Unit 1: Intro to Anatomy & Physiology

What is a Feedforward loop?

(automonic nervours system) -Anticipates change -Regulates systems in the body when a change with time is desired

What are 3 examples of Positive feedback loops?

-Baby delivery (uterus contractions) -Production of Breast milk -Blood clotting

The Mediastinum consists of a mass connective tissue that surrounds, stabilizes, and supports the?

-esophagus -trachea -thymus -major blood vessels that orignate or end at the heart -pericardical cavity (where the heart is)

How are anatomy and physiology related?

-structure determines function -function follows form

What are the 4 body movements that can occur various joints?

1) Abduction 2) Adduction 3) Flexion 4) Extention

What are the 6 anatomical terminology?

1) Anatomical position 2) Directional terms 3) Movements 4) Body cavities 5) Regions of the body 6) Abdoinal quadrants

What are the 2 control mechanisms involved in Homeostasis regulation?

1) Autoregulation/intrisitic control (internal environment) 2) Extrinsic regulation

What are the 6 levels of organization that make up the human body? (smallest to largest)

1) Chemical level 2) Cellular level 3) Tissue level 4) Organ level 5) Organ system level 6) Organism level

What can the Dorsal body cavity be subdivided into?

1) Cranial cavity (brain): the cranial cavity is formed by the bones of the skull and protects the brain. 2) Spinal cavity (spinal cord or Vertebrae canal)

What are the 4 different dissection planes?

1) Frontal (coronal) plane 2) Sagittal plane (midsagittal and parasagittal) 3) Transverse plane (cross section) 4) Oblique plane

What are the 3 subdivisions of the Thoracic cavity?

1) Left plural cavity: surrounds the left lung. 2) Right plural cavity: surrounds the right lung. 3) Pericardial cavity: surrounds the heart.

What are the 9 Abdominopelvic regions?

1) Right hypochondriac region 2) Epigastric region 3) Left hypchondriac region 4) Right lumbar region 5) Umbilical region 6) Left lumbar region 7) Right inguinal region 8) Hypogastric (pubic) region OR Suprapubic 9) Left inguinal region

What are the 2 largest human body cavities?

1) Ventral body cavity 2) Dorsal body cavity

What are the 3 main functions of body cavities?

1) they protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts 2) they permit significant changes in size and shapes of internal organs. for example, the lungs, heart, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, and many other organs can expand and contract without distorting surrounding tissues or disrutiping the activities of nearby organs because they simple project into the body cavities. 3) the lining (serous membrane/fluid) reduces friction

How many organ systems are there in the human body?

12 (if male and female reproductive system are seen as separate) 1) Integumentary system 2) Skeletal system 3) Muscular system 4) Nervous system 5) Endocrine system 6) Cardiovascular system 7) Lymphatic system 8) Respiratory system 9) Digestive system 10) Urinary system 11) Male reproductive system 12) Female reproductive system

What abdominopelvic region would a catheter be inserted into to draw out urine?

8) Hypogastric (pubic) region (aka, suprapubic)

What are body cavities?

A body cavity is a hollow space created in an organism which houses organs. Body cavities are closed, fluid filled, and lined by a thin layer called Serous membrane to protect the organs from damage as the organism moves around.

What is sectional anatomy?

A slice through a 3D object is called a section. This enables us to see inside the body. There are many different ways to dissect a piece of tissue for further study. These are referred to as dissectional cuts or dissectional planes.

What are the 2 subdivions of the Abdominopelvic cavity?

Abdominopelvic cavity has 2 subdivisions: 1) Abdominal cavity (superior) 2) Pelvic cavity (inferior)

What is the Abduction movement?

Abduction is any motion of the limbs or other body parts that pulls away from the midline of the body. Ex. Swinging the hands from the side of the body up to the shoulder or higher is abduction. Spreading the fingers or toes apart is also abduction. Abduction: PULLING/TAKING AWAY FROM MIDDLE

Abduction and Adduction movements refer to movements in relation to?

Abduction/adduction refer to movements in relation to the midline.

What is the Adduction movement?

Adduction is any motion of the limbs that brings the limb toward the midline of the body. Ex. bringing the arms down to the side of the body.

The standard anatomical reference for the human form is?

Anatomical position

What is Anatomy?

Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts. Anatomy = physical structure

In an Anatomical position, seen from the front

Anterior view / ventral

What is Anterior/Ventral?

Anterior: the FRONT surface Ventral: the belly side. Ex. The umbillicus (navel) is on the anterior (or ventral) surface of the trunk.

Example of a Negative feedback loop for TOO much sugar in the blood

Ate too many donuts Blood sugar is too high Beta cells of pancreas detect this (sensor/receptor) hypothalamus orders for insulin to be secreted (integrator/control centre) insulin is secreted (effector) blood sugar levels are down again

What is Autoregulation/Intrinsic control?

Autoregulation is one of the mechanisms of homeostatic regulation. Autoregulation is an INTERNAL process that occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts in response to some environmental change. ex. when the oxygen level decreases in a tissue, the cells release chemicals that widen, or dilate, blood vessels. This dilation increases the blood flow and provides more oxygen to the region.

What is the difference between Autoregulation and Extrinsic regulation?

Autoregulation occurs when the activities of the cell, tissue, organ, or organ system change AUTOMATICALLY (that is, without neural or endocrine input) when faced with some environmental change. Extrinsic regulation results from the activities of the nervous or endocrine systems. It causes more extensive and potentially more effective adjudgments in activities.

What is Distal?

Away from the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk. For example, the fingers are DISTAL to the wrist (they are farther away from the body than the wrist)

What are the Abdominopelvic quadrants?

Clinincals refer to 4 abdominalpeliv quadrants that are formed by two imaginary perpendicular lines that intersent at the umbilicus (navel). Abdominopelvic quadrants divide the area into four sections. These terms, or their abbreviations, are most often used in clinical discussions.

What is another name for Posterior?

Dorsal

What is the Extension movement?

Extension refers to a movement that increases the angle between two body parts. Straightening the joint.

What is Extrinsic regulation?

Extrinsic regulation is one of the mechanisms of homeostatic regulation. Extrinsic regulation is a process that results from activities of the nervous system or endocrine system. These organ systems detect an environmental change and send an electrical signal (nervous system) or chemical messenger (endocrine system) to control or adjust the activities of another or many other systems simultaneously.

What system does the body typically use to maintain homeostasis?

Feedback systems to bring the body back to its set point.

What is the Flexion movement?

Flexion refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Bending the joint.

Which sectional plane could divide the body so that the face remains intact?

Frontal (coronal) plane

What is the Frontal (coronal) plane?

Frontal (coronal) plane: divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions (front and back). Coronal usually refers to sections passing through the skull.

What is gross anatomy?

Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy, considers relatively large structures and features visible to the naked eye.

What is the principal theme of physiology?

Homeostasis

What is a Negative feedback loop?

In the Negative feedback loop, an effector activated by the control centre opposes, or negates, the original stimulus that caused the deviation in homeostasis. -the response of the effector is opposite (negative) to the initiating stimulus (initial change) -Promotes stability In this way, negative feedback tends to minimize change. Ex: stimulus ---> receptor/sensor ----> control center/integrator ----> effectors

Negative feedback loop for high temperature

Increasing body temperature (stimulus) Detection (receptors/sensors) Hypothalamus takes notices and sends orders (control center/integrator) Blood vessels and sweat glands in the skin cause increase blood flow to the skin and increase sweating (Effectors) Homeostasis restored by decreasing body temperature and bringing it back to normal range.

What is Inferior?

Inferior: below, at a lower level, (closer to the feet) Another word for Inferior is Caudal Ex. The knee in inferior to the hip (it is closer to the feet) The stomach is inferior to the heart.

What is a feedback loop? What are the 3 kinds of feedback loops?

It is the basic type of control system in the body that works to maintain homeostasis There are 3 types: 1) Negative feedback loop (MOST common) 2) Positive feedback loop (least common) 3) Feed forward feedback loop (common)

What is Lateral?

Lateral: towards the sides, away from the midline of the body. "The Lungs are lateral to the heart." (away from the middle) "The arms are lateral to the chest" (away from the middle)

What is the Integumentary system? Which organs does it include? What is it's function?

