Unit 10 Practice Quiz -------- Fluid Balance

The numbers on the pH scale: Are equal to the OH- concentration Are derived from the H+ concentration Are equal to the H+ concentration Range from 1 - 16 with a midpoint of 8

Are derived from the H+ concentration

Which of the following compounds would have a pH less than 7.0? NaOH NaCl baking soda H2CO3

H2CO3

Which of the following ions helps prevent large changes in blood pH is? HCO3- Fe+2 (iron) Mg+2 Cl-

HCO3-

Alkalosis: is a normal condition found in body fluids may occur after prolonged vomiting due to loss of stomach acid occurs where there is an over production of acids in the body tissues occurs when the blood pH reaches 7.0

may occur after prolonged vomiting due to loss of stomach acid

In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water. a) 60 b) 90 c) 40 d) 10 e) 80

a) 60

The ________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide. a) The respiratory system b) The kidneys c) Buffer systems d) Tissue cells

a) The respiratory system

When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results. a) acidemia b) alkalemia

a) acidemia

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and a) chloride. b) potassium. c) calcium. d) hydrogen. e) phosphorus.

a) chloride.

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? a) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness b) consequence of prolonged vomiting c) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD d) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

a) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed a) fluid shift. b) fluid compartmentalization. c) dehydration. d) buffering.

a) fluid shift.

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid. a) intracellular b) intercellular c) extracellular d) interstitial e) vital

a) intracellular

Hyperventilation will ________ pH. a) raise (increase) b) lower (decrease)

a) raise (increase)

Hypoventilation leads to a) respiratory acidosis. b) respiratory alkalosis. c) metabolic acidosis. d) metabolic alkalosis.

a) respiratory acidosis.

A substance that has a sour taste and a pH of 3 is most likely a(n): acid. base. neutral substance. buffer.

acid.

Water is considered one of the most important substances in the body because it: is the main component of all body fluids is essential for digestion, circulation, and regulation of body temperature dissolves many substances all the above are correct only A and B are correct

all the above are correct

Patients who have prolonged fluid and electrolyte losses require replacement of extracellular fluid. Replacement therapy is best accomplished with a solution containing: sodium ions chloride ions calcium ions both a and b

both a and b

Substantial loss of bodily fluids, such as occurs in severe diarrhea, could lead to: hypovolemia. hypervolemia. loss of electrolytes. both a and c.

both a and c.

Normally, intracellular and extracellular fluids are isotonic to each other. true false

true

An increase of Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluids would lead to: loss of Na+ from cells. water moving by osmosis from cells into the extracellular fluids. gain of Na+by cells. no change in the distribution of water between intracellular and extracellular fluids.

water moving by osmosis from cells into the extracellular fluids.

A solution that resists large changes in pH is a: buffer solution molar solution concentrated solution saturated solution

buffer solution

A solution that will not change in pH upon the addition of small amounts of either acid or base is called a: dilute solution normal solution molar solution buffer solution

buffer solution

Normal K+ concentration in extracellular fluid is ________ mEq/L. a) 1.5 b) 1.5-3.0 c) 3.5-5.0 d) 5.5-7 e) 135

c) 3.5-5.0

A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) to settle an upset stomach risks a) respiratory acidosis. b) respiratory alkalosis. c) metabolic acidosis. d) metabolic alkalosis.

d) metabolic alkalosis.

Prolonged vomiting can result in a) respiratory acidosis. b) respiratory alkalosis. c) metabolic acidosis. d) metabolic alkalosis.

d) metabolic alkalosis.

With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is a) the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon. b) sweat gland secretions. c) the skeleton. d) the kidneys. e) the liver.

d) the kidneys.

Acidosis occurs when the blood pH: exceeds 7.45. drops below 7.35. is between 7.35 and 7.45. exceeds 8.45.

drops below 7.35.

Acidosis occurs when the blood pH: exceeds 7.45. drops below 7.35. is between 7.35 and 7.45. exceeds 8.45.

drops below 7.35.

________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion. a) water balance b) exchange pump c) leak channel d) fixed acid e) buffer system

e) buffer system

A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n) a) electrolyte. b) acid. c) alkali. d) compensation. e) buffer.

e) buffer.

Which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension? a) ADH b) aldosterone c) PTH d) acetylcholine e) natriuretic peptides

e) natriuretic peptides

A red blood cell in an isotonic solution will: have no concentration change, therefore no change in cell size. cease all forms of transport. shrink. expand.

have no concentration change, therefore no change in cell size.

Compared to intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid has which of the following? higher Na+ and K+ concentrations. higher Na+ and Cl- concentrations. lower Na+ but greater K+ concentrations. higher protein concentration.

higher Na+ and Cl- concentrations.

