Unit 1 Nutrition

testimonial

a personal endorsement of a product

first amendment

allows people to provide nutrition information that is not true

red flags - identifying nutrition-related misinformation

disclaimers, "money-back" guarantees, testimonials, promises of quick and easy health remedies, too good to be true

_______ are small pouches that can form in the lining of the intestines, especially the large intestine. If these pouches trap bacteria and feces, they can become infected or inflamed, which can be very painful.

diverticula

The gallbladder releases bile into the first segment of the small intestine, which is the ____________ .

duodenum

A food contains high amounts of fat and/or added sugars per serving. This food also is a poor source of vitamins and minerals. Based on this description, the food supplies a lot of ____________ .

empty calories

The caloric value of a food in relation to its total weight defines how ____________ a food is.

energy dense

Proteins that help chemical reactions occur are _______.

enzymes

Bile aids in the digestion of ____________ .

fat

Bile flows from the liver into the ____________ where it is stored until needed.

gallbladder

A healthy diet _______.

generally changes during different stages of life

Identify which of the following nutrients are major sources of ATP energy for your cells.

glucose; fat

Which of the following substances is a normal component of gastric juice?

hydrochloric acid; water; mucus; enzymes

Sarah is a 90-year-old woman who has lost most of her teeth. As a result, she has trouble chewing solid foods, which interferes with her ____________ of foods.

mechanical digestion

When eating portions of various foods and beverages, practice ____________ , which means don't eat too much of them.

moderation

vitamins

regulation of body processes, maintenance of immune function

anecdote

report of personal experiences

Most nutrient digestion and absorption occurs in the _______.

small intestine

Companies may manufacture functional foods for specific health-related benefits. From the list below, check all the statements that describe a functional food. (Check all that apply.)

A brand of frozen orange juice that has calcium and vitamin D added to it, which may help people with brittle bones; A brand of yogurt that contains live and active probiotic cultures, which may help people with certain intestinal disorders; A margarine-like spread that contains "healthy fat" and substitutes for butter

What are the top two leading causes of death in the United States that are associated with poor diet?

Heart disease and cancer

Linda just finished taking the antibiotics prescribed by her physician to treat a bacterial infection. Why would you recommend that Linda use a dietary supplement or food that contains probiotics?

Probiotics may help restore the healthy balance of bacteria in her intestines.

proteins

Production of structural and functional components, fluid balance

carbohydrates

Source of energy (most forms)

lipids

Source of energy, absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, cellular development

Quercetin

Substance in fruits, vegetables, and red wine that may inhibit cancer and reduce risk of heart disease

Beta-carotene

Substance in orange, red, and yellow fruits and vegetables that may reduce risk of certain cancers and macular degeneration

Isoflavonoids

Substance in soybeans with anioxidant activity that may inhibit cancer and reduce risk of heart disease

Caffeine

Substance that has a stimulant effect that's in cocoa, coffee, and tea

Capsaicin

Substance with pain-relieving properties found in chili peppers

A ____________ between physical activity and caloric intake will help to maintain a healthy weight.

balance

Micronutrients:

body needs 130 milligrams of the nutrient per day; vitamins; minerals, non-energy-yielding nutrient

Macronutrients:

body requires 130 grams of the nutrient each day; carbohydrate; fat; energy yielding nutrient

Skylar's gallbladder doesn't function properly. As a result of this disorder, which of the following foods does he have trouble digesting?

butter

Foods that are not energy dense:

carrots, celery, broccoli, broth-based soup, air-popped popcorn, apples, oranges, strawberries, tea

scare tactics

inspire mistrust in medical professionals

Ben has a disease that destroyed the villi in his duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. As a result, he has difficulty with the ____________ of nutrients.

intestinal absorption

Bile is produced in the __________ .

liver

Which of the following organs is an accessory organ of the digestive system?

liver; gallbladder; pancreas

Trey is a 2-month-old infant who is not gaining weight because he vomits after eating. According to his physician, Trey's ____________ is not functioning normally.

lower esophageal sphincter

Certain foods are more nutritious than others, and a food that contains more vitamins and minerals in relation to fat, sugar, and alcohol content is called a(n) ____________ food.

nutrient dense

The foods that you eat contain ____________ that are necessary for proper body functioning.

nutrients

Foods that are energy dense:

nuts, doughnuts, fried foods, margarine, salad dressing, cheese

An armadillo is a(an) ____________ because it eats insects, small frogs, and berries.

omnivore

The ____________ produces and secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

pancreas

Waves of muscular activity help propel food material through the digestive tract. This muscular action is called _______.

peristalsis

Eating a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grain foods will help provide beneficial ____________ to your diet.

phytochemicals

Dewayne is a 22-year-old obese college student with Asian ancestry, who smokes cigarettes, doesn't drink alcohol, and doesn't like to eat fruits and vegetables. Which of the following characteristics increases Dewayne's risk of chronic diseases later in his life? (Check all that apply.)

smoking; being obese

Which of the following actions is an example of the mechanical aspects of digestion?

tearing food into small chunks and mashing it up by the teeth; churning movements of the stomach to mix its contents; moving chyme through the small intestine by peristalsis

Recently, Belinda reported having stomach cramps and pain and being unusually tired and weak. Additionally, Belinda reported feeling nauseous so frequently, she didn't want to eat much food. After she lost 20 pounds within 4 months, she decided to see her physician. According to the physician, Belinda's medical tests indicated that she has blood in her stools and she's anemic. According to the doctor, Belinda's condition is a form of inflammatory bowel disease that can increase her risk of colorectal cancer. Based on this information, Belinda should undergo further testing to see if she has which of the following conditions?

ulcerative colitis

Choosing a ____________ of foods from each food group ensures that your diet provides all the essential nutrients.

variety