Major Organs: Skin Hair Sweat/Oil glands Nails Functions: -Protects against environmental hazards -Helps regulate body temperature -Provides sensory information

Positive feedback loop in blood clotting

Major cut (stimulus) Damaged cells in the blood vessel wall release chemicals that begin the clotting process (sensors/receptors) The chemicals start chain reactions in which cells, cell fragments, and soluble proteins in the blood begin to form a clot. As clotting continues, each step releases chemicals that further accelerates the process. (clotting accelerators = positive feedback) This escalating process is a positive feedback loop that ends with the formation of a blood clot, which patches the vessel wall and stops the bleeding.

What is the Nervous system? Which organs does it include? What is it's function?

Major organs: Brain Spinal cord Peripheral nerves Sense organs Functions: -Directs immediate responses to stimuli -Coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems -Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions

What is the Cardiovascular system? Which organs does it include? What is it's function?

Major organs: Heart Blood Blood vessels Functions: -Distributes blood cells, water, and dissolved materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide -Distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature

What is the Urinary system? Which organs does it include? What is it's function?

Major organs: Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Functions: -Excretes waste products from the blood -Controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced -Stores urine prior to voluntary elimination -Regulates blood ion concentrations and pH

What is the Respiratory system? Which organs does it include? What is it's function?

Major organs: Nasal cavities Sinuses Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli Functions: -Delivers air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange occurs) -Provides oxygen to bloodstream -Removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream -Produces sounds for communication

What is the Female reproductive system? Which organs does it include? What is it's function?

Major organs: Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Labia Clitoris Mammary glands Functions: -Produces female sex cells (oocytes) and hormones -Supports developing embryo from conception to delivery -Provides milk to nourish newborns -Sexual intercourse

What is the Endocrine system? Which organs does it include? What is it's function?

Major organs: Pituitary glans Thyroid gland Pancreas Adrenal glands Gonads Endocrine tissues in other systems Functions: -Directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems -Adjusts metabolic activity and energy use by the body -Controls many structural and functional changes during development

What is the Muscular system? Which organs does it include? What is it's function?

Major organs: Skeletal muscles and associated tendons Functions: -Provides movement -Provides protection and support for other tissues -Generates heat that maintains body temperature

What is the Lymphatic system? Which organs does it include? What is it's function?

Major organs: Spleen Thymus Lymphatic vessels Lymph nodes Tonsils Functions: -Defends against infection and disease -Returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

What is the Digestive system? Which organs does it include? What is it's function?

Major organs: Teeth Tongue Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Functions: -Processes and digests food -Absorbs and conserves water -Absorbs nutrients -Stores energy

What is the Male reproductive system? Which organs does it include? What is it's function?

Major organs: Testes Epididymites Ductus differentia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis Scrotum Functions: Produces male sex cells (sperm), seminal fluids, and hormones -Sexual intercourse

What is the Skeletal system? Which organs does it include? What is it's function?

Major organs: Bones Cartilage Associated ligaments Bone marrow Functions: -Provides support and protection for other tissues -Stores calcium and other minerals -Forms blood cells

What separates the pleural cavities in the Thoracic cavity?

Mediastinum: The middle area between the plueral cavitues (lung).

What is Physiology?

Physiology is the study of the functions, or workings of the human body and how structures perform. -is the study of the functions of the body from chemical/molecular level to cell, cell to tissue, tissue to organ, organ to system Physiology = function

A rise in estrogen during the menstrual cycle increases the number of progesterone receptors in the uterus is an example of what kind of feedback loop?

Positive feedback since this causes the uterus to contract more and more until the lining of the uterus has shed completely.

In an Anatomical position, seen from back

Posterior view / dorsal

What is Posterior/Dorsal?

Posterior: the back surface. Dorsal: the BACK of the body. Ex. The scapla (sholder blade) is lovated postertior to the rib cage.

A person laying face down is in?

Prone position

What is regional anatomy?

Regional anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen. Studying regional anatomy helps us appreciate the interrelationships of body structures, such as how muscles, nerves, blood vessels, and other structures work together to serve a particular body region.

What are the 4 Abdominopelvic quadrants?

Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ) *Each quadrant is named in following order: Left or right side Then upper or lower Eg: right upper quadrant or left lower quadrant*

Flexion and extension are movements that occur in the? They refer to?

