UNIT 1 HW & Quizzes
Place the steps of exhalation in the correct order with the first step at the top of the list.
(1) Skeletal muscles especially the diaphragm relax (2) Lungs and thoracic cage recoil (3) Lungs decrease in volume (4) Air pressure in lungs increases (5) Air flows out of the lungs until there is equal pressure between the air in the lungs and the air outside the lungs
Check all of the uses of respiratory measurements. - Distinguish between obstruction and compliance of lungs - Measurement of tissue gas exchange - Diagnosis of respiratory disease - Monitor changes in respiratory impairment - Assess effectiveness of treatment
- Diagnosis of respiratory disease - Monitor changes in respiratory impairment - Assess effectiveness of treatment
Select the volumes that are parts of the vital capacity. Adding these all together will equal the vital capacity. - expiratory reserve volume - tidal volume - inspiratory reserve volume - residual volume - inspiratory capacity
- expiratory reserve volume - tidal volume - inspiratory reserve volume
Select the functions of the upper respiratory tract. - humidify air - filter air - warm air - exchange air
- humidify air - filter air - warm air
With COPD, there is a decreased air flow from the lungs. This could be caused by which of the following reasons? Select all that apply. - inflammation of major and small airways - destruction of the walls between your lungs' air sacs - weakening of the respiratory muscles - excessive mucus production
- inflammation of major and small airways - destruction of the walls between your lungs' air sacs - excessive mucus production
Check the symptoms resulting from either insufficient blood P(O2), increased blood P(CO2), or both. - vasoconstriction of blood vessels - dizziness - tingling of mouth and fingertips - lethargy or sleepiness - polycythemia - cyanotic tissues of skin
- lethargy or sleepiness - polycythemia - cyanotic tissues of skin
Select all of the following that are possible underlying disease for a patient with spirometry results indicating restrictive disorder. - bronchitis - lung fibrosis - asthma - neuromuscular disorder
- lung fibrosis - neuromuscular disorder
Select the structures that are a part of the upper respiratory tract. - trachea - nasal cavity - pharynx - bronchus
- nasal cavity - pharynx
Select the functions of the respiratory system. - remove carbon dioxide from the body - supply the body with oxygen - contribute to acid-base balance - provide energy for the mitochondria
- remove carbon dioxide from the body - supply the body with oxygen - contribute to acid-base balance
What opposing forces generate the pressure found within the pleural cavity (intrapleural pressure)? Select all that apply. - surface tension caused by the serous fluid within the pleural cavity - elastic recoil of the lungs tissue inward - intrapulmonary pressure - atmospheric pressure - outward pull of the thoracic cage
- surface tension caused by the serous fluid within the pleural cavity - elastic recoil of the lungs tissue inward - outward pull of the thoracic cage
Select the structures that are a part of the lower respiratory tract. - trachea - nasal cavity - pharynx - bronchus
- trachea - bronchus
The minimum measurement of the respiratory membrane is around _______ thick. (a) 1 micrometer (b) 0.5 micrometer (c) 5 micrometer (d) 0.1 micrometer
0.5 micrometer
Complete each statement and then place them in the correct order, starting with blood in the alveolus. Assume normal, non-diseased, sea level conditions.
1. A red blood cell arrives in the ALVEOLUS where it is exposed to a P(O₂) of 104 mm Hg. 2. Blood enters the pulmonary vein with close to 100% of the binding sites for oxygen saturated. 3. Arriving at the arterial end of the tissue capillaries, the blood P(O₂) is 95 mm Hg. 4. As RBCs pass through the SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES they experience oxygen unloading and increasing carbonic acid conversion. 5. After passing through the systemic capillary, 75% of the binding sites for oxygen are now bound with oxygen. 6. Returning to the inferior vena cava, the blood is known to have a P(CO₂) of 45 mm Hg. 7. Passing through the pulmonary artery, the P(O₂) is approximately 40 mm Hg.
Match each airflow variable with its definition. 1. FEV1% 2. FVC 3. FEF 25-75
1. Percentage of FVC that is exhaled in the first second 2. Total amount of air forcefully exhaled after full inhalation 3. Measure of the ease of the flow of air through small bronchi and bronchioles
Put the structures that blood passes through into the correct order, beginning with deoxygenated blood leaving the heart.
1. Right Ventricle 2. Pulmonary trunk 3. Pulmonary arteries 4. Pulmonary capillaries 5. Pulmonary venules 6. Pulmonary veins 7. left atrium
Put the processes of gas exchange into the correct order, beginning with inhalation.
1. air is drawn into the lungs 2. Oxygen is transported to body cells by blood. 3. Cells use oxygen and generate carbon dioxide as a waste product. 4. Blood transports carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. 5. The lungs exhale carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Place the respiratory tract components in the order in which air enters the body (top of the list) and flows until it reaches the alveoli.
