Understanding Visual Art Final Exam

13.16 Interior of Hagia Sophia

183 feet above the floor, with its weight varied to the ground by heavy stone ] piers

Geodesic Domes

An architectural structure invented by R. Buckminster Fuller, based on triangles arranged into tetrahedrons (four-faceted solids)

Media: Clay

Ceramic- made of baked ("fired") clay. See also terra cotta. plastic- Capable of being molded of shaped as clay porcelain- a ceramic ware, usually white, fired in the highest temperature ranges and ofter used for fine dinnerware, vases, and sculpture. Slip- In ceramics, a liquid mixture used for casting consisting of powdered clay, water, and a deflocculant

Digital Design and Fabrication

Digital Design and FabricationAlso known as computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), digital design and fabrication is very much what it sounds like: digital technology is used to help design an object; then digital design data is fed to computer-driven computer numerical controlled, or CNC) machinery, which automatically fabricates the object. Linking design and manuracturing by means of computers was pioneered in the 1960s by the electronics, aeronautic, and automotive industries, which could13.31 Frank Gehry. Guggennellafford to invest in the large, mainframe computers of the day. With the developmentMuseum Bilbao, Spain. 1997.of personal computers during the years around 1980, digital technology was adoptedakg-images/Album/Angel Manzanoin numerous work environments, including architecture studios. Many architects began to use two-dimensional drawing programs to help generate the thousands of drawings that guide construction. Today, most architects work with more powerful three-dimensional modeling programs as part of the design process. Linked with the potential of digital fabrication, these programs have expanded the possibilities for the forms architecture can take. One of the first architects to take advantage of digital design and fabrication was Frank Gehry. Gehry had become interested in complex curving forms, but he didn't know how to communicate them to a contractor so that they could be built. A search for solutions turned up a three-dimensional modeling program called CATIA, which had been developed for the French aerospace industry. The world got its first look at what CATIA could do for architecture when Gehry unveiled his next major project, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (13.31; for the interior, see 4.42). Gehry's design for the building began with gestural sketches on paper and proceeded to the construction of a wood-and-paper model. The model was scanned into CATIA, which mapped it in three dimensions. CATIA enabled Gehry's team to work within the construction budget by allowing them to follow every design decision through to its practical consequences in regard to construction methods and exact quantities of materials. In essence, the program built and rebuilt a virtual museum many times before the actual museum was begun. Information from CATIA then guided the digital fabrication of building components: CNC machines milled limestone blocks and cut glass for curved walls, cut the titanium panels that cover the exterior, and cut, folded, and bolted the underlying steel framework of the building. The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao is a satellite museum of the Solomon R.Guggenheim Museum in New York. Another famous museum of modern and contemporary art, the Pompidou Center in Paris, recently opened its own satellitemuseum in Metz, France. Designed by Shigeru Ban, the Centre Pompidou-Metz isPompidou-Metz, Metz, France. 2010. another example of the new architectural forms enabled by digital design and fab.flashover/Alamy Stock Photorication (13.32). The most spectacular element of the Pompidou-Metz is the undulating white canopy that shelters the center's galleries and atrium spaces. The canopy is supported by a structure made of laminated wooden ribs woven in an open, hexagonal pattern. To create the wooden structure, the curving geometry of the roof was digitally mapped. Sections (Slices) were automatically derived to profile the rise and fall of each individual rib, then translated into instructions for CNC wood-milling machinery. All in all, some 1,800 double-curved segments of wood, totaling over 59,000 feet, were individually fabricated to create the structure. Ban took his inspiration for the unusual roof from a Chinese woven bamboo hat that he had found. Weavers have produced such hats for thousands of years, but only with the development of CAD/CAM technology has an architect been able to imitate them.

Media: Metal

Forging- the technique of shaping metal, especially iron, usually by heating it until it softens and then beating of hammering it example is the gold bracelet from Italy testifies the skills of ancient roman goldsmiths.

Carving

In the process the sculptor begins with a block of material and cuts, chips, and gouges away until the form of the sculpture emerges. Tilman Riemenschneider carved his Virgin and Child on the Crescent Moon in lime wood

Fabric Architecture

Shigeru Ban's ingenious wooden lattice is covered with Teflon-coated fiberglass fav ric. The stain-resistant, self-cleaning membrane is translucent, allowing daylight 10 flter into the interior. In the evening, when the building is lit inside, the silhouelle of the wooden structure shows through the membrane to the outside. The fabric Ban used is a modern invention, but the idea of fabric architecture is an ancient one. Stone Age peoples first made tents of tree branches covered with animal skms During the African dry season, women in Lesotho paint colorful murals on the walls of their homes. The practice is called litema, which derives from the Basotho word for "cultivation," and the purpose of such murals is to encourage ancestors to send rain. Because agriculture is a traditional women's task in the Basotho community, these paintings are made exclusively by women. The designs are abstract geometric patterns that represent planted fields. Each color has a symbolic meaning: red symbolizes blood and fertility, white is purity, and black represents the ancestors who send the annual rains. When the rainy season washes the designs away, the women repaint the walls to renew the cycle. Women were not just responsible for the exteriors of traditional Pueblo Indian dwellings. They constructed the homes as well because they, not their male partners, owned the homes. When couples married, the husband moved into his wife s house. Pueblo multi-family structures such as Taos Pueblo were built by women using bricks made of a mixture of dirt, water, and straw, known as adobe. The structures employed load-bearing construction as rows of sun-dried adobe bricks were stacked one upon the other. Even today, women maintain these homes by reapplying adobe plaster every year or two. A different social use of architecture appears in the Turkish painting of a harem, a private area of retreat and solace away from the business of the court. Its name is derived from the Arabic for a forbidden or inviolable place. Although the sultan occupied the rooms with his family, the harem came to be seen as a space for women. This painting pictures a woman giving birth surrounded by the women of the court. Romantic descriptions by European travelers of the harems they encountered in Ottoman palaces spread a distorted view of these private spaces. as early as 40,000 years ago. Later, as the first cities were raised, nomadic peoples continued to live in tents. The yurts of Central Asia, made of felt over a wooden framework, and the tents of Middle Eastern Bedouin peoples, made of fabric woven from goat hair, are two examples of nomadic dwellings with roots in the distant past. Today, interest in lightweight, portable structures and the development of stronger synthetic fabrics have inspired a new wave of fabric architecture. The key to fabric architecture is tension: For fabric to bear weight and resist wind, it must be pulled taut. For that reason, fabric structures are also known as tensile structures or tensile membrane structures. One way to tense fabric is to stretch it over a framework. The most familiar example of this principle is the umbrella: When you open an umbrella, the fabric is drawn taut by slender metal ribs, creating a portable roof that protects you from the rain. The tension of the fabric in turn prevents the ribs from buckling and constrains their movement, allowing them to be much thinner and lighter than they would otherwise need to be. Zaha Hadid's innovative Burnham Pavilion is made of panels of fabric zipped tight over a framework of bent aluminum and steel tubing (13.33). Fabric is stretched over the inside of the pavilion as well, where it serves as a projection screen for videos. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) set between the inner and outer fabric skins illuminate the pavilion at night so that it glows in a sequence of colors-green, orange, blue, violet. A product of computer-aided design, the curved form sits lightly on the ground, as though it has just touched down and might soon be off again. We could think of Burnham Pavilion as contemporary nomadic architecture. Built on-site for a centennial celebration in Chicago in 2009, it was designed so that it could be dismantled after the festival and erected elsewhere as desired.

11.8 Lick and Lather by Janine Antoni

The artist uses casting to make this work. Material used in this work is soap and chocolate (Antoni says this is the ritual we perform as we go about our daily lives: We eat, we bathe, we move)

12.17 Macchia Forest by Dale Chihuly

The artist was inspired by the work Tree of Jesse. He used 300 colors to make an organic, bell like forms he called macchia Italian for sport

11.24 Serpent Mound, Near Locust Grove, Ohio

This is an earthwork. for 5 thousand years numerous eastern America peoples built large-scale earthworks as burial sites.

The Human Figure in Sculpture

a basic subject for sculpture, one that cuts across time and culture greek artist developed contrapposto meaning "counterpoise" or "counterbalance" sets the body is a mental S-shaped curve through a play of opposites. Used in the statue of an athlete scraping himself off after a workout (Apoxyomenos)

Pointed Arch and Vault

arch- a curved structure, usually made of wed shaped stones, that serves to span n opening. an arch may be semicircular or rise to a point at the top Buttress- an exterior support that counteracts the outward thrust of an arch, dome, or wall. Flying Buttress- consists of a strut or arch segment running from a freestanding pier to an outer wall.

Painting and Beyond

artist started to move away from easel panting and started to express new ideas. in the 1940s Jackson Pollock did away with easel panting and spread his canvas on the floor so that he could splatter and drip paint onto t from above.