Maintaining a constant volume of fluid in the interstitial compartment is an example of: hyponatremia. tight junction. hypervolemia. homeostasis.

homeostasis.

The solute concentration inside of cell A is 0.9%. The solute concentration outside of cell A is 2.5%. The solution outside of the cell is ______________ to the solution inside the cell. isotonic hypertonic hypotonic intracellular

hypertonic

An increase in sodium concentration in the interstitial fluid would lead to a(an): increase in intracellular fluid volume. increase in the intracellular sodium concentration. increase in interstitial fluid volume. decrease in the interstitial fluid volume.

increase in interstitial fluid volume.

An increase in sodium concentration in the interstitial fluid would lead to a(an): increase in intracellular fluid volume. increase in the intracellular sodium concentration. increase in interstitial fluid volume. decrease in the interstitial fluid volume.

increase in interstitial fluid volume.

Cholera causes devastating diarrhea. This will lead to: edema loss of water and electrolytes sweating hypotonic hydration

loss of water and electrolytes

The concentration of Na+ is higher inside the cells than it is outside the cells. True False, because it is not found in either location. False, because it is constantly pumped out of the cell by active transport. False, because it has the same concentration in both places.

False, because it is constantly pumped out of the cell by active transport.

Which statement is true: K+(potassium) is the major cation found in the interstitial fluids HCO3- (bicarbonate) is the major anion found in the interstitial fluids HCO3- (bicarbonate) is the major anion found in the intracellular fluids K+ (potassium) is the major cation found in the intracellular fluids

K+ (potassium) is the major cation found in the intracellular fluids

If a cell is placed in a large volume of hypotonic solution, which of the following statements would be correct? The concentration of the solution around the cell is greater than the concentration of the solution inside the cell. The concentration of the solution inside the cell is less than the concentration of the solution around the cell. The cell will swell. The net movement of water will be out of the cell.

The cell will swell.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the pH scale? The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale. The pH scale is a standard means of expressing the acidity or alkalinity of any solution. The pH scale is always equal to the H+ concentration of the solution.

The pH scale is always equal to the H+ concentration of the solution.

Which of the following is NOT true of the pH scale? The pH values are derived from H+ concentration. The pH scale ranges from 1 - 12. The pH scale is a logarithmic scale. The pH scale is a standardized means of expressing the H+ concentration of a solution.

The pH scale ranges from 1 - 12.

If you drank 2 liters of isotonic fluid, which of the following statements would be correct? The fluid volume of all body fluid spaces (plasma, interstitial, and intracellular) would decrease. The plasma volume would increase. One would need to be concerned about possible hypovolemia. The solute concentration of the plasma would increase.

The plasma volume would increase.

Movement of water by osmosis from one fluid compartment to another will have an effect on the electrolyte concentrations in the compartments. True False, because water movements and electrolyte concentrations are not related. False, because membranes are impermeable to water. False, because electrolyte concentrations cannot change.

True

Which of the following statements are true? Water moves through membranes by active transport in response to changes in electrolyte concentrations. Water moves passively through membranes due to changes in electrolyte concentrations. A semipermeable membrane is impermeable to water and electrolytes. In osmosis, water moves through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration.

Water moves passively through membranes due to changes in electrolyte concentrations.

Which of the following statements are true? Water moves through membranes by active transport in response to changes in electrolyte concentrations. Water moves passively through membranes due to changes in electrolyte concentrations. A semipermeable membrane is impermeable to water and electrolytes. In osmosis, water moves through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration.

Water moves passively through membranes due to changes in electrolyte concentrations.

If a large amount of water were added to the interstitial fluid, what would most likely occur? Electrolytes would become more concentrated in the interstitial fluid. Water would move into the cells. The cells would lose water. Electrolyte concentration would increase inside the cells.

Water would move into the cells.

A solution with a H+ concentration of 1 x 10-6 is: an acid a base neutral isotonic

an acid

In order to maintain fluid balance in the body, there must be: an electrolyte balance continual edema plasma membrane permeability to proteins greater fluid intake than output per day

an electrolyte balance

In an adult female, the body consists of about ________ percent water. a) 60 b) 50 c) 40 d) 70 e) 80

b) 50

Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption? a) ADH b) aldosterone c) extracellular fluid d) natriuretic peptides e) epinephrine

b) aldosterone

The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by a) ADH. b) aldosterone. c) parathormone. d) atrial natriuretic peptides. e) glucocorticoids.

b) aldosterone.

When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists. a) acidosis b) alkalosis

b) alkalosis

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? a) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness b) consequence of prolonged vomiting c) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD d) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

b) consequence of prolonged vomiting

All of the following factors cause potassium excretion except a) potassium concentrations rise in the ECF. b) decreased pH of extracellular fluid. c) stimulation by aldosterone. d) increased pH of extracellular fluid.

b) decreased pH of extracellular fluid.