Sagital plane They refer to increasing and decreasing the angle between two body parts

What kind of membrane lines body cavities?

Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement.

What is Superior?

Superior: above something, at a higher level (closer to the head) Ex. The head is superior to the chest. (it is closer to the head) The eyes are superior to the mouth.

A person laying face up is in?

Supine position ex. in order to carry a bowl of soup, your hand must be in supine position,

What is surface anatomy?

Surface anatomy invovles the study of anatomical landmarks on the exterior of the body. Structures that can be felt or palpated.

What is systemic anatomy?

Systemic anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function. For example, a systemic anatomical study of the muscular system would consider all of the skeletal muscles of the body. Study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems

At which level of organization does a histologist investigate structures?

The 3) Tissue level. Histology is the microscopic study of tissues- which are groups of specialized cells that work together to perform specific functions.

What are Abdominopelvic regions?

The 9 abdominopelvic regions provide more PRESCISE regional descriptions and locations of internal organs. More precise anatomical descriptions are provided by reference to the appropriate abdominopelvic region. *the imaginary lines dividing the abdominopelvic regions resemble a tic-tac-toe game*

What is the Peritoneal cavity?

The Abdominopelvic cavity contains the Peritoneal cavity which is a space lined by a serous membrane known as the Peritoneum. The parietal peritoneum lines the inner surface of the body wall.

What is the Sagittal plane (midsagittal and parasagittal)?

The Sagittal plane divdies the body into left and right portions. If the plane lies in the middle and cuts into equal left/right parts, it is called a midsattigal plane. If it is offset from the middle, and it's cut in unequal left/right parts, it is called parasagittal plane.

What is the 2) Cellular level?

The cellular level: smallest living unit in the body. Cells are the smallest units in the body. Complex molecules can form various types of larger structures called organelles. Each organelle has specific function in a cell. Energy-producing organelles provide the energy needed for heart muscle cell contractions.

What is the 1) Chemical level?

The chemical level: Atomic and molecular level. SMALLEST organizational level. Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter. They can combine to form molecules with complex shapes. The atomic components and unique three-dimensional shapes of a particular molecule determine its function. For example, complex protein molecules form filaments that produce the contractions of muscle cells in the heart.

What is the Dorsal body cavity?

The dorsal body cavity is located along the dorsal (posterior) surface of the human body, where it is subdivided into the cranial cavity housing the brain and the spinal cavity housing the spinal cord.

Are the end goals of Positive and Negative feedback loops the same or different? Do they both have a breaking point?

The end goals of both are the same (to get body back to homeostatic). Yes, they both have a breaking point.

What is 4) Organ level?

The organ level: groups of 2 or more tissue Organs are made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions. Layers of cardiac muscle tissue, in combination with another type of tissue called connective tissue, form the bulk of the wall of the heart, which is a hollow, three-dimensional organ.

What is 5) Organ System level?

The organ system: many organs coming together to perform a function. A group of organs interacting to perform a particular function forms an organ system. Each time the heart contracts, for example, it pushed blood into a network of blood vessels. Together, the heart, blood, and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system. This system functions to distribute oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.

What is 6) Organism level ?

The organism level: one living individual An individual life form is an organism. In our case, an individual human is the highest level of organization that we consider. All of the body's organ systems must work together to maintain the life and health of the organism.

What is the Pelvic cavity? What organs does it contain?

The pevlic cavity (ventral, abdominopeliv) is inferior to the abdominal cavity. It contains the: urinary bladder reproductive organs last (distal/farthest) portion of the digestive tract

Which two cavities does the Thoracic cavities include?

The thoracic cavity includes the pleural (enclose the lungs) and pericardial cavities (enclose the heart).

What is 3) Tissue level?

The tissue level: A tissue is a group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions. There are 4 basic types of tissue: 1) epithelium tissue (cover body surfaces, lines hollow organs, and forms glands) 2) muscle tissue (make body parts move and generates heat) 3) connective tissue (connect, supports and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissue) 4) nerve tissue (carry info from one part of the body to another through nerve impulse)

Which organs does the Thoracic cavity house?

Thoracic cavity (chest) houses the heart and lungs esophagus, trachea, thymus.

What is Cranial?

Toward the head. Another word for this is: superior Ex. the cranial nerves are in the head

What is Medial?