1. nasal/oral cavity 2. pharynx 3. larynx 4. trachea 5. main bronchi 6. smaller bronchi 7. bronchiole 8. alveoli
If the tidal volume is 375 mL and the anatomical dead space is 150 mL, what is the alveolar ventilation? (a) 0 mL (b) 150 mL (c) 225 mL (d) 375 mL
225 mL
If the tidal volume is 375 mL and the anatomical dead space is increased to from 150 mL to 350 mL, what is the new alveolar ventilation? (a) 375 mL (b) 350 mL (c) 200 mL (d) 25 mL
25 mL
If the alveolar ventilation is (mean tidal volume - 150 mL) * breathing rate, what was the alveolar ventilation immediately after exercise? (a) About 7000 mL. (b) About 10000 mL. (c) About 12000 mL. (d) About 15400 mL.
About 12000 mL.
If the volume of the anatomical dead space volume is about 150 mL, how much fresh air entered the alveoli during each breath when the volunteer was at rest? (a) 0 mL (b) About 300-400 mL. (c) About 600-700 mL. (d) About 150-200 mL.
About 300-400 mL.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Air from the environment is inhaled DIRECTLY into the lungs. The partial pressures of the gases within the alveoli are different from the respective atmospheric partial pressures measured for several reasons: (1) Air from the environment mixes with the air remaining in the ANATOMIC DEAD SPACE in the respiratory tract; (2) OXYGEN diffuses out of the alveoli into the blood, and CARBON DIOXIDE diffuses from the blood into the alveoli; and (3) more WATER VAPOR is present within the alveoli because of the higher humidity there. Consequently, the percentage of oxygen in the alveoli is LOWER and the percentage of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is HIGHER than in the atmosphere.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms provided.
Airflow is a function of two factors: (1) the PRESSURE GRADIENT established between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure, and (2) the RESISTANCE that occurs due to conditions within the airways, lungs, and chest wall. The formula for AIRFLOW is: F= P atm - P alv /R This mathematical expression demonstrates that flow is DIRECTLY related to the pressure gradient between atmosphere and lungs and INVERSELY related to resistance. If the pressure gradient increases, then airflow into the lungs increases, but if the pressure gradient DECREASES, airflow into the lungs lessens (assuming resistance remains the same).
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
All the factors that make it more difficult to move air from the atmosphere through the respiratory passageway into the alveoli is RESISTANCE. If the volume change in the thoracic cavity increases it will cause a(n) DECREASE in intrapulmonary pressure. Airflow into the lungs occurs because a PRESSURE GRADIENT is established between atmospheric pressure and intrapulmonary pressure. A decrease in ELASTICITY of the chest wall and lungs results in an increase in resistance. Resistance is decreased with stimulation by the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM and the subsequent release of EPINEPHRINE from the adrenal medulla.
Physiologic dead space (a) Air in the alveoli + air in the conducting zone (b) Anatomic dead space + lost alveoli (c) Anatomic dead space + air in the respiratory zone (d) Anatomic dead space + air in the alveoli
Anatomic dead space + lost alveoli
Look at the two curves on your graph, about one-third of the way from zero mark on the horizontal axis (a PO2 value around 50 mm Hg). What can be deduced about the effect of DPG on the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin at this point? (a) Blood with DPG has more oxygen bound to hemoglobin. (b) Blood with DPG has the same amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin. (c) Blood with DPG has less oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
Blood with DPG has less oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
Look at the two curves on your graph, about two-thirds of the way from zero mark on the horizontal axis (a PO2 value around 100 mm Hg). What can be deduced about the effect of DPG on the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin at this point? (a) Blood with DPG has more oxygen bound to hemoglobin. (b) Blood with DPG has the same amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin. (c) Blood with DPG has less oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
Blood with DPG has less oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
Look at the curves on your graph, about one-third of the way from zero mark on the horizontal axis (a PO2 value around 50 mm Hg). What can be deduced about transmittance at this point? (a) Blood with a lower pH has a lower transmittance value ("color"). (b) Blood with a lower pH has the same transmittance value ("color"). (c) Blood with a lower pH has a higher transmittance value ("color").
Blood with a lower pH has a lower transmittance value ("color").
Look at the curves on your graph, about one-third of the way from the zero mark on the horizontal axis (a PO2 value around 50 mmHg). What can be deduced about the effect of pH on the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin at this point? (a) Blood with a lower pH has more oxygen bound to hemoglobin. (b) Blood with a lower pH has the same amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin. (c) Blood with a lower pH has less oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
Blood with a lower pH has less oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided.
