Unit 1 Exam - Ap World History

Which of the following was a common feature of most Asian and European philosophies during the period of 1000 to 1450? a. A close association with religion b. Emphasis on experimental science c. Reliance on ideas of individual freedom d. Substantial scholarly exchange of ideas among all world cultures e. Wide availability through printed books

a. A close association with religion

Which of the following pairs of belief systems offered opportunities for women to lead monastic lives? a. Buddhism and Christianity b. Buddhism and Judaism c. Confucianism and Hinduism d. Confucianism and Islam e. Hinduism and Islam

a. Buddhism and Christianity

In the period between 1000 to 1450, which of the following were two occupations pursued by large numbers of African and European women? a. Midwife and healer b. Military leader and farmer c. Scribe and tax collector d. Long-distance trader and merchant d. Metalworker and textile manufacturer

a. Midwife and healer

THE TRIUMPH OF DEATH, ANONYMOUS PAINTING FROM FIFTEENTH-CENTURY SICILY The figures in the foreground represent the clergy, nobility, and townspeople. Developments such as the one depicted in the painting most directly contributed to which of the following in Afro-Eurasia in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? a. Creation of diasporic merchant communities b. Peasant revolts against taxation and coercive labor systems c. An increase of religious tolerance d. An expansion of Mongol power

b. Peasant revolts against taxation and coercive labor systems

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of Islam i Southeast Asia in the period circa 1250-1500 C.E.? a. The religious zeal of Muslim soldiers willing to die to spread Islam b. The activities of Muslims traders and Sufi missionaries c. The relative lack of interest in Islam among Hindus and Buddhists d. Muslim rulers' policy of toleration of all religions practices in their realms

b. The activities of Muslims traders and Sufi missionaries

I am imperishable time; The Creator whose face is everywhere; Death that devours all things; The source of all things to come The god Krishna speaks, Bhagavad Gita, Vedic sacred text, circa fifth century to second century B.C.E. The excerpt above best represents which aspect of Hinduism? a. The desire to escape worldly suffering b. The cyclical nature of death and rebirth c. The belief in karma d. The importance of caste

b. The cyclical nature of death and rebirth

Inca and Aztec societies were similar in that both a. developed from Mayan civilization b. acquired empires by means of military conquest c. independently developed iron technology d. depended entirely on oral record keeping e. had no system of regional trade

b. acquired empires by means of military conquest

IMAGE #!: Ivory tip for a king's ceremonial scepter showing a female ancestor spirit, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800 IMAGE #2: Female figure on a crucifix, Kongo, western Africa, circa 1800 Taken together, the two images best support which of the following conclusions? a. New European technologies transformed African artistic traditions. b. African societies that practiced Christianity generally gave women greater political and cultural prominence than did African societies that practiced traditional religions. c. African societies combined a patriarchal power structure with cultural traditions that gave women a prominent place in social and cultural life. d. Women's roles in African societies were shaped by the interaction between Christianity and Islam as the two religions spread in the region.

c. African societies combined a patriarchal power structure with cultural traditions that gave women a prominent place in social and cultural life.

"Scholars have been mesmerized by the huge extent of the present distribution of Bantu languages and could think of only a single process, an equally huge human migration, 'the Bantu expansion,' to explain it.... [This] scenario is fatally flawed, however, for two reasons. First it fell prey to the illusion that only a migration could fit the evidence.... [But] a language can spread without involving the migration of any communities. The second fatal error was to collapse a history which encompassed the developments of one to several millennia into a single migration event. The evidence shows that many different dispersals of single languages succeeded each other at different times, not continuously." - Jan Vansina, historian, "New Linguistic Evidence and 'the Bantu Expansion,'" scholarly article, 1995 All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best support the author's argument in the passage? a. DNA evidence suggests human populations in western, central, and southern Africa share many similar genes. b. Linguistic evidence shows that several small groups in central and southern Africa continue to speak non-Bantu languages. c. Archaeological evidence suggests that iron metallurgy spread across sub-Saharan Africa in several distinct waves, separated by hundreds of years. d. Ethnographic evidence shows that many West African societies share common themes in their cultural and religious traditions.

c. Archaeological evidence suggests that iron metallurgy spread across sub-Saharan Africa in several distinct waves, separated by hundreds of years.

Which of the following has the greatest manufacturing capacity during the time period 1000 to 1450? a. Japan b. India c. China d. Western Europe e. Russia

c. China

"During the reign of the Hebrew king Solomon, son of David, the Ethiopian Queen of Sheba, learning of his reputation for wisdom, came from Ethiopia to see and to hear him. Solomon, who had seven hundred queens as wives, received the Queen of Sheba into their number even though she was black. And when she later bore him a son in Ethiopia, she named him after his grandfather, David. This prince, wishing to receive the blessing of his father, came to Jerusalem when he was 22 years old. Solomon not only recognized him as his son, but had him anointed in the Temple, with all proper royal ceremony, as king of Ethiopia. This is the origin of the emperors of Ethiopia, one thousand years before the incarnation of the Son of God. Thus, when the Son of God became man and took the blood of the descendants of David, he had already given that same blood to the blacks of Ethiopia." Sermon delivered by Antonio Vieira, Portuguese Jesuit priest, to plantation workers in Bahia, Brazil, 1633 Vieira's account of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba draws on which of the following? a. State support for Christianity in the Roman Empire b. Christian rejection of Greek philosophical and religious influences c. Christian adoption and adaptation of Judaic textual sources d. Christian encourage of monasticism as an alternative to marriage

c. Christian adoption and adaptation of Judaic textual sources

Which of the following was the main reason that Buddhist thought had important social implications for South Asia? a. It encouraged larger family size. b. Its followers were incorporated into the Brahman castle. c. It challenged hierarchies based on caste. d. It reinforced the idea of obedience to the emperor as a means to salvation.

c. It challenged hierarchies based on caste.