Toward the middle of the body Ex. Your cheeks are medial to your ears (they are closer to the middle of the body)

What is Proximal?

Toward the point of attachment of a limb to the trunk (closer to the body) For example, the shoulder is PROXIMAL to the wrist (it's closer to the body than the wrist)

What is Caudal?

Toward the tail (coccyc in humans) aka, another term for Inferior

What is the Transverse (cross section) plane?

Transverse Plane (Cross sec): Divides body or organ into superior/inferior parts.

Positive feedback loop for Baby delivery (uterus contractions)

Uterus contractions Hypothalamus Oxytocin More uterus contractions (keeps going until the baby is out)

What is another name for Anterior?

Ventral

The Thoracic cavity and Abdominal cavity are part of the? They are separated by the?

Ventral body cavity. They are separated by the muscular diaphragm that divides the ventral body cavity into a superior thoracic (chest) cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity.

The Ventral body cavity can be subdivided into 2 parts called the?

Ventral body cavity: a) Thoracic cavity (superior) *chest* b) Abdominal cavity (inferior) *stomach area* these two cavity are separated by the diaphragm

What is Positive feedback loop? Is it fairly common or uncommon?

Very uncommon, because in Positive feedback, an initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies or enhances the original change in conditions, rather than opposing it.

When are positive feedback loops actually important?

When a potentially dangerous (blood loss) or stressful process (breast milk, birth) must be completed quickly to restore homeostasis. For example, the immediate danger from a severe cut is the loss of blood, which can lower blood pressure and reduce the efficiency of the heart. The body's response to this blood loss is blood clotting.

Which body cavity would enclose each of the following organs? a) heart b) small intestine, large intestine c) lung d) kidneys

a) heart ---> pericardial cavity b) small intestine, large intestine ---> peritoneal cavity c) lung ----> plural cavity d) kidneys ---> abdominopelvic cavity

In a Postive feedback loop, the action of the effectors?

amplifies the action

The Abdominopelvic cavity contains which cavity?

contains the peritoneal cavity, which contains the superior abdominal cavity and the inferior pelvic cavity. it also contains the visceral organs.

If positive feedback is left unchecked this can cause?

dangerous situation.

The Abdominopelvic cavity extends from the?

diaphragm to the pelvis.

Failure of homeostasis regulation in the body results in?

disease, death

What is the Oblique plane?

divides body at an angle

What are the organs in the Abdominal cavity covered and protected by?

enclosed by the peritoneal cavity, much as the heart and lungs are enclosed by the pericardal and pleural cavities.

The relationship between the heart and the pericardial cavity resembles that of a ?

fist pushing into a baloon.

The form of a structure relates to its?

function

What is Cytology?

is the study of the internal structure of individual cells- the simplest units of life.

Negative feedback is the primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation, and it provides?

long term control over the body's internal conditions and systems.

Which body cavity encloses the heart?

pericardial cavity

What are the parts of a feedback loop?

receptors/sensors: detect change control centre/integrator: master, they order the responsible system to act effectors: act accordingly, compensatory response, either oppose or enhance the intial stimulus. •stress - input •sensor - receptor •Integrator - control center •Effector- component of the control system commanded to bring about the desired effect •Response - output •set point - controlled variable restored to normal

When a body is in the anatomical position, it is?

standing erect with the face forward, palms forward and feet together -standing upright -facing the observer, head level -eyes facing forward -feet flat on the floor -arms at the sides -palms turned forward

All specific functions are performed by specific?

structures

What is the Abdominal cavity? What organs does it contain?

the abdominal cavity (ventral, abdominopelvic) extends from the inferoir (towards the feet) surface of the diaphragm to the level of the superior (towards the head) margins of the pelvis. It contains the: liver stomach spleen small intestine and most of the large intestine.

What is microscopic anatomy?

the study of structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye and need magnification/microscopes. Ex. cytology, histology

The two major body cavities of the TRUNK are?

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

When does a positive feedback stop?

when it hits breaking point/removal of stimulus (set point)

What is homeostasis?

•Ability of a cell or organism to regulate its internal conditions (i.e., pH) typically using feedback systems. •Acting in response to changes in set point.

In a Positive feedback loop, stimulus and response

•goes in the same direction