During pulmonary gas exchange, blood P(CO₂) DECREASES FROM 45 TO 40 mm Hg. During tissue gas exchange, blood P(CO₂) INCREASES 40 TO 45 mm Hg. Blood P(O₂) iINCREASES FROM 40 TO 104 mm Hg during pulmonary gas exchange, and blood P(O₂) DECREASES FROM 95 TO 40 mm Hg during tissue gas exchange. Bronchial veins dump small amounts of deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary veins and the blood P(O₂) DECREASES FROM 104 to 95 mm Hg.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Emphysema is an irreversible loss of PULMONARY gas exchange areas due to inflammation of the TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES and alveoli, in conjunction with widespread destruction of pulmonary elastic connective tissue. These combined events lead to a(an) INCREASE in the diameter of individual alveoli and merging of individual alveoli with others. The result is a(an) DECREASE in the total number of alveoli, and the subsequent loss of gas exchange surface area. A person with advanced emphysema is unable to EXPIRE effectively and oxygen-poor air builds up within the abnormally large alveoli. Most cases of emphysema result from damage caused by SMOKING.
Look at your data. How did exercise change the expiratory reserve volume? (a) Exercise decreased the expiratory reserve volume. (b) Exercise did not change the expiratory reserve volume. (c) Exercise increased the expiratory reserve volume.
Exercise decreased the expiratory reserve volume.
How is the vital capacity calculated? a) Inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory volume b) Inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume c) Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume d) Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume e) Respiratory volume + tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
If someone can exhale forcefully for a short moment and then produces a weak stream of air with lots of wheezing the (a) FEF25-75 will be low. (b) FEF25-75 will be high. (c) FVC will be below normal. (d) FEV1% will be high.
FEF25-75 will be low.
Fill in the paragraph with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Forced expiratory volume is the percentage of the VITAL CAPACITY that can be expelled in a specific period of time. This value is obtained by inspiring as much air as possible and then expelling the air from the lungs AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE. Individuals with decreased ability to expire typically exhibit DECREASED FEV values. Maximum voluntary ventilation is the greatest amount of air that can be taken into, and then expelled from, the lungs IN 1 MINUTE.
Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume = _______ Capacity. (a) Inspiratory (b) Total Lung (c) Functional Residual (d) Vital
Functional Residual
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
HYPOVENTILATION is breathing that is either too slow (called BRADYPNEA) or too shallow (called HYPOPNEA) to adequately meet the metabolic needs of the body. Oxygen levels decrease and carbon dioxide levels increase in the alveoli. This results in SMALLER partial pressure gradients between the alveoli and blood for both O2 and CO2. Lower amounts of oxygen diffuse from the alveoli into the blood, and blood P(O2) decreases. This is a condition called HYPOXIA. Lower amounts of carbon dioxide diffuse from the blood into the alveoli. This causes blood P(CO2) to increase, a condition called HYPERCAPNIA. High blood P(CO2) may result in an increase in blood H+ concentration. This shift may lead to RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Henry's law pointed out that the SOLUBILITY COEFFICIENT OF OXYGEN is very low. This means that only small amounts of oxygen are dissolved in the plasma. Consequently, about 98% of the oxygen in the blood must be transported within ERYTHROCYTES where it attaches to the IRON within hemoglobin molecules. Oxygen bound to hemoglobin is referred to as OXYHEMOGLOBIN. Hemoglobin without bound oxygen is called DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Hyperventilation causes P(O2) levels to increase and P(CO2) levels to decrease in the alveoli. This INCREASES the partial pressure gradients between the alveoli and the blood for both P(O2) and P(CO2). These changes affect the blood as follows: (1) Additional OXYGEN does not enter the blood despite the steeper P(O2) gradient because hemoglobin is generally 98% saturated even during quiet breathing. (2) However, additional CARBON DIOXIDE leaves the blood to enter the alveoli due to a steeper P(CO2) gradient. Low P(CO2) causes VASOCONSTRICTION of blood vessels. One result of hyperventilation is DECREASED oxygen delivery to the brain due to this generalized alteration in blood vessel diameter. Low P(CO2) may also result in a decrease in blood HYDROGEN ION concentration, if the body's buffering capacity is exceeded. This may result in RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS.
Classify each event as associated with inspiration or expiration.
INSPIRATION CHANGES: - contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals - pleural cavity volume increases and pressure decreases -Alveolar volume increases and pressure decreases - air movement into the lungs EXPIRATION CHANGES: - Relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals - pleural cavity volume decreases and pressure increases - alveolar volume decreases and pressure increases - Air movement out of the lungs
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Individuals with emphysema, lung cancer, or tuberculosis, or that have survived surgical removal of a lung, have decreased numbers of alveoli and therefore DECREASED surface area for gas exchange. Individuals with pneumonia or those with congestive heart failure of the left side of the heart are at risk for fluid buildup, resulting in a THICKER respiratory membrane. Finally, individuals with NARROWING of air passageways from bronchitis or asthma, or those with obstructed blood flow from a pulmonary embolism, may experience impaired ventilation-perfusion coupling due to decreased ventilation of ALVEOLI, or decreased blood flow into the PULMONARY CAPILLARIES. These disease conditions result in a decrease in blood P(O₂) as less OXYGEN enters the blood and an increase in blood P(CO₂) as more CARBON DIOXIDE remains in the blood.
