UNIT 12- Civil Rights Movement, 1960s, & the Vietnam War Ch. 25,26,27

Kent State

-------- was the location of one of the many college student protests against the Vietnam War. The protest ended with a clash against the police and the death of several students. The incident greatly decreased the support for U.S. involvement in Vietnam and caused even more protest and resentment. -Site of an anti-war demonstration following the invasion of Cambodia in 1970; National Guard members responded to the protest by firing into the crown, killing four and wounding many more. -Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

-1953. U.S. Supreme Court rules that every felony defendant is entitled to a lawyer regardless of his/her ability to pay. -Defendants are entitled to a lawyer in any trial, even non-capital cases. Courts are required to provide a lawyer if the defendant cannot. The only way a defendant cannot have a counsel is if they knowingly waive their right. -a landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys or lawyers.

Baker v. Carr (1963)

-1962. Warren Court decision requires state legislatures to apportion electoral districts so that all citizen's votes have equal weight. Strengthened city voters and city-dwelling minorities (Hispanics, African-Americans, etc) by outlawing skew towards rural areas in many states. -Issue: Charles Baker brought to light apportionment laws being ignored by the state of Tennessee. Does the Supreme Court hold the power to rule on legislative apportionment? Decision: The Warren Court reached a 6-2 verdict in favor of Baker. A lack of political question, previous court intervention in apportionment affairs and equal protection under the 14th amendment gave the court enough reason to rule on legislative apportionment. -a landmark United States Supreme Court case that retreated from the Court's political question doctrine, deciding that reapportionment (attempts to change the way voting districts are delineated) issues present justiciable questions, thus enabling federal courts to intervene in and to decide reapportionment cases. The defendants unsuccessfully argued that reapportionment of legislative districts is a "political question," and hence not a question that may be resolved by federal courts.

The Feminine Mystique (Betty Friedan)

-1963 - Betty Friedan depicted how difficult a woman's life is because she doesn't think about herself, only her family. It said that middle-class society stifled women and didn't let them use their talents. Attacked the "cult of domesticity." -1960s; wrote "The Feminine Mystique," an account of housewives' lives in which they subordinated their own aspirations to the needs of men; bestseller was an inspiration for many women to join the women's rights movement later co-founded NOW (National Organization for Women)

Tet Offensive

-1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment -a massive surprise attack by the Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns and cities in early 1968.

Phyllis Schlafly

-1970s; a new right activist that protested the women's rights acts and movements as defying tradition and natural gender division of labor; demonstrated conservative backlash against the 60s -an American constitutional lawyer, conservative activist, author, and founder of the Eagle Forum. She is known for her opposition to modern feminism and for her campaign against the proposed Equal Rights Amendment.

Woodstock

-3 day rock concert in upstate N.Y. August 1969, exemplified the counterculture of the late 1960s, nearly 1/2M gather in a 600 acre field -This counterculture festival occured in 1969 on a farm in New York State. Hippies gathered at the concert for a three-day party that involved sex, drugs, and rock and roll. Artists such as Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin wowed the crowd that lived together in the dirt and mud of the farm. Young people found a connection with the work of folk signers such as Bob Dylan and Joan Baez, whose protest songs galvanized the counterculture.

Richard M. Nixon

-37th President of the United States (1969-1974) and the only president to resign the office. He initially escalated the Vietnam War, overseeing secret bombing campaigns, but soon withdrew American troops and successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam, effectively ending American involvement in the war. Watergate Scandal. -He was the 37th president. He served from 1969-1974. He resigned from office following his involvement in the Watergate Scandal.