Which of the following was an important continuity in the social structure of states and empires in the period 600 B.C.E. to 1450 C.E.? a. Peasants were generally free from obligations to the state. b. Wealthy merchants dominated political institutions. c. Landholding aristocracies tended to be the dominant class. d. Urban craft workers played a substantial role in government.

c. Landholding aristocracies tended to be the dominant class.

Which of the following best supports the conclusion that Japan borrowed extensively from Tang and Song China? a. Japan had established a decentralized power structure under a shogun by the eleventh century C.E. b. Warriors or samurai gained substantial power and social status in Japan c. Societal relations in Japan were based on Confucian principles in hierarchy d. The Shinto religion continued to exert strong influence on Japanese culture

c. Societal relations in Japan were based on Confucian principles in hierarchy

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the mit'a system in the Inca Empire? a. To gain tribute in the form of prisoners of war for ritual sacrifice b. To raise a mercenary army to fight the Aztec Empire and Maya city-states c. To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year d. To replace the nuclear family s the basic social unit of Inca society.

c. To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year

Which of the following processes is associated with the spread of Buddhism into Southeast Asia between 200 B.C.E. and 1000 C.E.? a. Growth of a Buddhist warrior class b. Rise of animism c. Transformation of Buddhism after contact with local beliefs d. Opposition from Christian monastic orders

c. Transformation of Buddhism after contact with local beliefs

The founder of Buddhism developed a religion centered on a. regulation of social interactions b. support of the caste system c. elimination of desire and suffering d. monotheism e. belief in heaven

c. elimination of desire and suffering

The mosaic depicts the emperor and empress of the Byzantine Empire presenting the enthroned Jesus of Nazareth with gifts. The mosaic can be used as evidence for all of the following EXCEPT a. the importance of public rituals in imperial societies b. the significance of religious symbolism in Eastern Christian culture c. the decline of patriarchy in imperial societies d. the prominent role of women of the imperial family in Byzantine society.

c. the decline of patriarchy in imperial societies

Which of the following ideas was given to Muslims in the authority of the Qur'an? a. All earthly existence is merely an illusion. b. Muhammad is God. c. The soul ay be reborn in another earthly form after the death of the individual. d. Moses and Jesus were both great prophets sent by God for the benefit of humanity. e. The cow is a sacred animal, and the eating of beef is therefore a sacrilegious and impure act.

d. Moses and Jesus were both great prophets sent by God for the benefit of humanity.

From the founding of each religion, Christians and Muslims shared a belief in a. the principe of separation of church and state b. the legal equality of men and women c. equality in opportunity d. a single omnipotent deity

d. a single omnipotent deity

All of the following were part of the Confucian social order EXCEPT a. loyalty to ruler b. filial obedience to one's father c. respect for the old d. chastity by wives e. chastity by husbands

e. chastity by husbands

The spread of Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by their a. conversion to Islam b. superior naval technology c. use of cavalry d. centralized political systems e. knowledge of agriculture

e. knowledge of agriculture

The Crusades launched by European Christians at the end of the eleventh century were motivated primarily by a. the desire of Italian city-states to seize control of the spice trade from Central Asian and Chinese merchants b. the desire to demonstrate Europe's new technological supremacy over Islam c. resentment toward Islamic missionaries seeking to spread their faith along the Mediterranean d. western European fears that Byzantium and the Muslim kings would launch a military attack against western Europe e. papal efforts to unite western European rulers and nobles in support of the papacy

e. papal efforts to unite western European rulers and nobles in support of the papacy

Who was Charlesmagne?

- Roman emperor - death caused split, causing regional monarchies and absence of a strong bureaucracy

Explain how the Sudiata helped develop and expand the Mali state.

- created unified state - basic rules/relationships - outline of government for empire - security of merchants + goods

"In the twelfth year of his reign, to regulate foreign trade, Song Emperor Taizu [972 C.E.] decided to appoint a superintendent of maritime trade in the southern port city of Guangzhou, and afterward other superintendents in the ports of Hangzhou and Mingzhou as well. The emperor then appointed another superintendent to oversee the activities of all Arab, Sumatran, Javanese, Bornean, Philippine, and mainland Southeast Asian barbarians whose trade passed through China. These maritime merchants, both Chinese and barbarian, would usually take from China the following goods: gold, silver, strings of coins, lead, tin, many-colored silk, and porcelain. They would usually bring into China spices and aromatics, rhinoceros horn, ivory, coral, embers, pearls, fine steel, sea turtle leather, tortoise shell, gemstones, foreign cloth, ebony wood, and other such things." Identify ONE claim made in the passage about the policies of Chinese rulers.