Fill in the terms to complete the statements. Not all terms will be used.
Ligaments that attach to the larynx and extend to the hyoid bone and trachea are EXTRINSIC ligaments. The intrinsic ligaments composed of elastic connective tissue that extend between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages are VOCAL ligaments. Vocal folds are called the TRUE vocal cords because they produce sound when air passes between them. The opening between the vocal folds is called the RIMA GLOTTIDIS, or glottis.
The trachea is part of the _______ respiratory tract. - Lower - Upper
Lower
If one inspires through their nose, which of the following answers has the correct order of structures the air would move through? (a) Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus (b) Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus (c) Nares → Nasal Cavity → Vestibule → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus (d) Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
Nares → Vestibule → Nasal Cavity → Nasopharynx → Oropharynx → Laryngopharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchus → Secondary Bronchus → Tertiary Bronchus → Bronchiole → Terminal Bronchiole → Respiratory Bronchiole → Alveolar Duct → Alveolar Sac → Alveolus
Classify the item with the correct region of the nasal cavity.
Nasal Vestibule: - skin - vibrissae Olfactory region: - olfactory receptors - detection of odors Respiratory Region: -Extensive vascularity in lamina propria - drainage of nasolacrimal ducts
Do you think that breathing through the plastic tube changed the amount of effort put into the process of breathing? (a) Yes, it significantly increased the effort. (b) No, it should not significantly change the effort. (c) Yes, it significantly decreased the effort.
No, it should not significantly change the effort.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
Only the air reaching the ALVEOLI is available for gas exchange. When air is moved from the atmosphere into the respiratory tract, a portion of it remains in the CONDUCTING ZONE. This collective space, where there is no exchange of respiratory gases, is referred to as the ANATOMIC DEAD SPACE, and it has an average volume of approximately 150 mL.The normal anatomic dead space plus any loss of alveoli is the PHYSIOLOGIC DEAD SPACE. The usual loss of alveoli is minimal in a healthy individual, so the anatomic dead space is EQUIVALENT TO the physiologic dead space.
Place the respiratory structures below in the order that air would pass through them as it moves from the outside to the inside of the body.
Outside the body Primary bronchus Secondary bronchus Tertiary Bronchus Terminal Bronchioles Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs Alveoli Inside the Body
Place the respiratory structures below in the order that air would pass through them as it moves from the outside to the inside of the body.
Outside the body 1. Nasal cavity 2. Nasopharynx 3. Oropharynx 4. Laryngopharynx 5. Larynx 6. Trachea Inside the body
Fill in the blanks with the given terms. Not all terms will be used.
Oxygen is released from hemoglobin while traveling through SYSTEMIC capillaries to supply the needs of the body's tissues. Hemoglobin in the blood is 98%saturated with oxygen as it leaves the lungs, and then after it flows through the systemic capillaries during resting conditions it is still relatively saturated with oxygen at approximately 75%.The amount of oxygen that remains bound to the hemoglobin after passing through the systemic capillaries is referred to as the OXYGEN RESERVE. This provides a means for additional oxygen to be delivered to cells under INCREASED metabolic demands.
Boyle's Law states that (a) P1V1 = P2V1. (b) P1V2 = P2V1. (c) P1V1 = P2V2. (d) P1V2 = P2V2. (e) P2V1 = P1V2.
P1V1 = P2V2.
Classify the items into the correct category.
Pulmonary Gas Exchange: - Exchange or respiratory gases between alveoli in lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries - Blood P(O2) increases from 40 to 104 mmHG. - Blood P(CO2) decreases from 45 to 40 mmHg Tissue Gas Exchange: - Exchange of respiratory gases between tissue cells and blood in systemic capillaries - Blood P(O2) decreases from 95 to 40 mmHg. - Blood P(CO2) increases from 40 to 45 mmHg.
If no other forces were acting on the lungs, they would collapse. What is the reason for this? (a) The Elastic tissue content of the lung (b) the negative intrapleural pressure relative to intrapulmonary pressure (c) A partial vacuum created in the intrapulmonary cavity
The Elastic tissue content of the lung
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all labels will be used.
The P(O₂) in the alveoli is 104 mm Hg, and the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a P(O₂) of 40 mm Hg. This allows OXYGEN to diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries because of the P(O₂) partial pressure gradient. The P(O₂) in the alveoli REMAINS CONSTANT because oxygen is continuously entering the alveoli through the respiratory passageways.The P(CO₂) in the alveoli is 40 mm Hg and that of the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries is 45 mm Hg. This causes CARBON DIOXIDE to diffuse down its partial pressure gradient from the blood into the alveoli.
Fill in blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
The P(O₂) in the tissue cells is 40 mm Hg. The blood as it enters the surrounding systemic capillaries has a P(O₂) of 95 mm Hg. Therefore, oxygen diffuses OUT OF the systemic capillaries DOWN its partial pressure gradient into the cells. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide is diffusing in the opposite direction. The P(CO₂) in tissue cells is 45mm Hg, and the blood entering the systemic capillaries is 40 mm Hg. Carbon dioxide diffuses DOWN its partial pressure gradient from the cells into the blood until blood P(CO₂) is 45 mm Hg.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms. Not all terms will be used.
The PLEURAL cavity is located between the visceral and parietal serous membrane layers. When the lungs are fully inflated, this cavity is considered a POTENTIAL SPACE because the visceral and parietal pleurae are almost in contact with each other. An oily, SEROUS FLUID is produced by the membranes and covers their surface within the pleural cavity. This oily substance is drained continuously by lymph vessels within the VISCERAL PLEURA.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms. Not all terms will be used.
The PULMONARY circulation conducts blood to and from the gas exchange surfaces of the lungs. Pulmonary ARTERIES carry deoxygenated blood to pulmonary capillaries within the lungs The deoxygenated blood that enters these capillaries is reoxygenated here before it returns to the LEFT ATRIUM. The BRONCHIAL circulation is a component of the systemic circulation and transports oxygenated blood to the tissues of the lungs. Bronchial VEINS collect blood from capillary beds that supply structures in the bronchial tree. Some of this DEOXYGENATED blood drains into the pulmonary veins. Consequently, blood exiting the lungs via the pulmonary veins is slightly less OXYGENATED than the blood that leaves the pulmonary capillaries.
Complete each sentence with the correct word.
The RESIDUAL VOLUME is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the TIDAL VOLUME. After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the VITAL CAPACITY. The vital capacity minus the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME equals the inspiratory capacity. The effects of OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASES, such as asthma or emphysema, may be determined by measuring rapid exhalation with a spirometer.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
The amount of air that is moved between the atmosphere and alveoli in 1 minute is PULMONARY VENTILATION. The normal adult breathes approximately 500 mL per breath (tidal volume or VT), and this occurs about 12 times per minute. The amount of air taken in during 1 minute is calculated using the following formula: VT × RESPIRATION RATE. The amount of air that reaches the alveoli and is available for gas exchange per minute is termed ALVEOLAR VENTILATION. This is calculated using the following mathematical formula: (VT - ANATOMIC DEAD SPACE) × RESPIRATION RATE.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Terms may be used more than once.
The atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen P(O₂) at sea level is 159 mm Hg. The atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide P(CO₂) at sea level is .3 mm Hg. The alveolar partial pressure of oxygen P(O₂) at sea level is 104 mm Hg. The alveolar partial pressure of carbon dioxide P(CO₂) at sea level is 40 mm Hg. The systemic partial pressure of oxygen P(O₂) at sea level is 40 mm Hg. The systemic partial pressure of carbon dioxide P(CO₂) at sea level is 45 mm Hg.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms.
The most important stimulus affecting breathing rate and depth is BLOOD P(CO₂). Central chemoreceptors monitor CSF and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor BLOOD. The peripheral chemoreceptors differ from central chemoreceptors because they are stimulated by changes in H⁺ produced independently of P(CO₂). In general, DECREASED P(O₂), INCREASED P(CO₂), and production of H⁺, will cause greater stimulation of the respiratory center.
The lungs remain inflated despite their tendency to collapse. What is the reason for this? (a) The elastic tissue content of the lung (b) The negative intrapleural pressure relative to intrapulmonary pressure (c) A partial vacuum created in the intrapulmonary cavity
The negative intrapleural pressure relative to intrapulmonary pressure
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms. Not all terms will be used.
The paired lungs are located within the thoracic cavity on either side of the MEDIASTINUM, the region that houses the heart and other structures. Each lung also has a(n) APEX that is slightly superior and posterior to the clavicle. Each lung has a wide, concave BASE that rests inferiorly upon the muscular diaphragm. Each lung has a conical shape with an indented region on its mediastinal surface called the HILUM. Collectively, the structures that extend from this indented region are termed the ROOT of the lung.
FIll in the blanks with the appropriate terms. Not all terms will be used.