Black Panthers

-A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest. -organization of armed black militants formed in Oakland, California, in 1966 to protect black rights. They represented a growing dissatisfaction with the non-violent wing of the civil rights movement, and signaled a new direction to that movement after the legislative victories of 1964-1965

Silent Spring (Rachel Carson)

-A book written (Rachel Carson) to voice the concerns of environmentalists. Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development. -"Silent Spring", sparked a real environmentalist movement: which introduced the adverse environmental effects of DDT and the fact that it would kill the environment and there would be no birds to sing.- a silent spring -Written by Rachel Carson in 1962. Controversial because it criticized chemicals and named their makers. "If the song bird gets sick, humans aren't far behind." "We're all toxic from conception to death"

EPA

-A governmental organization signed into law by Richard Nixon in 1970 designed to regulate pollution, emissions, and other factors that negatively influence the natural environment. The creation of the it marked a newfound commitment by the federal government to actively combat environmental risks and was a significant triumph for the environmentalist movement. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) -an agency of the United States federal government which was created for the purpose of protecting human health and the environment by writing and enforcing regulations based on laws passed by Congress. The EPA was proposed by President Richard Nixon and began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an executive order. -Environmental Protection Agency; an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment, under Nixon

Martin Luther King Jr.

-A leader in the civil rights movement in the 1950's and 1960's. Preached non-violent forms of revolting such as sit-ins and friendly protests. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968. -U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964) -U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

Stokely Carmichael/ Black Power

-A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community. -doctrine of militancy and separatism that rose in prominence after 1965, its activists rejected Martin Luther King's pacifism and desire for integration. Rather, they promoted pride in African heritage and an often militant position in defense of their rights

William Westmoreland

-American General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak from 1964 to 1968

War Powers Act

-An act that passed after Nixon's veto which required the president to report to Congress within 48 hours after sending or promising troops to a foreign conflict. -Passed during the Vietnam War, Congress passed this act to restrict Presidential powers dealing with war. It was passed over Nixon's veto, and required the President to report to Congress within 48 hours after committing troops to a foreign conflict or enlarging units in a foreign country. -This act stated that the president must report to Congress within 2 days of putting troops in danger in a foreign country, and there would be a 60 to 90 day limit for over seas troop presence.

SALT 1

-Anti-ballistic missile treaty which set the limit of two clusters of defensive missiles per nation. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks stopped the numbers of long-range nuclear missiles for 5 years. -First one - initiated by Nixon to agree to reduce the quantity of nukes. ----- was a series of negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. on the issue of nuclear arms reduction. The talks helped lower the total number of missiles each side would have and eased the tension between the two. --SALT I: an agreement signed by the US and Soviets to stop building nuclear ballistic missiles for five years

Robert McNamara

-Cabinet officer who promoted "flexible response" but came to doubt the wisdom of the Vietnam War he had presided over -was the secretary of defense under Kennedy. He helped develop the flexible response policy. He was against the war in Vietnam and was removed from office because of this. -US Secretary of Defense during the battles in Vietnam. Architect for the Vietnam war and promptly resigned after the US lost badly.

Immigration Act of 1965

-Ended quotas based on national origin; occupation and skills are now the criteria used to judge entry into the US, set immigration limit -replaced varying quotas with the limit of 20,000 immigrants per year from anyone outside the western hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western hemisphere -1965: AKA the Immigration Act of 1965. Increased the immigration ceiling to 290,000 annually and provided the basic structure and principles of the current immigration system. Encouraged the immigration of professionals and families with the intention to permanently stay in the US. Lots more Asian immigrants. Also encouraged illegal immigration.

Lee Harvey Oswald

-Ex-Marine and communist and communist sympathizer who assassinated JFK in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. He was murdered two days later as he was being transferred from one jail to another -United States assassin of President John F. Kennedy (1939-1963)

National Organization for Women (NOW)

-Feminist organization attempting to equalize education for each gender and shed traditional concepts of marriage. -Founded in 1966, the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. NOW also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. -Is the largest feminist organization in the United States. It was founded in 1966 and has a membership of 500,000 contributing members. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia.

James Meredith

-First black student admitted to the University of Mississippi, shot during a civil rights march in 1966 -Black air force veteran who faced violent opposition when he attempted to register for classes at the University of Mississippi; JFK sent in 400 federal marshals and 3,000 troops to facilitate his enrollment and put a stop to the rioting and violence.