- superintendents appointed by the emperor; oversees ports + activities of ... - controlling trade in China

Explain one way the Aztecs changed over time.

- tribute empire; empire-living god - local rulers - gap between nobility and commoners grew, as empire grew - social distinctions - new class of workers

Identify one way the Aztec state developed.

- established in Tenochtitlan - secure base, involved in regional politics - independent power - creating alliances

What steps did the Mali Empire take to increase commerce and trade?

- garrisons, security of trades and goods

Identify ONE way that the Tang/Song adapted and shaped the environment around them.

- irrigation + embankment systems, champa rice (Vietnam), canals, manure, thorough soil preparation + weeding

Identify ONE way that Tang/Song innovations during this time period resulted in increased efficiency.

- junk ships for long distance trade - wheelbarrow - water control techniques

"In the twelfth year of his reign, to regulate foreign trade, Song Emperor Taizu [972 C.E.] decided to appoint a superintendent of maritime trade in the southern port city of Guangzhou, and afterward other superintendents in the ports of Hangzhou and Mingzhou as well. The emperor then appointed another superintendent to oversee the activities of all Arab, Sumatran, Javanese, Bornean, Philippine, and mainland Southeast Asian barbarians whose trade passed through China. These maritime merchants, both Chinese and barbarian, would usually take from China the following goods: gold, silver, strings of coins, lead, tin, many-colored silk, and porcelain. They would usually bring into China spices and aromatics, rhinoceros horn, ivory, coral, embers, pearls, fine steel, sea turtle leather, tortoise shell, gemstones, foreign cloth, ebony wood, and other such things." Identify ONE way in which the passage illustrates economic development of China under the Song dynasty.

- many countries passed through - luxury goods - trading relations with other countries/empires

Identify one way the Inca state developed.

- military alliances + campaigns brought control - state bureaucracy - conquered people - did not demand tribute - empire divided into provinces

Identify ONE way the Tang/Song produced and exchanged goods and services.

- overseas w/ junkships - reopened silk routes between China and Persia

What effect did the creation of garrisons have on the Mali Empire?

- protected the empire with its travel and trade, increased commerce

"Mulan weaves, facing the door. You could hear daughter's sighs. They ask daughter who's in her heart, They ask daughter who's on her mind. 'No one is in daughter's heart, No one is on daughter's mind. Last night I saw the draft posters, The Son of Heaven, the great Khan, is calling many troops, The army list is in twelve scrolls, On every scroll there's father's name. Father [is too old and] has no grown-up son, I have no elder brother. I want to buy a saddle and horse, And serve in the army in father's place.' At dawn she takes her leave of the Yellow River, In the evening she arrives at Black Mountain. She doesn't hear the sound of father and mother calling, She goes ten thousand miles on the business of war..." - Courtesy of Yale University Press, The Ballad of Mulan, a Chinese epic poem, 500 C.E. A historian would most likely use the ballad as evidence of which of the following? a. Challenges to traditional gender roles in premodern China b. The rejection of Chinese institutions by nomads c. The spread of Buddhism into China d. Fluctuations in the production of luxury goods in China because of domestic conflict

a. Challenges to traditional gender roles in premodern China

Which of the following governments filled the positions in the bureaucracy by means of merit examinations? a. China under Tang b. China under Mao Zedong c. The Byzantine Empire d. Feudal monarchies in western Europe d. The Roman Empire

a. China under Tang

"O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair. My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared. My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!" - Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara's conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378. Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph? a. Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River. b. Wild animals destroyed Madurai's Hindu temple. c. The Kaveri River flooded and destroyed the city of Madurai. d. The city of Madurai's Hindu temple was renowned for its beauty.

a. Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River.

"Emperor Zhengzong, being deeply concerned with agriculture, came to know that the Champa rice was drought resistant and that the green lentils of India were famous for their heavy yield and large seeds. Special envoys, bringing precious things, were dispatched with a view to securing these varieties... When the first harvests were reaped in the autumn, the emperor called his closest ministers to taste them and compose poems for Champa rice and Indian green lentils." - Shu Wenying, Buddhist monk, China eleventh century C.E. The activities of the state described in the passage are consistent with which of the following Song dynasty policies? a. Increasing state investment in economic development, such as improving the Grand Canal State-sponsored maritime expeditions in the Indian Ocean, such as those led by Zheng He b. Tribute exchanged with Central Asian peoples, such as Mongols c. Revival of traditional Chinese forms of learning, Such as Neoconfucianism

a. Increasing state investment in economic development, such as improving the Grand Canal State-sponsored maritime expeditions in the Indian Ocean, such as those led by Zheng He

Which of the following statements regarding the tenets of aIslam is accurate? a. Islam is a monotheistic religion. b. Muslims worship Muhammad. c. Pilgrimage to Mecca commemorates the birth of Muhammad. d. The Qur'an is meant to supplement Jewish and Christian scriptures. e. Friday is an obligatory date of rest for Muslims.

a. Islam is a monotheistic religion.