The pressure gases in the air exert in the environment is ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. The value for this pressure at sea level is 760 mm Hg. The THORACIC CAVITY contains the lungs. The collective amount of the alveoli within the lung is called the ALVEOLAR VOLUME, and its associated pressure is the INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE. The pressure exerted within the pleural cavity is called the INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE. This pressure is always lower than intrapulmonary pressure and prior to inspiration, it is generally 756 mm Hg.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
The respiratory center rhythmically sends neural output to the diaphragm and EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS muscles to regulate quiet breathing. The respiratory center is stimulated to alter breathing rate and depth by SENSORY input from CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS in the brain. Additional input comes from peripheral receptors, including CHEMORECEPTORS within the carotid and aortic bodies, IRRITANT RECEPTORS of the mucosal lining of the respiratory tract, STRETCH RECEPTORS of the lungs and visceral pleura, and PROPRIORECEPTORS of the joints. Breathing can be consciously controlled by the CEREBRAL CORTEX, which bypasses the respiratory center to directly stimulate lower motor neurons.
Fill in the blanks with the correct terms.
The respiratory membrane consists of an alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane, and a(n) CAPILLARY endothelium and its basement membrane. The gas that diffuses from the alveolus, across the respiratory membrane, and into the pulmonary capillary is OXYGEN. This gas is then transported by the blood to TISSUE cells. Conversely, CARBON DIOXIDE gas diffuses from the blood in the capillary through the respiratory membrane. This gas then enters the ALVEOLI and is eventually expired into the external environment.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms regarding the general functions of the respiratory system.
The respiratory tract is a passageway forair between the external environment and the ALVEOLI (air sacs) of the lungs. There are two gases that are exchanged during respiration. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli while the other gas, OXYGEN, diffuses from the alveoli into the blood. Receptors located in the superior regions of the nasal cavity called OLFACTORY receptors detect odors as air moves across them. The vocal cords of the LARYNX (voicebox) vibrate as air moves across them to produce sound. Sounds then resonate in upper respiratory structures.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
The solubility coefficient of carbon dioxide is 0.57. Due to both this value and the SMALL partial pressure gradient for CO₂, approximately 7% of carbon dioxide is transported to the alveoli AS A DISSOLVED GAS within the plasma of blood. Hemoglobin is capable of transporting about 23% of the CO₂ AS A CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN in compound. The remaining 70% of the CO₂ diffuses into erythrocytes and combines with water to form bicarbonate and H⁺.Thus, the largest percentage is carried from the tissue cells to the lungs in plasma AS DISSOLVED BICARBONATE.
Complete each sentence with the correct word.
The total amount of air a person can exhale after filling the lungs completely is called VITAL CAPACITY. It is the sum of three respiratory VOLUMES. TIDAL VOLUME, which is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle during quiet breathing. INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME, which is the amount of air in excess of a normal breath that can be inhaled with maximum effort. EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME, which is the amount of air in excess of a normal breath that can be exhaled with maximum effort.
What happened to the amount of fresh air entering the alveoli when the volunteer lay down and the tidal volume decreased? (a) The volume of air entering the alveoli increased. (b) The volume of air entering the alveoli decreased. (c) The volume of air entering the alveoli did not change.
The volume of air entering the alveoli decreased.
Look at your graph. A high transmittance value ("color") indicates: (a) a large amount of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin. (b) a small amount of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin. (c) no oxygen is bound to hemoglobin. (d) nothing with respect to the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
a large amount of oxygen is bound to hemoglobin.
A solution with a pH below 7 is said to be: (a) acidic (b) neutral (c) alkaline
acidic
The smallest respiratory bronchioles subdivide into thin airways called (a) terminal bronchioles (b) alveolar pores (c) alveolar sacs (d) alveolar ducts
alveolar ducts
The largest percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood (a) attached to a hydrophilic carrier in the plasma. (b) attached to the globin portion of hemoglobin. (c) as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma. (d) dissolved in the plasma.
as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma.
The largest percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood (a) dissolved in the plasma. (b) attached to a hydrophilic carrier in the plasma. (c) attached to the globin portion of hemoglobin. (d) as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma.
as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma.
An application of Boyle's Law is at a constant temperature (a) as the pressure on a gas increases, the volume decreases. (b) as the volume of a gas decreases, the pressure decreases. (c) as the pressure on a gas increases, the volume increases. (d) as the pressure on a gas decreases, the volume decreases.
as the pressure on a gas increases, the volume decreases.
Your patient has below normal airflow out of the lungs, yet a normal value for vital capacity. Which of the below listed may be the underlying cause? (a) asthma (b) degenerative muscle disease (c) lung fibrosis (d) drinking alcohol
asthma
Blood flow through the pulmonary capillaries is dependent upon the blood pressure; if blood pressure is low, the capillaries will close. Therefore, in a standing individual, the pulmonary capillaries will most likely be closed: (a) at the base of the lung, inferior to the heart. (b) in the center of the lung, in line with the heart. (c) at the apex of the lung, superior to the heart.
at the apex of the lung, superior to the heart.
