nurture- people and things in your environment. Current memories (conscious) that have affected how you act, we are who we are and do what we do because of involuntary reactions to environmental stimuli, reinforcement of behaviors, and observing and imitating others around us. For some behavior or event it can take one occurrence for someone to be changed by it; like picking up a habit that you see someone do. To fix something using this perspective, tweak the environment

Biological Perspective

perspective that is completely internal 100% nature; genes, neurotransmitters, hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers, part of the endocrine system. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers of the nervous system. Only perspective where "illness" or issue cause can be genes

sociocultural perspective

perspective that is fully nurture! We are who we are and do what we do because of the culture in which we are raised and social expectations and norms Factors that impact us include race, ethnicity How you were raised and live with culture affect how you developed

cognitive perspective

perspective that is in the middle of nature/ nurture. We are who we are and do what we do because of how we perceive, process, interpret the world around us. Scientists think people are possibly biologically influenced- for example optimism or pessimism, Treatments include cognitive therapy; talk to someone about it, drugs don't change the way you interpret things; need a therapist instead to reevaluate things. Can help you sit with things instead of jumping to conclusions, be more optimistic instead of negative

basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base usually work at research universities. Includes many subspecialties such as developmental, social, and cognitive

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems Industrial organization I/O psychologists Human factor psychologists Psychometricians

evolutionary psychology

study of evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Industrial/organizational Psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

Behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

positive psychology

the scientific study of human flourishing with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help people to thrive

behavioral psychology

the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning

Psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, traits, and attitudes

personality psychology

the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

educational psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

socio-cultural psychology

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior