UNE Bio 208 Exam 2 - Bones 1
Cranium bones include
8 bones Frontal bone (1) Pariatal bone (2) Occipital bone (1) Temporal bones (2) Sphenoid bone (1) Ethmoid bone (1)
endochondral bones
bone that begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue These are most of the bones of the skeleton
what are the major bones of the hand
carpal (8), metacarpal bones (5) and phalanges (14) proximal, middal, distal On each hand
What is the endosteum?
lines marrow cavity
Scapula
shoulder blade
What are the first two tarsal bones?
• Calcaneus • Talus
What are the parts of the hip (pelvic or coxal bone)
Coxal bones (2) large flat bone, constricted in the center and expanded above and below. it is composed of three parts: the ilium, ischium, and the pubis.
immature bone
Develops in fetus. woven bone, more cells per area. In adults tooth sockets are immature bone
What are the typical vertebrae anatomy?
• Body • Pedicles • Lamina • Spinous process • Transverse processes • Vertebral foramen • Facets • Superior and inferior articular processes
What is intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?
Two ways in which bones are developed.
Describe the effects of sunlight, nutrition, hormonal secretions, and exercise on bone development and growth.
Vitamin D (sunlight) is necessary for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine. In the absence of this vitamin, calcium is poorly absorbed, and the inorganic salt portion of bone matrix lacks calcium, softening and thereby deforming bones. Growth hormone secreted by the pituitary gland stimulates division of the cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plates. Sex hormones stimulate ossification of the epiphyseal plates. Physical exercise pulling on muscular attachments to bones stresses the bones, stimulating the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen.
What is the hyoid bone?
only bone that does not articulate with another bone. tongue, swallowing
What is bone marrow?
spongy tissue that helps in the production of red/white blood cells. Lots of red marrow in the sternum and pelvis
What are the function of bones?
support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
What is the anatomy of sacrum?
• 4-5 fused segments • Median sacral crest • Sacral foramina • Posterior wall of pelvic cavity • Sacral canal
How many metatarsals are in the foot?
5 metatarsals
What are the four zones of the epiphyseal plate?
1. zone of resting cartilage - resting cells anchors epiphyseal plate to the epiphysis 2. zone of proliferating cartilage - young cells undergoing mitosis 3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage - older cells left behind when new cells appear 4. zone of calcified cartilage - thin dead cells calcified matrix
How many phalanges are there?
14 per foot 14 per hand
The pectoral girdle consists of
Clavicle and scapula
compact bone
Compact bones are made of osteons while spongy bones are made of trabeculae.
Difference in male and female skeleton is the pelvis
Female • Iliac bones more flared • Broader hips • Pubic arch angle greater • Sacral curvature shorter and flatter • Lighter bones
The infantile skull consists of what unique membranes?
Fontanels that are soft spots that allow for birth
What is osteoporosis
Imbalance of bone resorption and bone formation. more common in women. Risks: Age,↓ in androgens, especially estrogen, smoking, malnutrition, genetic Prevention: Exercise, nutrition, hormones help
What is the anatomy of Lumbar Vertebrae?
Large bodies Thick, short spinous processes
Classify bones according to their shapes, and name an example from each group.
Long bones - forearm and thigh bones. Short bones - wrist bones and ankle bones. (sesamoid bones are short bones that reinforce tendons - kneecap) Flat bones, platelike structures - skull bones Irregular bones - maxilla, sacrum
Locate and identify the bones and major features of the bones that comprise the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb.
See quizlets 1,2,3
What types of fractures happen in bones?
Simple/Compound (open) - infection Single: Horizontal, oblique, spiral Comminuted - >2 bone fragments
What is a true and false pelvis?
Some believe that the false pelvis is actually part of the abdominal cavity and therefore that the true pelvis is the only true portion of the pelvis. The true pelvis is below the pelvic brim and false pelvis is above pelvic brim.
What is spongy bone?
Spongy (cancellous) bone is lighter and less dense than compact bone. Spongy bone consists of plates (trabeculae) The canaliculi connect to the adjacent cavities, instead of a central haversian canal, to receive their blood supply.
In ossification what happens when cartilage stops growing?
The bone has reached its maximum length
What is the sternum composed of?
Three parts of the sternum: • Manubrium • Body • Xiphoid process
What are Haversian canals?
