Unit 1 test review-european history

List characteristics of Medieval art and architecture

Elaborate patterns and decoration, especially intricate geometric forms, interlacing and knot work patterns, animal motifs, and Christian symbols that created strong visual interest. Bright colors. The use of precious metals, gems, and other luxurious materials.

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter, draftsman, sculptor, architect, engineer, know for his painting of the Mona Lisa

Donatello

Italian renaissance sculptor artist famous for the bronze sculpture of David

Francesco Petrarch

Italian scholar, poet, founder of Humanism

Raphael

Master painter architect of Italian high Renaissance known for his Madonnas

Who was known as the "father of humanism"?

Petrarch

Tudors: Henry VII (Star Chamber)

Star Chamber was a court of law which evolved from meetings of the king's royal council. Although its roots go back to the medieval period, the court only became powerful as a separate entity during the reign of

How did the fall of Constantinople in 1453 impact Renaissance humanism in Italy?

The fall of the city was to have immense consequences for the Italian Renaissance. Fleeing Greek scholars were to influence the direction and the course of the Renaissance decisively. It led to the increasing availability of Greek learning that changed the intellectual climate in Italy.

Describe some of the biological impacts of the Columbian Exchange?

This biological exchange had the greatest impact of all on Native Americans. Native people had no resistance to such diseases as measles, smallpox, mumps, whooping cough, influenza, chicken pox, and typhus. Millions fell sick and died.

Explain the term "Machiavellian."

cunning, scheming, and unscrupulous, especially in politics.

Characteristics of new Monarchies

focused on creating a centralized government by establishing monopolies on tax collection,employing military force, and pushing religious reform to gain greater control over religious practices. Reduced power of nobility, confiscated land from nobles

What was the primary reason Spanish explorers sailed the Atlantic Ocean?

the Spanish began to hear stories of civilizations with immense riches. Hoping to claim this wealth and territory for Spain and themselves, conquistadors, or "conquerors," sailed across the Atlantic Ocean.

Describe some of the inventions that made exploration easier during this era.

the astrolabe and the magnetic mariner's compass, both of which helped sailors to accurately maneuver their ships.

List characteristics of Northern Renaissance art:

realism, lifelike proportions, religious and domestic subjects, prosperous citizens and peasants as subjects

Michelangelo

renaissance painter, sculptor architect poet famous for painting the Sistine Chapel

What was the most profitable commodity in the emerging global trade during the commercial revolution?

spices and silks

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Machiavelli (The Prince)

A short treatise on how to acquire power, create a state, and keep it, The Prince represents Machiavelli's effort to provide a guide for political action based on the lessons of history and his own experience as a foreign secretary in Florence.

Francis I (Concordat of Bologna)

Concordat of Bologna, which gave the king the power to choose his own bishops (1516) King of France A Renaissance patron of the arts and scholarship, a humanist, and a knightly king, he waged campaigns in Italy (1515-16) and fought a series of wars with the Holy Roman Empire

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch humanist who was the greatest scholar of the northern Renaissance, the first editor of the New Testament, and also an important figure in patristics and classical literature. Using the philological methods pioneered by Italian humanists, Erasmus helped lay the groundwork for the historical-critical study of the past, especially in his studies of the Greek New Testament and the Church Fathers.

Describe Greek and Roman architecture characteristics that are reborn during the Italian Renaissance.

Features of Renaissance buildings include the use of the classical orders and mathematically precise ratios of height and width combined with a desire for symmetry, proportion, and harmony. Columns, pediments, arches and domes are imaginatively used in buildings of all types.

Henry VII

First Tudor king, took crown of Richard III at Battle of Bosworth. Henry VIII, Defender fo the faith married 6 times broke with Catholic Church to end marriage and formed the Church of England & Elizabeth I last Tudor monarch never married shaped UK

Which Italian city-state was at the center of Renaissance culture during the fifteenth century?

Florence

Lorenzo de Medici

Florentine statesman, ruler, and patron of arts and letters, the most brilliant of the Medici. He ruled Florence with his younger brother, Giuliano (1453-78), from 1469 to 1478 and, after the latter's assassination, was sole ruler from 1478 to 1492.

How did the development of the printing press have an important impact on Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Gutenberg's invention led to the mass production of books, pamphlets, newspapers, and magazines. Education and social literacy became more accessible as books became much cheaper than handwritten manuscripts.