During inhalation, the thoracic cavity ___________; during exhalation, the thoracic cavity ___________. (a) becomes larger; returns to its original size (b) obtains its original size; becomes smaller due to muscles of exhalation (c) returns to its normal, resting size; becomes smaller than its resting size (d) becomes larger; becomes smaller than its resting size
becomes larger; returns to its original size
Control of breathing muscles originates from (a) both autonomic and somatic nuclei in the brain. (b) autonomic nuclei in the brain only. (c) somatic nuclei in the brain only.
both autonomic and somatic nuclei in the brain.
Cells make hydrogen ions because they can produce: (a) lactic acid, which can move into the interstititial fluid and then into the plasma. (b) carbon dioxide, which reacts with water to form hydrogen and bicarbonate ions. (c) both of the other options are true.
both of the other options are true.
The main function of the sympathetic innervation on the lungs is - bronchodilation - bronchoconstriction
bronchoconstriction
Hemoglobin is capable of transporting (a) oxygen attached to the globin. (b) nitrogen attached to the iron. (c) hydrogen ions bound to the iron. (d) carbon dioxide bound to the globin.
carbon dioxide bound to the globin.
Which of the following is not a surface of the lungs? (a) cardiac surface (b) Mediastinal surface (c) Costal surface (d) Diaphragmatic surface
cardiac surface
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in systemic tissues results from (a) pulmonary ventilation (b) pulmonary gas exchange. (c) cellular respiration. (d) tissue gas exchange.
cellular respiration.
According to your results, changing body position from standing to lying: (a) decreased the tidal volume. (b) did not change the tidal volume. (c) increased the tidal volume
decreased the tidal volume.
The oxygen dissociation curve shows that as the partial pressure of oxygen is decreased to a very low level, the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin: (a) increases (b) does not change (c) decreases
decreases
The oxygen dissociation curve shows that as the partial pressure of oxygen is decreased to a very low level, the amount of oxygen that is bound to hemoglobin: (a) increases (b) does not change (c) decreases
decreases
During tissue gas exchange blood P(O2) (a) decreases from 95 to 40 mm Hg. (b) increases from 40 to 45 mm Hg. (c) decreases from 45 to 40 mm Hg. (d) increases from 40 to 104 mm Hg.
decreases from 95 to 40 mm Hg.
At PO2 levels around 100 mm Hg (approximately the same PO2 value found in the lungs), DPG: (a) decreases the amount of bound oxygen; i.e., hemoglobin picks up less oxygen. (b) does not change the amount of bound oxygen; i.e., the amount of oxygen picked up is constant. (c) increases the amount of bound oxygen; i.e., hemoglobin picks up more oxygen.
decreases the amount of bound oxygen; i.e., hemoglobin picks up less oxygen.
At PO2 levels around 50 mm Hg (approximately the same PO2 value found in the tissues), DPG: (a) decreases the amount of bound oxygen; i.e., hemoglobin releases more oxygen to the tissues. (b) does not change the amount of bound oxygen; i.e., the amount of oxygen released is constant. (c) increases the amount of bound oxygen; i.e., hemoglobin releases less oxygen to the tissues.
decreases the amount of bound oxygen; i.e., hemoglobin releases more oxygen to the tissues.
At PO2 levels around 50 mm Hg (approximately the same PO2 value found in the tissues), a lower pH: (a) decreases the amount of bound oxygen; i.e., hemoglobin releases more oxygen to the tissues. (b) does not change the amount of bound oxygen bound; i.e., the amount of oxygen released is constant. (c) increases the amount of bound oxygen bound; i.e., hemoglobin releases less oxygen to the tissues.
decreases the amount of bound oxygen; i.e., hemoglobin releases more oxygen to the tissues.
The flared components of the paired nostrils are composed of (a) fibrocartilage. (b) dense irregular connective tissue. (c) bone (d) dense regular connective tissue. (e) hyaline cartilage.
dense irregular connective tissue.
Mucus plays an important role in cleansing inhaled air. It is produced by __________ of the respiratory tract. (a) goblet cells (b) ciliated cells (c) the pleurae (d) squamous alveolar cells (e) great alveolar cells
goblet cells
The plastic tube caused the anatomical dead space to artificially: (a) decrease in size (b) stay the same (c) increase in size
increase in size
The respiratory division of the respiratory system (a) involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood. (b) involves the transport of air into and out of the lungs.
involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.
When compared with normal breathing, what happened to the mean tidal volume when the volunteer breathed through the tube? (a) it increased (b) It stayed about the same. (c) It decreased.
it increased
The anatomical name of the voice box is the (a) oral cavity (b) pharynx. (c) trachea (d) larynx
larynx
The trachea is part of the _______ respiratory tract. - lower -upper
lower
In a person who is lying down, if more capillaries are open, the tidal volume will be: (a) lower than when standing, because the increased surface area allows more efficient gas exchange. (b) the same as when standing, because gravity has no effect on breathing. (c) greater than when standing, because more oxygen is needed when you are lying down.
lower than when standing, because the increased surface area allows more efficient gas exchange.