Tubes which allow blood vessels to get to the bone
What are canaliculi?
hair-like canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal
The vertebral column
A series of irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae that houses the spinal cord.
What is the anatomy of cervical vertebrae?
Atlas - 1st; supports head Axis - 2nd; Atlas pivots around dens Transverse foramina Bifid spinous processes (on C2-C6) Vertebral prominens (on C7)- useful landmark
Skeletal Organization (define axial and appendicular skeleton)
Axial Skeleton (white) head neck trunk Appendicular Skeleton (green) upper limbs lower limbs pectoral girdle pelvic girdle
What are the actions of bone homeostasis through life?
Bone remodeling occurs throughout life • Bone Resorption - action of osteoclasts • Bone Deposition - action of osteoblasts • 10% - 20% of skeleton is replaced each year
Discuss the active tissue found in bone
Bones are the organs of the skeletal system and are composed of many tissues, including bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood and nervous tissue.
What are the active tissues found in a bone
Bones are the organs of the skeletal system and are composed of many tissues, including bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood, and nervous tissue.
What happens to radius and ulna during pronation and supination
Bones parallel during supination - supination imagine holding a bowl of soup Bones cross during pronation
What are the different curvatures of the vertebral column?
Cervical convex forward Thoracic convex backward Lumbar convex forward Pelvic sacral and coccygeal convex backward.
What are the macroscopic structure of a long bone and the functions Macroscopic
Epiphysis - Proximal/Distal where bone articulates with another bone. Epiphyseal line Diaphysis - the shaft of bone in between epiphysis Metaphysis - on ends Periosteum - dense outer fibrous layer of vascular connective tissue completely encloses bone - helps form and repair bone Compact bone - tightly packed tissue no spaces Spongy bone - consists of numerous branching bony plates. Articular Cartilage Medullary cavity - hollow chamber with spongy bone Marrow Nutrient artery - supplies blood to bones
What are the steps of healing in bone?
Hematoma formation (day one) Inflammation: white blood cells move in (3 days) Soft callus: blood cells divide and body begins to create cartilage around bone fracture (1 week) Hard Callus: body replaces soft with hard callus connecting bone fragments (3-6 weeks) Remodeling. body replaces old bone with new in a continuing process. (week 8 +)
Bones of the upper limbs include:
Humerus, Radius - thumb side Ulna - longer than radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges
Classify bones according to their shapes, and name an example of each group.
Long bones, forearm and thigh bones. Short bones, (Shaped like cubes) wrist bones and ankle bones. Flat bones, platelike structures - skull bones, ribs and scapulae.
List the general functions of the skeletal system
Maintain body shape Protect internal organs, brain, spinal cord System of levers for the muscle system to act upon Mineral storage - Ca2+ and Phosphorus Hold Blood forming cells Surface features for muscle insertions and origins
What is the function of bones?
Maintain body shape Protect internal organs, brain, spinal cord System of levers for the muscle system to act upon Mineral storage - Ca2+ and Phosphorus Hold Blood forming cells Surface features for muscle insertions and origins
What is the microscopic structure of bone?
Mature bone cells are osteocytes Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes • The extracellular matrix of bone is largely collagen and inorganic salts • Collagen gives bone resilience • Inorganic salts make bone hard
The facial skeleton is made up of what bones
Maxillae (2) Palatine bones (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Lacrimal (2) Nasal (2) Vomer bone (1) Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Mandible bone (1)
Distinguish between intramembranous bones and endochondral bones and explain how such bone develop and grow
Membrane bones form directly from mesenchyme without being modeled in cartilage All bones of the skull (except a few at the base of skull) are membrane bones The clavicles are also membrane bones Note that most of these bones are flat bones
differentiate between metatarsals and metacarpals
Metatarsals foot. Metacarpals hand
Distinguish between intramembranous and endochondral bones, and explain how such bones develop and grow.
Most bones (except clavicles and most skull bones) form by the process of endochondral ossification The bones are first modeled in hyaline cartilage, which is then gradually replaced by bone tissue
What is endochondral ossification?