Robert F. Kennedy

-He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans. -younger brother of JFK who entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy Administration. Later elected senator from New York, he became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidential candidate in 1968, launching a popular challenge to incumbent President Johnson. Amid that campaign, he was assassinated in California on June 6, 1968 -american politician; attorney general during brother's (JFK) presidency and was assassinated during his bid for the 1968 Democratic presidential nomination

John F. Kennedy

-He was the youngest most glamorous president ever elected. He won the 1960 presidential election against Nixon. He was the first Catholic president. During his presidency, he sent the Green Beret (Marines) to Vietnam. He helped develop the Peace Corps. His foreign policy was Flexible Response. His domestic program was the New Frontier. He appointed his brother, Robert Kennedy as Attorney General. Robert Kennedy dealt with the Civil Rights issue as well. John F. Kennedy was assassinated on Nov.22,1963.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

-In 1960 Eisenhower had approved a plan proposed by Allen Dulles. The US would supply money and arms in Guatemala for a force of anti-Castro Cubans. The force was trained and ready. Kennedy expected that when the force invaded Cuba, the Cubans would seize the chance to overthrow Castro, so Kennedy gave his approval to invade. 1500 Cuban refugee fighters landed in the Bay of Pigs on the South Coast of Cuba on April 17. They were not greeted as expected -In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

-Indian Activists who wanted reservations to be recognized by the government during the Civil Rights Movements. -A coalition that fought for Indian rights guaranteed by treaties(broken by the U.S. government many, many times over) and better conditions and opportunities for American Indians. -Fed up with the poor conditions on Indian reservations and the federal government's unwillingness to help, Native Americans founded the American Indian Movement (AIM) in 1963. In 1973, AIM led 200 Sioux in the occupation of Wounded Knee. After a ten-week standoff with the federal authorities, the government agreed to reexamine Indian treaty rights and the occupation ended.

New Frontier

-John F. Kennedy committed to landing on the moon by the end of the decade, and he addressed the need for the Soviet bloc to respect human rights, while affirming the U.S. determination to pay any price, bear any burden in the fight to contain communism. -this was the new programs introduced by President Kennedy in the early 1960's. These programs included the space program to the moon and the peace corp. -JFK's program for change in which he issued a challenge to the American people, calling upon them to make sacrifices to achieve their potential greatness; included medical assistance for the elderly, increased education spending, space exploration, public service initiatives such as the peace corps, a commitment to civil rights and fiscal policies to revitalize the economy.

War on Property

-Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address as a part of his Great Society. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start. VISTA and Medicaid were also a part of this -This included health, education and welfare programs that Congress passed in 1964 and 1965. The original idea came under Kennedy and was continued under L. Johnson when it became a part of his "Great Society." The Council of Economic Advisers was closely related to actions regarding this term including the Economic Opportunity Act, the Job Corps, and the Community Action Program. All of these acts helped to combat poverty and help the poor in various ways. -President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly

March on Washington

-MLK and A. Phillip Randolph led a group of 250,000 people singing we shall overcome from the mall in D.C. to the Lincoln Memorial. The largest civil rights movement the country had ever seen, they sought better jobs, an end to segregation and support of Kennedy's Civil Rights Bill. -held in 1963 to show support for the civil rights bill in congress. martin Luther king gave his famous "i have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally -In August of 1963, Martin Luther King Jr. organized a massive protest on Washington, D.C. where he gave his "I have a dream" speech. The march was organized to protest racial discrimination and to demonstrate support for major civil-rights legislation that was pending in Congress.

Selma March

-MLK organizes a march in Selma. Tens of thousands of black protesters petition for the right to vote outside of the city hall and are ignored. They then marched to the gov'na's mansion in Montgomery. Police meet them with tear gas and clubs. "Bloody Sunday" is highly publicized and Americans in the North are shocked. -MLK organized this major demonstration in Alabama to press for the right of blacks to register to vote. Selma sheriff led local police in a televised brutal attack on demonstrators. Two northern white marchers were murdered, and the outrage that came after helped LBJ pass the Civil Rights Act of 1965.