MARIA, COUNTESS OF BÉARN,* ACCOMPANIED BY SEVEN OF HER MALE COURTIERS, SWEARS HOMAGE TO HER OVERLORD, KING ALFONSO II OF ARAGON, ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED FOR THE ROYAL COURT OF ARAGON CIRCA 1175 C.E. In Europe, political relationships of the type depicted in the image emerged most directly on account of which of the following developments? a. Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords b. Local elites' desire to expand the commercial power of local towns c. Local elites' need for military assistance to eliminate religious heresies d. Local elites' desire to attract new settlers to their territories

a. Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords

Which of the following provides the best evidence of the extent of the migrations of Bantu peoples? a. Similarities in languages b. Similarities of political structures c. Continuity of religious organizations d. Archaeological remains of religious buildings

a. Similarities in languages

The developments shown on the map were most likely an effect of which of the following? a. The migration of bantu-speaking peoples b. The spread of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa c. The development of the trading cities of the Swahili coast d. The beginnings of European exploration of the Indian Ocean

a. The migration of bantu-speaking peoples

"Lu Hui's parents died when he was young and he was brought up in his mother's family. His uncle often encouraged him to take the imperial examination. Uprisings, however, prevented Lu from being able to take the examinations. Unable to make a living, Lu became a poor wandering student. One day, Zheng Xu, who was a high-ranked government official, offered to make arrangements that would allow Lu to bypass the exams and advance himself with Zheng's support. Zheng tried to tempt Lu to skirt the rules, saying, 'How long can a man live? If there is a shortcut to riches and fame, why insist on going through examinations?' But Lu firmly refused the offer saying, 'Our great nation has established the examination system for the outstanding and the talented. My uncle always taught me to take the examinations and I cannot bring myself to break our agreement. If I have to die as a mere student, it is my fate. But I will not change my mind for the sake of wealth.' When Zheng saw Lu's determination, he respected him even more than before. Another ten years passed before Lu finally passed the examination. He died as one of the highest officials in the whole empire." - Wang Dingbao, government official in the regional state established after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, Selected Stories From the Time of the Tang, a collection of biographies, written circa 940 C.E. Based on the passage, which of the following was the most likely reason that Wang Dingbao chose to record the story of Lu Hui? a. To offer an example of proper social behavior for others to follow b. To caution against the excesses of wealth accumulation c. To illustrate the cultural differences between China and its nomadic neighbors d. To praise the rules of the regional state in which he lived

a. To offer an example of proper social behavior for others to follow

"I, Edward, by the grace of God king of England, sent this decree to the sheriff of Kent (a region in southeastern England). A great portion of the people of our realm have recently died. Those who survive see that masters need servants, which are scarce, and the servants will not serve unless they receive excessive wages. After consulting with the nobles and clergy, we have decided that every man and woman of our realm of England shall be required to serve his or her lord at the wages that were provided in the year 1346. Merchants, those who belong to craft guilds, and those who own their land are exempt from this rule. The lords are entitled to keep their serfs. If any such serf, man or woman, who is required to serve their lord will not do so, they shall be immediately committed to jail." King Edward III of England, the Statute of Laborers, parliamentary decree, 1351 Imposing labor obligations such as those outlined in the decree often had which of the following short-term effects in medieval European societies? a. Various forms of peasant resistance, including armed revolts b. Resistance form members of the clergy, including movements from religious reform c. Commercialization of agriculture, as small tenant farm were replaced by large plantation d. Replacement of the heredity nobility by a bureaucratic service elite.

a. Various forms of peasant resistance, including armed revolts

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the political systems in western Europe and China during the time period 1000—1300? a. Western Europe developed multiple monarchies, while China maintained a single empire. b. Developments in the legal systems of China emphasized individual political rights, while western Europe concentrated on maritime law. c. Both societies began an aggressive policy of imperialism and territorial expansion. d. Both societies gradually adopted a representative democratic system. e. Both regions experienced Mongol imperial rule.

a. Western Europe developed multiple monarchies, while China maintained a single empire.

Judaism is based on the belief in a. a covenant between God and the Hebrew people b. nature as a life force in an orderly and just universe c. faith alone with a few rituals or rules of behavior d. a rejection of this world and its cares e. eternal punishment for nonbelievers

a. a covenant between God and the Hebrew people

Ibn Battuta traveled widely across the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa in the fourteenth century. His travels serve as evidence for the a. unifying influence of Islam b. excellent condition of roads in Africa and Asia c. political unity of Africa and Asia d. widespread use of paper money

a. unifying influence of Islam

MARIA, COUNTESS OF BÉARN,* ACCOMPANIED BY SEVEN OF HER MALE COURTIERS, SWEARS HOMAGE TO HER OVERLORD, KING ALFONSO II OF ARAGON, ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED FOR THE ROYAL COURT OF ARAGON CIRCA 1175 C.E. The image most directly illustrates which of the following features of the political development of medieval Europe? a. Its bureaucratization, as European rulers developed sophisticated systems of record keeping to strengthen their authority. b. Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates. c. Its reliance on Roman traditions, as European rulers used ancient customs to demonstrate their legitimacy. d. Its ethnic and cultural diversity, as European rulers granted ethnic and religious groups the right to use their own laws and traditions.

b. Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates.