Most bones (except clavicles and most skull bones) form by the process of endochondral ossification. The bones are first modeled in hyaline cartilage, which is then gradually replaced by bone tissue
Clavicle
Only long bone that is horizontal Structured to keep our arms out most common broken bone
Name of bone cells
Osteogenic cell - develops to an osteoblast Osteoblast - forms bone tissue develops into an osteocyte - Maintains bone tissue Osteoclast - function in resorption
Acromion
Outward extension of the shoulder blade forming the point of the shoulder.
Intramembranous bones
Part of intramembranous ossification, Originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissue to build broad, flat bones
Bone Development and Growth
Parts of skeletal system begin to form during first few weeks of prenatal development; initially human skeleton is cartilages (hyaline) and fibrous membranes bony structures continue to grow and develop into adulthood
Describe the difference between male skeletons
Pelvis - female iliac bone more flared, broader hips, lighter bone, pubic arch angle greater. cacral curvature shorter.
What are the bones of the vertebral column?
Seven CERVICAL vertebrae, 12 THORACIC vertebrae, Five LUMBAR vertebrae, Five SACRAL vertebrae (fused to form the sacrum beginning at age 16-18), COCCYGEAL vertebrae (3-4 fused segments) tailbone.
What are Volkmann's (perforating) canals?
Small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and communicate with the haversian canals. The perforating canals provide energy and nourishing elements for osteons.
What is the coccyx?
Tailbone, (In child, 3-5 seperate vertebrae, In adult, fused into 1 vertebrae)
Appendicular skeleton, and name the major parts of each
The appendicular skeleton includes your arms and legs - including shoulders and hips/pelvis
Identify the blood supply to bone
The blood supply to bone is delivered to the endosteal cavity by nutrient arteries, then flows through marrow sinusoids before exiting via numerous small vessels that ramify through the cortex. ... Reductions in vascular supply are associated with bone loss.
Describe the difference between female skeltons
The female pelvis is smaller, shallower and wider, and the cavity is more circular in shape. The coccyx or tailbone, which is the last bone of the spinal column, is more movable in female skeletons. The sacrum, which is a triangle-shaped bone also at the end of the spine and connected to the pelvis, is wider and flatter in females.
What is the ephiphyseal (growth) plate?
The growth plate, also known as the epiphyseal plate or physis, is the area of growing tissue near the ends of the long bones in children and adolescents. Each long bone has at least two growth plates; one at each end.
Axial skeletons, and name the major parts of each.
The main parts of the axial skeleton are the skull, spine, and rib cage. Think of it as if the skeleton were put on an axis directly up the middle, what would be attached to the axis.
What types of ribs are there
True- have a direct attachment to the sternum. 7 pair False ribs - attached to the strum by costal cartilage links to the sternum. 3 pair Floating ribs (in blue) - because they are not attached to the sternum. less stable and risk breaking because they have only one attachment dorsally to the vertebrae. 2 pair
What factors affect bone development, growth and repair?
Vitamin D is necessary for proper absorption of calcium in the small intestine. In the absence of this vitamin, calcium is poorly absorbed, and the inorganic salt portion of bone matrix lacks calcium, softening and thereby deforming bones. Growth hormone secreted by the pituitary gland stimulates division of the cartilage cells in the epiphyseal plates. Sex hormones stimulate ossification Physical exercise pulling on muscular attachments to bones stresses the bones, stimulating the bone tissue to thicken and strengthen.
What is the periosteum?
a dense outer fibrous layer of vascular connective tissue covering bones except at the surfaces of the joints. helps form and repair bones
Name the two skeletons
axial and appendicular
mature bone
bone that has ossified and calcified. Two main types of bone, compact and spongy bone.
Desribe life span changes in the skeletal system.
• Decrease in height at about age 30 • Calcium levels fall • Bones become brittle • Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts • Spongy bone weakens before compact bone • Bone loss rapid in menopausal women • Hip fractures common • Vertebral compression fractures common
What are the bones of the lower limb?
• Femur • Patella - kneecap • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsals • Metatarsals • Phalanges
What is the structure of a rib?
• Shaft • Head - posterior end; articulates vertebrae body • Tubercle - articulates with the transverse process of vertebrae • Costal cartilage - hyaline cartilage
What is the function of the pectoral girdle?
• Supports trunk of body • Protects viscera • Forms pelvic cavity • Provides attachment for lower limbs
What is the thoracic cage?
• The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach the ribs to the sternum. • Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs • Protects viscera • Role in breathing