Medicare/Medicaid

-Medicare 1965; health care for the aged, a federally administered system of health insurance available to persons aged 65 and over. Created by LBJ --This provides federal aid to the elderly for medical expenses. -Medicaid a federal and state assistance program that pays for health care services for people who cannot afford them (low-income families) -This extended federal medical assistance to welfare recipients and other indigent people of all ages

Apollo Space Program

-NASA initiative to land men on the moon. Setbacks, such as horrific fire that killed 3 astronauts. July 20, 1969- Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins traveled in space capsule into orbit around the moon. Armstrong and Aldrin walked on moon.

Vietnamization

-Nixons strategy for ending U.S involvement in Vietnam war, withdraw of American troops and replacing them with South Vietnamese forces -Nixon's policy that involved withdrawing 540,000 US troops from South Vietnam over an extended period of time. It also included a gradual take over of the South Vietnamese taking responsibility of fighting their own war by American-provided money, weapons, training, and advice. -This process was Nixon's plan to turn the war over to those who should be fighting it--the Vietnamese. This process invilved the US military instructing the South Vietnamese of how to go about fighting the war on their own. The number of US troops in the country slowly decreased. Within the span of three years, the number of US troops in Vietnam decreased from over 500,000 in 1969 to just under 30,000 in 1972.

The Other America (Michael Harrington)

-This novel was an influential study of the poverty in the U.S., published by Michael Harrington & it was the driving force behind the "war on poverty." 1/5 of the U.S. was living below the poverty line. -Wrote a book called "The Other America," said 20% of people in America are below the poverty line -Author of famous book, The Other Americans - Poverty in the US, which he wrote in 1962. He argued that 25% of the country was actually in poverty, and highlighted the inequalities that plagued the country. It was regarded as a driving force behind the War on Poverty by the Johnson Administration -1962, written by Michael Harrington; poignant and influential report on poverty in America; the book played an important role in awakening JFK's interest in the poor and showed the way for LBJ's War on Poverty.

Warren Report

-This was the commission put in charge of investigating the assassination of JFK. They announced that there was no larger conspiracy involved. -Commission made by LBJ after killing of John F. Kennedy. (Point is to investigate if someone paid for the assassination of Kennedy.) Conclusion is that Oswald killed Kennedy on his own. Commissioner is Chief Justice Warren. --headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren -concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was the lone assassin -marked the beginning of a loss of credibility in government

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

-Topeka board of education denied Linda Brown admittance to an all white school close to her house. Thurgood Marshall argued that a separate but equal violated equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. Warren decided separate educational facilities were inherently unequal -the 1954 supreme court decision holding that school segregation in topeka, kansas, was inherently unconstitutional because it violated the 14th amendment's guarantee of equal protection. this case marked the end of legal segregation in the us.

Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta

-United Farm Workers organized and led by Cesar Chavez, Dolores Huerta, Philip Vera Cruz, and Larry Itliong; Unionized Mexican-American farm workers. Cesar Chavez was a non-violent leader of the United Farm Workers from 1963-1970. Organized laborers in California and in the Southwest to strike against fruit and vegetable growers. -Chavez-Young activist who worked for the Community Service Organization (CSO); Founded United Farm Workers (UFW) with Dolores Huerta and inspired Chicano movement of 1960s; Was brought much publicity after a grape pickers' strike led the UFW to call a nationwide boycott of table grapes; Staged a hunger strike for attention Huerta-Young activist who worked for the Community Service Organization (CSO); Founded United Farm Workers (UFW) with Cesar Chavez and inspired Chicano movement of 1960s

Rosa Parks

-United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913) -NAACP member who initiated the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 when she was arrested for violating Jim Crow rules on a bus; her action and the long boycott that followed became an icon of the quest for civil rights and focused national attention on boycott leader Martin Luther King, Jr.

Ho Chi Minh Trail

-Vietnamese communist statesman who fought the Japanese in World War II and the French until 1954 and South Vietnam until 1975 (1890-1969) -Born in 1890. Communist leader of North Vietnam; he and his Viet Minh/Viet Cong allies fought French and American forces to a standstill in Vietnam, 1946-1973. Considered a nationalist by many, others viewed him as an agent of the Soviet Union and China.