"The commercial area of the capital extends from the old Qing River market to the Southern Commons and to the city border on the north ... Some famous fabric stores sell exquisite brocade fabric and fine silk, which are unsurpassed elsewhere in the country... Most other cities can only boast of one special product; what makes the capital unique is that it gathers goods from all places. Furthermore, because of the large population and the busy commercial traffic, there is a demand for everything." - Description of Hangzhou, capital of the southern Song dynasty, circa 1235 C.E. Which of the following assertions in the description of Hangzhou above would be the most difficult to verify? a. That Hangzhou had a large population b. Merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities c. That the merchants of Hangzhou imported goods from many other places d. That Hangzhou had a large market district

b. Merchandise sold in Hangzhou was of higher quality than that sold in other Chinese cities

"Scholars have been mesmerized by the huge extent of the present distribution of Bantu languages and could think of only a single process, an equally huge human migration, 'the Bantu expansion,' to explain it.... [This] scenario is fatally flawed, however, for two reasons. First it fell prey to the illusion that only a migration could fit the evidence.... [But] a language can spread without involving the migration of any communities. The second fatal error was to collapse a history which encompassed the developments of one to several millennia into a single migration event. The evidence shows that many different dispersals of single languages succeeded each other at different times, not continuously." - Jan Vansina, historian, "New Linguistic Evidence and 'the Bantu Expansion,'" scholarly article, 1995 In addition to languages, the peoples discussed in the passage are credited with the diffusion of which of the following in sub-Saharan Africa? a. Monumental architecture b. New agricultural technniques c. Nomadism d. Writing systems

b. New agricultural techniques

"The evil-disposed in these districts [of England] began to rise, saying, they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no slaves, and that no one ought to be treated as such. . . . This they would not longer bear, but had determined to be free, and if they labored for their lords, they wanted to be paid for it. A crazy priest in the county of Kent, called John Ball, who for his absurd preaching, had been thrice confined in prison, inflamed those ideas. He would say: 'Are we not all descended from the same parents, Adam and Eve? and what can the lords show, or what reasons give, why they should be more the masters than ourselves?' " Jean Froissart, account of a peasant revolt in England, 1381 The description of the peasant revolt best supports which of the following conclusions? a. Peasants were hostile to the idea of wage labor. b. Peasants used religious beliefs to justify their resistance. c. Peasant demands for equality were supported by the highest levels of religious leaders. d. Peasant revolts were more frequent in England than elsewhere in this period.

b. Peasants used religious beliefs to justify their resistance.

Renaissance Italy and the Islamic Middle East after the decline of the 'Abbasid Empire in the mid-tenth century are important examples of which of the following? a. Political unity and cultural creativity b. Political fragmentation and cultural creativity c. Political unity and the decline of religion d. Political fragmentation and the decline of religion e. Political unity and the rise of secularism

b. Political fragmentation and cultural creativity

"Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur'an." - Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E. Based on the passage, which of the following most strongly influenced Dara Shikoh's religious views? a. Shi'ism b. Sufism c. Buddhism d. Zoroastrianism

b. Sufism

"One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed. When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway's route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest." - Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author most directly use to support his argument about the king of Spain following the Inca method of highway construction? a. The Inca rulers constructed roads to help complete conquests. b. The Inca rulers only had to command their officials to construct a highway, and it was completed quickly. c. The Inca rulers clearly marked their kingdom with boundaries. d. The Inca rulers could acquire specialized tools to cut through mountains.

b. The Inca rulers only had to command their officials to construct a highway, and it was completed quickly.

"O King! The city of Madurai was famed for its sweet beauty, but has now become the city of wild animals since the Muslims conquered it [in 1335]. Its famed Hindu temple has been reduced to rubble. The mighty Kaveri River used to flow in its proper channels because our noble Hindu rulers of the past had curbed it with dams. But now, the river flows without discipline like her new Muslim lords because the dams have been damaged beyond repair. My Lord, it is hard to say whether we get more troubled by hearing the owls that now live in our abandoned gardens, or get more perturbed by the Persian language uttered by the pet-parrots from the houses of the Muslims. There is no agriculture left, as the angry Lord Indra* has stopped sending rains. My King! The Vedas have disappeared. With dharma gone, character and nobleness have disappeared. My king, this sword that you hold is now placed into your lotus-hands by divine providence. Take it and without further delay uproot from my lands this Muslim kingdom. Go forth my dear Lord, win your victory, and establish One Hundred Victory Pillars!" - Speech of a female petitioner from the South Indian city of Madurai made at the court of the king of Vijayanagara, a Hindu empire in South India. The speech is recorded in a fourteenth-century poem written by a princess of Vijayanagara describing Vijayanagara's conquest of the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in 1378. A historian would most likely cite which of the following claims made in the second paragraph to demonstrate that Hindu teachings influenced the development of South Asian societies? a. There is no agriculture left because Indra now supports the Muslims. b. The absence of dharma has cause nobleness and character to disappear. c. The Hindu citizens of Madurai are perturbed by hearing parrots speaking Persian. d. The Hindu citizens of Madurai protect the owls in their gardens because they are considered to be sacred birds.

b. The absence of dharma has cause nobleness and character to disappear.