When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained, a) the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid falls. b) osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid. c) both the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid become more dilute. d) there is an increase in the volume of the intracellular fluid. e) None of the answers is correct.

b) osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid.

The principal cation in cytoplasm is a) sodium. b) potassium. c) calcium. d) magnesium. e) chloride.

b) potassium.

Consuming a meal high in salt will a) drastically decreases the osmolarity of the blood. b) result in a temporary increase in blood volume. c) decrease thirst. d) cause hypotension. e) decrease renin secretion.

b) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

Consuming a meal high in salt will a) drastically decreases the osmolarity of the blood. b) result in a temporary increase in blood volume. c) decrease thirst. d) cause hypotension. e) decrease renin secretion.

b) result in a temporary increase in blood volume.

Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by a) sweating. b) the kidneys. c) the liver. d) the feces. e) buffers.

b) the kidneys.

Which buffers/buffer system exist(s) only in intracellular fluid? a) plasma protein buffers b) the phosphate buffer system c) amino acid buffers d) the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

b) the phosphate buffer system

A pH range of 7.35 - 7.45 is normal for the: stomach small intestine blood urine

blood

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? a) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness b) consequence of prolonged vomiting c) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema d) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

c) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the a) intracellular fluid. b) plasma membrane. c) extracellular fluid. d) solid components. e) cytosol.

c) extracellular fluid.

Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the a) intracellular fluid. b) plasma membrane. c) extracellular fluid. d) solid components. e) cytosol.

c) extracellular fluid.

The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to a) buffer stomach acid. b) increase ventilation. c) limit blood pH changes. d) buffer the urine.

c) limit blood pH changes.

When pure water is consumed, a) the extracellular fluid becomes hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. b) the volume of the intracellular fluid decreases. c) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall. d) the volume of the extracellular fluid decreases.

c) osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.

Antidiuretic hormone a) inhibits water intake. b) inhibits water conservation. c) stimulates water conservation by the kidneys. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

c) stimulates water conservation by the kidneys.

Intracellular fluid is found only within a) blood vessels. b) lymph. c) the cells of the body. d) the interstitial space. e) the cerebrospinal fluid.

c) the cells of the body.

Which of the following electrolytes is a major extracellular fluid anion and functions in water balance? sodium potassium chloride phosphate

chloride

Which of the following electrolytes is a major extracellular fluid anion and functions in water balance? sodium potassium chloride phosphate

chloride

The normal blood pH range is a) 6.95-7.00. b) 7.15-7.25. c) 7.25-7.35. d) 7.35-7.45. e) 7.45-7.55.

d) 7.35-7.45.

Aldosterone a) is secreted in response to decreased blood volume. b) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys. c) helps increase blood volume and raise blood pressure. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

Secretion of potassium into the urine is a) increased by aldosterone. b) associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. c) reduced when the exchange pump binds H+. d) All of the answers are correct. e) None of the answers is correct.

d) All of the answers are correct.

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys a) excrete more hydrogen ions. b) reabsorb bicarbonate ions. c) excrete more hydrogen ions and excrete more bicarbonate ions. d) excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.

d) excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.

When the H+ concentration of a solution decreases, the pH of that solution: increases decreases will not change will always be 7.0

increases

In the image above, the letter "X" represents which fluid? intracellular interstitial blood plasma subcellular

interstitial

Na+ and Cl- are to interstitial fluid as K+ and HPO4-2 are to: plasma extracellular fluid intracellular fluid blood

intracellular fluid

The fluid inside a cell is referred to as: extracellular. interstitial. intracellular. plasma.

intracellular.

Fluid and electrolyte balance in the body: has little relationship to the overall body metabolism is an important part of homeostasis becomes important only in severe cases of dehydration is regulated mostly by the lungs

is an important part of homeostasis

The main difference in the chemical composition of plasma and interstitial fluid is that: each contains different electrolytes. K+ is the major cation in plasma, but Na+ is the major one in interstitial fluid. plasma contains considerably more proteins. plasma does not contain electrolytes.

plasma contains considerably more proteins.

Which of the following electrolytes contributes most to intracellular osmotic pressure? phosphorus potassium chloride calcium

potassium

A membrane that allows some, but not all, substances to cross it is best described as: nonpermeable permeable semipermeable impermeable

semipermeable

The predominant cation in the extracellular fluid that functions in fluid balance is: sodium. potassium. calcium. magnesium.

sodium.

Distilled water is injected into a blood vessel. In response to this, the red blood cells surrounded by the water would: shrink swell show no change in size lose large amounts of electrolytes to the surrounding fluid

swell