SDS/New Left

New Left-a youth-dominated political movement of the 1960s, embodied in such organization as Students for a Democratic Society and the Ree Speech Movement. -In the 1960s, American students formed what became known as this. In 1962, a group of students gathered in Michigan to form an organization to give voice to their demands: Students for a Democratic Society. This was a student radicalism organization that was determined to build a new politics. SDS-Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s. -852, A student group formed in the 1960s, to voice demands and create new politics through an organization called Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).

1968 Democratic National Convention

-Was held in Chicago. Purpose was to elect a suitable nominee to run as the Democratic Party's choice for prez in the 1968 election. Events that led to convention were: assassination of Martin Luther King and JFK. Riots broke out from Anti-Vietnam war protestors during the time of the convention. These riots turned into bloody battles after the Chicago police tried to stop the protestors. Democrats settled on Hubert Humphrey but lost to Richard Nixon. Shows a large split in the party over the Vietnam War. - In Chicago. Democratic delegates gathered to nominate Vice-president Hubert Humphrey while anti-war protestor gathered outside to take advantage of television coverage to get their message across. Delegates inside the convention were bitterly divided by war policies and there were charges of discrimination and tampering (made by supporters of George McGovern and Eugene McCarthy--two challengers to Humphrey). The hall was protected with barbed wire, and police officers to keep the protesters away. Police and protestors battled in the streets of Chicago. Consequences: Democrats were divided and lost the 1968 election, reforms to the nominated process (it had largely been in the hands of party leadership, but changed to primaries and caucuses), and the "Chicago Seven" were arrested and tried for rioting--many of them leaders of protest movements.

"Letter From Birmingham Jail"

-When MLK is in jail during the Birmingham protests, he writes this letter, which explains the civil rights movement to critics. The letter was published and circulated countrywide. -A letter written by Martin Luther King Jr. after he had been arrested when he took part in a nonviolent march against segregation. He was disappointed more Christians didn't speak out against racism.

Counterculture/Hippies

-Youth movement of the 1960s characterized by nonviolent anarchy, concern for the environment, and rejection of Western materialism -Members of the youthful counterculture that dominated many college campuses in the 1960s; rather than promoting a political agenda, they challenged conventional sexual standards, rejected traditional economic values, and encouraged the use of drugs.

OSHA (occupational safety and health administration)

-a Governmental Agency with the responsibility for regulatory and enforcement of safety and health matters for most United States employees; an individual State OSHA agency may supercede the US Department of Labor OSHA regulations, A government organization whose mission is to assure the safety and health of America's workers by setting and enforcing standards; providing training, outreach, and education; establishing partnerships; and encouraging continual improvement in workplace safety and health., regulates the workplace environment; ensures that workplaces are safe and healthful for employees -Occupational Safety & Health Administration, A U.S. government agency that protects workers by setting and enforcing health and safety standards -1970; it set safety standards in workplaces

Peace Corps

-a federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries, it provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructure, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies. Part of Kennedy's New Frontier vision, the organization represented an effort by postwar liberals to promote American values and influence through productive exchanges across the world -a civilian organization sponsored by the United States government, a program that trains and sends volunteers to poor nations all over the world to serve as educators, health care workers, agricultural advisers, and in other jobs

Little Rock Nine

-a group of African-American students who were enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. The ensuing Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus, and then attended after the intervention of President Eisenhower, is considered to be one of the most important events in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. we went to central high and it was tiiight!

Alliance For Progress

-a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, 1961-63; JFK economic policy towards S.America, 10 yr. development plan where JFK promised Latin Amer. leaders that U.S. would -this was a Marshall Plan for Latin America that was suggested by President Kennedy to help the Good Neighbors close the gap between the rich and the poor and to help quiet the communist agitation. It was unsuccessful because there was little alliance and no progress. -An attempt to provide American aid for democratic reform in Latin America that met with much disappointment and frustration

Equal Rights Amendment

-first proposed in 1923 to affirm that women and men have equal rights under the law, is still not part of the U.S. Constitution. -proposed amendment to the U.S. constitution passed by Congress and submitted to the states for ratification in 1971; outlawing discrimination based on gender, it was at first seen as a great victory by women's-rights groups. The amendment fell 3 states short of the 38 required for ratification. However, many states have adopted similar amendments to their state constitutions -Outlawing discrimination based on gender, it was at first seen as a great victory by women's-rights groups. But the amendment fell 3 states short of the 38 required for ratification. However, many states have adopted similar amendments to their state constitutions.