Charles V (Peace of Augsburg)

Holy Roman emperor (1519-56), king of Spain (as Charles I; 1516-56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I; 1519-21), who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire extending across Europe from Spain and the Netherlands to Austria and the Kingdom of Naples and reaching overseas to Spanish America. Peace of Augsburg, first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany, promulgated on September 25, 1555, by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire assembled earlier that year at Augsburg. The Peace allowed the state princes to select either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their domain and permitted the free emigration of residents who dissented. The legislation officially ended conflict between the two groups,

What are some traits of humanism? (explain it in terms of the art of the Renaissance)

Humanism stresses the importance of human values and dignity. It proposes that people can resolve problems through science and reason. Rather than looking to religious traditions, humanism focuses on helping people live well, achieve personal growth, and make the world a better place.

What were the benefits and detriments of the Columbian Exchange?

It is important because it led to increased trade and food production across the globe. However, it also had a negative impact with disease and slavery.Dec 9, 2021

Castiglione's The Book of the Courtier

Italian courtier, diplomat, humanist and writer best known for his dialogue describing correct behavior in polite society

Which four artists are often considered the "great masters of the High Renaissance"?

Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni, Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi (ninja turtle)

What were the biological impacts on Native Americans that resulted from European voyages of discovery and conquest?

Native Americans lacked the immunities that Europeans and Africans had developed over centuries of deadly epidemics, and so when Europeans arrived, carrying smallpox, typhus, influenza, diphtheria, measles, and hepatitis, plagues decimated Native communities.

Why would different people most likely commission self-portraits?

Portraits allowed monarchs to not only record their likeness, but shape their image as a ruler.

Henry the Navigator

Prince Henry of Portugal Henry the Navigator, Portuguese Henrique o Navegador, byname of Henrique, infante (prince) de Portugal, duque (duke) de Viseu, senhor (lord) da Covilhã, (born March 4, 1394, Porto, Portugal—died November 13, 1460, Vila do Infante, near Sagres), Portuguese prince noted for his patronage of voyages of discovery among the Madeira Islands and along the western coast of Africa.

List characteristics of Renaissance art and architecture

The key features of Renaissance architecture are the use of the classical orders, mathematically precise ratios of height and width, symmetry, proportion, and harmony. Columns, pediments, arches, and domes are imaginatively used in buildings of all types.

Explain why Europeans began to colonize other parts of the world. Describe some of the political impacts of this colonization.

The opportunity to make money was one of the primary motivators for the colonization of the New World. The Virginia Company of London established the Jamestown colony to make a profit for its investors. Europe's period of exploration and colonization was fueled largely by necessity.

The Portuguese exploration of the African coast started out as a search for gold and slaves, but by the century's end, how had the goal changed?

They made contact with West Africa

What were some of the effects of European diseases on Native Americans? Which diseases were frequently passed to the indigenous populations of North America?

When the Europeans arrived, carrying germs which thrived in dense, semi-urban populations, the indigenous people of the Americas were effectively doomed. They had never experienced smallpox, measles or flu before, and the viruses tore through the continent, killing an estimated 90% of Native Americans.

What was the "price revolution" of the sixteenth century? What did it do to change the production of goods available to the consumer?

a period that was characterized by a high rate of inflation in Europe, the period lasted from late 15th century to mid-17th century and lasted for approximately 150 years. The period was marred by an extreme increase in prices of goods, in some cases, the increase was six folds.

Identify and explain some of the developments of the Italian Renaissance.

astronomy, humanist philosophy, the printing press, vernacular language in writing, painting and sculpture technique, world exploration and, in the late Renaissance, Shakespeare's works

Compare and contrast the motives for the Northern and Italian Renaissance.

he Italian Renaissance writers focused on secular concerns and advancing the individual, while Northern Renaissance writers focused on reforming society based on Christian principles

List characteristics of Italian Renaissance art:

ideal beauty, measured proportions, religious and classical subjects, heroic and nude figures

Vernacular

language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary cultured or foreign language.

Albrecht Dürer

painter and printmaker generally regarded as the greatest German Renaissance artist. His vast body of work includes altarpieces and religious works, numerous portraits and self-portraits, and copper engravings. His woodcuts, such as the Apocalypse series