Source: Map based on data from Duncan Miller, "Smelter and Smith: Iron Age Metal Fabrication Technology in Southern Africa," Journal of Archaeological Science 29 (2002), pp. 1083-1131. All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which would best help determine whether the map accurately represents the process of the spread of iron metallurgy in southern Africa? a. Iron was the only metal that was smelted at the archaeological sites shown on the map, even though there are large sources of copper ore in the region. b. The archaeological sites shown on the map are representative of the locations and dates of all archaeological sites in the region that have evidence of ancient iron smelting. c. Ironsmiths enjoy a high social status in many traditional African societies, and iron objects were often associated with kingship or other forms of political power. d. There is evidence that at least three of the archaeological sites shown on the map—Great Zimbabwe, Mapungubwe, and Thulamela—were capital cities of independent states.

b. The archaeological sites shown on the map are representative of the locations and dates of all archaeological sites in the region that have evidence of ancient iron smelting.

"Let the blessings of Allah be upon Muhammad and his companions universally. In the year 1640 C.E. I wanted to behold the mystics of every sect, to hear the lofty expressions of monotheism, and to cast my eyes upon many books of mysticism. I, therefore, examined the Book of Moses, the Gospels, and the Psalms. Among the Hindus, the best of their heavenly books, which contain all the secrets of pure monotheism, are called the Upanishads. Because I do not know Sanskrit, I wanted to make an exact and literal translation of the Upanishads into Persian*. For the Upanishads are a treasure of monotheism and there are few thoroughly conversant with them even among the Indians. Thereby I also wanted to make the texts accessible to Muslims. I assembled Hindu scholars and ascetics to help with the translation. Every sublime topic that I had desired or thought and had looked for and not found, I obtained from these most ancient books, the source and the fountainhead of the ocean of religious unity, in conformity with the holy Qur'an." - Dara Shikoh, son of the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan, account of the translation of the Upanishads into Persian, 1657 C.E. Dara Shikoh's views about the value of the Upanishads, as expressed in the second paragraph, are most likely based on which of the following features of Hinduism? a. The belief in the cycle of rebirth b. The belief in an ultimate universal principle c. The belief in numerous gods and goddesses d. The belief in the potential for the liberation of the soul

b. The belief in an ultimate universal principle

Which of the following describes a major effect of the Bantu migrations? a. The spread of Islam across sub-Saharan Africa b. The diffusion of iron metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa c. The introduction of banana cultivation in East Africa d. The success of hunter-foraging in sub-Saharan Africa

b. The diffusion of iron metallurgy in sub-Saharan Africa

"Between the eighth and tenth centuries Arabs brought back from India a variety of crops that they then began cultivating in the Middle East. These included staple crops such as hard wheat, rice, sugarcane, and new varieties of sorghum; fruits such as banana, sour orange, lemon, lime, mango, watermelon, and the coconut palm; vegetables such as spinach, artichoke, and eggplant; and the key industrial crop, cotton. From Iraq, many of these crops then spread westward all the way to Muslim Spain, which was transformed into a veritable garden under Muslim rule. Other crops passed by ship from southern Arabia to East Africa, while still others moved by caravan from northwest Africa across the Sahara to tropical West Africa. This was especially true for cotton, whose diffusion in Africa directly paralleled the spread of Islam itself." - Richard Eaton, United States historian of South Asia, "Islamic History as Global History", 1990 Which of the following political contexts most directly led to the developments in Afro-Euroasia described in the passage? a. The collapse of the Gupta Empire b. The expansion of the Islamic caliphates c. The Crusades d. The creation of the Mughal Empire

b. The expansion of the Islamic caliphates

"If it were asked, why do we accept the theory of contagion, when already the divine law has refuted the notion of contagion, we will answer: The existence, deduction, the senses, observation, and by unanimous reports. And it is not a secret to whoever has looked into this matter or has come to be aware of it that those who come into contact with plague patients mostly die, while those who do not come into contact survive. And amidst the horrible afflictions that the plague has imposed upon the people, God has afflicted the people with some learned religious scholars who issue fatwas against fleeing the plague. as that the quills with which the scholars wrote these fatwas were like swords upon which the Muslims died. In conclusion, to ignore the proofs of plague contagion is an indecency and a affront to God and holds cheap the lives of Muslims." - Lisan al-Din Ibn al-Khatib, "A Very Useful Inquiry into the Horrible Sickness", Granada, Spain, 1349-1352 The passage by al-Khatib best illustrates which of the following? a. The literacy tradition of long-distance travelers in the Islamic world b. The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain c. The impact of Christian attempts to reconquer Spain from the Muslims d. The efforts of Islamic missionaries to spread their faith along trade routes.

b. The growth of scientific thought and innovation in Muslim Spain

"One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed. When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway's route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest." - Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553 Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the author's arguments about the quality of the highways described in the passage? a. They were built by men with tools. b. They were very broad, and some extended across the entire kingdom. c. There were many roads throughout the kingdom. d. Their construction was supervised by government officials.

b. They were very broad, and some extended across the entire kingdom.