13.9 Pont du Gard at Nimes, France

consist of 3 tiers of arcades - rows of arches set on columns or as here massive piers. this structure functioned as an aqueduct

Relief printing

describes any printing method in which the image to be printed is raised from the background. (like a rubber stamp) you press the stamp to an ink pad, the to paper, and the words print right side out-a mirror image of the stamp

Media: Fiber

fiber is a pliable, threadlike strand. natural animal fibers include silk, wool and hair from alpacas and goats. vegetable fibers include cotton, flax, raffia, sisal, rushes and various grasses. fibers can be spun into yarn an woven into textiles. others can be pressed into felt of twisted into rope or string. Some can be plaited to create baskets and basket like structures such as hats.

Casting

involves a mold of some kind, into which liquid of semiliquid material is pored and allowed to harden. Most common method for casting is called the lost-wax process lost-wax process- uses a wax sculpture to make the outline in clay and when the hot metal is pored into the wax runs out and leaves the metal to harden and make the sculpture

Tempera

is an aqueous medium like watercolor that dries to a tough, insoluble film. tempera is paint which the vehicle is an emulsion, which is a stable mixture of an aqueous liquid with an oil, fat, or resin.

Digital Printing

microscopic nozzles spray droplets of ink onto paper according to data in digital image file Fiona Rae uses this type of printing for her Cute Motion!! artwork

13.31 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao by Frank Gehry

one of the first architects to take advantage of digital design and fabrication was frank Gehry. Gehry had become interested in complex curving forms, but he didn't know how to communicate them to a contractor so that they could be built. A search for solutions turned up a three-dimensional modeling program called CATIA, which had been developed for the French aerospace industry. the world got its first look at CATIA could do for architecture when Gehry unveiled his next major project, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao Gehrys design started with sketches on paper and the he built a model out of wood and paper. the model was then scaled into the CATIA which mapped in three dimensions. CATIA enabled Gehrys team to work within the constructions budget by allowing them to follow every design decision. The program built and rebuilt the museum virtually many times before the real museum was built. the information from the CATIA then guided the digital fabrication of the building.

Fresco

pigment are mixed with water and applied to a plater support, usually a wall or ceiling coated in plaster. most often when speaking about fresco we mean buon fresco, "true fresco" true fresco- paint made simply of pigment and water is applied to wet plaster as it dries the lime goes through a chemical transformation and its as a binder, fusing the pigment with the plaster surface.

13.28 the Edgar j. Kaufmann House, popularly known as Fallingwater (Sydney opera House

precast sections of reinforced concrete were used to make the opera house

12.21 Sasa by El Anatsui

the artist inspiration comes from textiles such as metal caps and food tins stitched together with copper wire

11.27 Falling Garden by Gerda Steiner and Jorg Lenzlinger

the artist strung common items on long threads hanging from the celling of the 17th century church. the visitors lay down above a grave in the church and look up at to a "garden". inspired by the story of Saint Eustace and his vision of a crucifix on a deers forehead.

Screen-printing

the screen is a fine mesh of silk or synthetic fiber mounted in a frame. the screen is placed over paper and the ink is forced though the mesh with a squeegee. the artist Ed Ruscha used this type of printing in his Standard Station artwork

13.6 Byodo-in temple, Japan, Helen period

the temple was built as a shrine to buddhist. the building uses the bracket system and the stepped toss roof structure

7.5 Holy Women at the Tomb by Girolamo dai Libri

this is an Example of Tempera painting that was popular during the Renaissance It pictures the tree women who visit the tomb of Christ after the crucifixion only to discover that it is empty

7.1 Young Women with a Gold Pectoral, from Fayum

this painting uses Encaustic - paints consist of pigment mixed with wax and resin.

7.12 Mariposa By Beatriz Milhazes

this painting uses a unusual technique when working with acrylics by painting on clear plastic then gluing it on the canvas and pealing the back of to reveal the motifs

12.12 Lidded saltceller

this pice is carved out of ivory from an elephant during the late 15th or early 16th by a sculptor of the Sapi Culture

12.4 Tree of Jesse, West facade, Chartres Cathedral, France

this pice uses colored glass to make the central motif is a branching tree that portrays the royal lineage of Mary, mother of Jesus.

7.9 White Shell with Red by Georgia O'Keeffe

this work reveals the intense, saturated colors typical of pastel colors. the rich red hill in the background allows the pearly white shell to stand out