The trachea bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle (where the manubrium and body of the sternum articulate) into the right and left (a) segmental bronchi. (b) main bronchi (c) lobar bronchi (d) bronchopulmonary segments.
main bronchi
At the tissues, a low pH pushes the oxygen dissociation curve to the right so that: (a) less oxygen is released, which leaves more oxygen bound to hemoglobin. (b) more oxygen is released, which leaves more oxygen bound to hemoglobin. (c) less oxygen is released, which leaves less oxygen bound to hemoglobin. (d) more oxygen is released, which leaves less oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
more oxygen is released, which leaves less oxygen bound to hemoglobin.
Adding 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) to blood: (a) moves the oxygen dissociation curve to the left. (b) moves the oxygen dissociation curve to the right. (c) has no effect on the oxygen dissociation curve.
moves the oxygen dissociation curve to the right.
Decreasing the pH of the blood (making it more acidic): (a) moves the oxygen dissociation curve to the left. (b) moves the oxygen dissociation curve to the right. (c) has no effect on the oxygen dissociation curve.
moves the oxygen dissociation curve to the right.
The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the (a) lateral cartilage (b) middle cartilage (c) nasal septum (d) vestibule
nasal septum
A patient who has a low FEV1% and a low FEF25-75 in a spirometry test should be diagnosed with (a) obstruction (b) pneumonia (c) nothing. these values are normal (d) restriction
obstruction
The figure shows three spirometry test results. The far left graph is normal. Based on the size, shape, and approximate vital capacity flow-volume loop A, this patient shows (a) pneumonia (b) nothing. these values are normal (c) obstruction (d) restriction
obstruction
Which lung volumes can be added together to calculate the functional residual capacity? (a) residual volume and expiratory reserve volume (b) expiratory reserve volume and inspiratory reserve volume (c) residual volume and tidal volume (d) inspiratory reserve volume and tidal volume
residual volume and expiratory reserve volume
The figure shows a spirometry test result. Based on the size, shape, and approximate vital capacity in this diagram, this patient shows (a) pneumonia (b) restriction (c) nothing, these values are normal (d) obstruction
restriction
The figure shows three spirometry test results. The far left graph is A normal. Based on the size, shape, and approximate vital capacity flow-volume loop C, this patient shows (a) obstruction (b) nothing, these values are normal (c) pneumonia (d) restriction
restriction
Look at your data for tidal volume, both at rest and immediately after exercise. Exercise: (a) significantly increased the tidal volume. (b) did not really change tidal volume. (c) significantly decreased the tidal volume.
significantly increased the tidal volume.
Which of the following may cause obstructive lung disorder? (a) asthma (b) degenerative muscle disease (c) lung fibrosis (d) smoking
smoking
Which of the following do you think would be increased by breathing through the plastic tube? (a) the alveolar volume (b) the anatomical dead space (c) the vital capacity
the anatomical dead space
During lung inflation (a) surfactant is found in the pleural cavity. (b) the lungs cling to the internal surface of the chest wall as it expands. (c) the intrapleural pressure is higher than the intrapulmonary pressure. (d) the lungs expand outward with the chest wall as it expands.
the lungs cling to the internal surface of the chest wall as it expands.
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) can also be described as (a) the process of inspiration only. (b) the process of expiration only. (c) the process of gas exchange in the lungs only. (d) the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
the movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Boyle's Law states that at a constant temperature (a) the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of that gas. (b) the volume of a gas remains the same no matter what the pressure exerted by that gas is. (c) the pressure exerted by a gas varies directly with the volume of that gas. (d) the pressure exerted by a gas remains the same no matter what the volume of that gas is.
the pressure exerted by a gas varies inversely with the volume of that gas.
The right lung has ________ lobes, and the left lung has ________ lobes. (a) five; four (b) three; two (c) three; three (d) two; two
three; two
The largest unpaired laryngeal cartilage is the (a) cricoid cartilage. (b) cuneiform cartilage. (c) thyroid cartilage. (d) epiglottis
thyroid cartilage.
What is the name of the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs during a quiet respiratory cycle? (a) tidal volume (b) inspiratory reserve volume (c) vital capacity (d) residual volume
tidal volume
The functions of the respiratory system include all of the following, EXCEPT (a) to rid the body of carbon dioxide. (b) to supply all cells of the body with oxygen. (c) to maintain the acid-base balance of the body. (d) to maintain body temperature.
to maintain body temperature.
This ability of bronchioles to regulate airflow and arterioles to regulate blood flow is called (a) oxygen-hemoglobin saturation. (b) ventilation-perfusion coupling. (c) tissue gas exchange. (d) pulmonary gas exchange.
ventilation-perfusion coupling.