"The evil-disposed in these districts [of England] began to rise, saying, they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no slaves, and that no one ought to be treated as such. . . . This they would not longer bear, but had determined to be free, and if they labored for their lords, they wanted to be paid for it. A crazy priest in the county of Kent, called John Ball, who for his absurd preaching, had been thrice confined in prison, inflamed those ideas. He would say: 'Are we not all descended from the same parents, Adam and Eve? and what can the lords show, or what reasons give, why they should be more the masters than ourselves?' " Jean Froissart, account of a peasant revolt in England, 1381 The point of view of the author can best be described as a. sympathetic to the peasants b. hostile to the peasants c. indifferent to the peasants' grievances d. sympathetic to the leaders of the revolt

b. hostile to the peasants

"The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." Terry H. Elkiss, historian, "Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State," article published in African Studies Review, a scholarly journal, 1973. The coexistence of rulers and councils of elders in African states in the period circa 1200-1450 best demonstrates a. an attempt to imitate the feudal governments of European states and East Asian empires b. the influence of indigenous African political practices c. an adaptation to the climatic conditions of the East African coast d. a reflection of the hardships and uncertainties faced by Muslim seaborne traders

b. the influence of indigenous African political practices

"The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." Terry H. Elkiss, historian, "Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State," article published in African Studies Review, a scholarly journal, 1973. The example of an ancient Arabian state that traded extensively and controlled territories on the East African coast can best be used as evidence of a. the contributions of East Africa t the development of Eurasian religions b. the long-term continuities in state building in coastal East Africa c. the importance of the East African coast in the development of African national identities d. the technological and logistical challenges faced by Eurasian merchants trying to reach the East African coast

b. the long-term continuities in state building in coastal East Africa

"At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords. The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it." Jean Froissart, French chronicler, late 1300s All of the following statements are factually accurate. Which most likely explains Froissart's view of the peasants' grievances discussed in the passage? a. Even though he was French, Froissart traveled to England to collect information for his chronicles. b. Peasant revolts were fairly common in medieval Europe. c. History writing in medieval Europe was aimed primarily at elite audiences. d. In addition to his chronicles, Froissart wrote a work of romance based on the legend of King Arthur.

c. History writing in medieval Europe was aimed primarily at elite audiences.

"The East African coast was certainly known to the people of Arabia by the eighth century b.c.e. In fact, the ancient Southern Arabian state of Ausan traded extensively there and may have actually held a portion of the coast. Traders who reached the coast discovered a number of potentially valuable raw materials there. Among these were spices, tortoise shell, coconut oil, ivory, and later, gold and slaves. It was not until almost 1000 c.e., however, that the first important commercial city-states emerged along the coast. These city-states fluctuated in wealth and prestige as they competed for coastal hegemony. Because of their way of life, they tended to have a broad regional perspective. Their destinies and fortunes were at least partly determined in distant lands by foreign merchants and rulers. Information on early political aspects of East African states remains very limited. We know that they had kings or sultans, who wielded a good deal of power. Sultans were advised by councils of princes, elders, and members of the ruling household. It seems probable that the sultan and his close relatives controlled the religious and military offices of the state." Terry H. Elkiss, historian, "Kilwa Kisiwani: The Rise of an East African City-State," article published in African Studies Review, a scholarly journal, 1973. The interregional connections of states such as those on the East African coast can best be used as an illustration of the continued importance of which of the following? a. International diplomacy b. Polytheistic religions c. Long-distance trade d. Patriarchal gender norms

c. Long-distance trade

Which of the following developments best explains why many historians argue that the Song dynasty period (960-1279 C.E.) was pivotal in the development of China as an economic world power? a. The widespread use of gunpowder technology in combat began during the Song Period b. The invention of movable-type printing took place during the Song period c. The Neoconfucianism synthesis of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism was completed during the Song period d. China's population doubled and Chinese urban centers experiences massive growth during the Song period.

d. China's population doubled and Chinese urban centers experiences massive growth during the Song period.

Which of the greta religious systems below were characterized by monotheism combined with a sacred text and a strong missionary trust? a. Buddhism and Confucianism b. Buddhism and Hinduism c. Christianity and Judaism d. Christianity and Islam e. Islam and Judaism

d. Christianity and Islam

As Islam spread between 1200 and 1600, it affected gender relations in which of the following ways? a. Women were no longer allowed to be small-scale traders. b. Polygamy became widespread. c. Women became fully equal to men in terms of the right to divorce. d. Existing local customs regarding marriage and the role of women blended with Islamic models.

d. Existing local customs regarding marriage and the role of women blended with Islamic models.

MARIA, COUNTESS OF BÉARN,* ACCOMPANIED BY SEVEN OF HER MALE COURTIERS, SWEARS HOMAGE TO HER OVERLORD, KING ALFONSO II OF ARAGON, ILLUSTRATION IN A MANUSCRIPT PRODUCED FOR THE ROYAL COURT OF ARAGON CIRCA 1175 C.E. The act of the countess of Béarn in the image is most closely identified with which of the following political systems? a. Manorialism b. Serfdom c. Monasticism d. Feudalism

d. Feudalism

The photograph above of Angkor Wat in Cambodia is an example of a. the spread of Islam to Southeast b. the wealth created by the spice trade c. Japanese architecture d. Hindu influence in Southeast Asia e. the Chinese reconquest of Indochina

d. Hindu influence in Southeast Asia

"One of the things that struck me most in Peru was its great, splendid highways, and I wondered how many men it must have required to build them and what tools and instruments were used to level the mountains and cut through the rock to make them as broad and good as they are. It seems to me that if the king of Spain wanted to build a highway from Quito to Cuzco, I do not think that he could do it even with all of his power unless he followed the method that the Inca employed. When an Inca king decided to build one of these highways, all he needed to do was give the command. Then, the inspectors would go through the provinces, laying out the highway's route and assigning Indians to help build the road. In this way, the road was built in a short time from one boundary of the kingdom to the other. The Inca rulers built many of these roads and were so full of pride that when one ruler died, his heir would build his road larger and broader if he intended to set out on a conquest." - Pedro Cieza de León, Spanish soldier and historian, Chronicles of Peru, 1553 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his argument about the pride of Inca rulers in the second paragraph? a. Inca rulers followed the method of dynastic succession for passing political authority from one ruler to another. b. Inca rulers performed religious ceremonies to bless the highways and those who traveled on them. c. Inca rulers had officials assign men form the provinces to construct highways. d. Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests.

d. Inca rulers typically tried to construct bigger and broader highways than their predecessors if they wanted to undertake conquests.

Angkor Wat in Southeast Asia built circa 1100 C.E., shown above, reflects which of the following world historical processes? a. Increased domination of East Asia and Southeast Asia by Arab powers b. The increase in the number of Chinese merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region c. The introduction of Islam across most of Asia d. Increased cross-cultural interactions in the Indian Ocean region

d. Increased cross-cultural interactions in the Indian Ocean region

Which of the following staple crops is most associated with the rise of Mesoamerican civilizations? a. Manioc b. Potatoes c. Beans d. Maize e. Rice

d. Maize

"At that time, there happened great disturbances among the lower ranks of people, by which England was nearly ruined. Never was a country in such jeopardy, and all because some commoners sought to claim liberties to which they were not entitled. It is customary in England, as in other countries, for the nobility to have great privileges over the commoners, who are bound by law and custom to plow the lands of nobles, to harvest the grain, to carry it home to the barn, and to perform various other services for their lords. The evil-disposed in these districts began to rise, saying they were too severely oppressed; that at the beginning of the world there were no unfree people, and that no one ought to be treated as such, unless he had committed treason against his lord, as Lucifer had done against God: but they had done no such thing, for they were men formed after the same likeness as their lords, who treated them like beasts. They could no longer bear this, but had determined to be free. And if they were to do any work for their lords, they demanded to be paid for it." Jean Froissart, French chronicler, late 1300s The events described in the passage represent a reaction against which of the following forms of coerced labor? a. Slavery b. Military conscription c. Indentured servitude d. Serfdom

d. Serfdom

Which of the following best represents a significant change in labor organization from 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.? a. Governments enforced military conscription when faced with external threats d. Enslavement of captured soldiers began throughout Afro-Eurasia c. Government institutions imposed labor taxed on free peasant populations d. Serfdom arose as an alternative form of coerced labor in parts of Europe and East Asia.

d. Serfdom arose as an alternative form of coerced labor in parts of Europe and East Asia.

Which of the following was an important similarity between the role of religion in the Maya city-states in the period of 300—600 C.E. and the role of religion in the Roman state in the period 400 B.C.E.—400 C.E.? a. The governments of both used forced conversion to ensure the loyalty of subject peoples. b. The governments of both were tolerant of all forms of religion practiced within their borders. c. The governments of both focused on vigorous religious education of the youth to ensure subordination of their citizens. d. The governments of both used religious practices in order to legitimize their authority.

d. The governments of both used religious practices in order to legitimize their authority.

Which of the following has been most clearly documented to have been part of the same broader process in sub-Saharan Africa as the developments shown on the map? a. The spread of disease pathogens b. The spread of domesticated horses and camels c. The spread of new types of canoes and sailing boats d. The spread of new agricultural techniques

d. The spread of new agricultural techniques

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share which of the following? a. They are polytheistic religions. b. They recognize the divine nature of certain prophets. c. They revere both Mecca and Jerusalem as pilgrimage sites. d. They recognize the existence of Adam and of Moses. e. They share the Talmud and the Gospels as sacred texts.

d. They recognize the existence of Adam and of Moses.

The term "samurai" describes men in feudal Japan who were most like the men in feudal Europe known as a. lords of the manor b. Catholic bishops c. serfs d. knights e. merchants

d. knights

By 1200 C.E. Improved agricultural technology had spread throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa primarily through the a. development of oxen immune to diseases carried by the tsetse fly b. discovery of gold that provided a means of exchange among group c. expansion of the Sahara Desert, which foster Berber peoples to move south d. migration of Bantu-speaking peoples with their knowledge of ironworking

d. migration of Bantu-speaking peoples with their knowledge of ironworking