Bakke Decision

-landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States on the permissible scope factors in an admissions program, but only for the purpose of improving the learning environment through diversity in accordance with the university's constitutionally protected First Amendment right to Academic Freedom -(1978) Ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances.

Thurgood Marshall

-legal director of the NAACP; argued for Linda Brown in the Brown v. Board case -the first african american to serve on the supreme court of the united states. prior to becoming a judge, he was a lawyer who was best remembered for his activity in the little rock 9 and his high success rate in arguing before the supreme court and for the victory in brown v. board of education

Voting Rights Act of 1965

-legislation pushed through Congress by President Johnson that prohibited ballot-denying tactics, such as literacy tests and intimidation. It was a successor to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and sought to make racil disenfranchisement explicitly illegal -1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it created jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

United Farm Workers

-organization of migrant workers formed to win better wages and working conditions led by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta. -Organizing Committee Headed by Cesar Chavez, it succeeded in helping to improve working conditions. It was organized to help mainly the Chicano population. -a union committed to the goal of better pay and working conditions for migrant farm workers - people who move seasonally from farm to farm for work

Affirmative Action

-policies of the government aimed at increasing access to jobs, schooling, and opportunities to people previously discriminated against...Bakke vs. Board of Regents -a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities -policies of the government aimed at increasing access to jobs, schooling, and oppurtunities to people previously discriminated against...Bakke vs. Board of Regents -a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

SNCC

-protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the south. their success prompted the formation of the student non-violent coordinating committee. -Student Non-violent Coordination Committee, founded in 1960 by black college students to provide a focus for the sit-in movement and to conduct voter registration drives in the South. They roused the fury of Southern segregationists

Pentagon Papers

-secret gov. history documenting the mistakes and deceptions of gov. policy-makers in dealing w Vietnam. leaked by Daniel ellsberg -Top-secret documents, published by The New York Times in 1971, that showed blunders and deceptions that led the United States into the Vietnam War -Articles by The New York Times about a top-secret study of America's involvement in the Vietnam War. The information was "leaked" to the newspaper by the former Pentagon official Daniel Ellsberg.

Lyndon B. Johnson

-signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Cuban Missile Crisis

-the 1962 confrontation between US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba -In October 1962, the United States and the Soviet Union came close to nuclear war when President Kennedy insisted that Nikita Khrushchev (leader of the USSR) remove the 42 missiles he had secretly inserted in Cuba. The Soviets eventually did so, nuclear war was averted, and the crisis ended.

Flexible Response

-the buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow a nation to fight a limited war without using nuclear weapons -First goal of JFK admin was to build up nation's armed forces warning that the Soviets were opening a missile gap. Already, the US had a great nuclear arsenal but the new admin wanted to put the Sovieys on the defensive so they increased their arsenal which created, if it ever happened, a successful first strike. JFK admin augmented conventional military strength. Sec of Defense McNamara developed plans to add 5-combat ready army divisions and JFK started to like coutnerinsurgency. JFK wanted to build up the nuclear weapons so the US could call on a wide spectrum of force for a communist threat. Only danger was that the US could test its strength against Soviet Union.

Vietcong

-the guerrilla soldiers of the Communist faction in Vietnam, also know as the National Liberation Front , In 1960 the southern Vietnam formed the National Liberation Front. It's main goal was to overthrow of Diem's government. -A communist-led army and guerrilla force in South Vietnam that fought its government and was supported by North Vietnam -Communist guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam (late 1950s-1975) and the United States (early 1960s-1973)

Operation Rolling Thunder

-was the title of a gradual and sustained U.S. 2nd Air Division (later Seventh Air Force), U.S. Navy, and Republic of Vietnam Air Force (VNAF) aerial bombardment campaign conducted against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) from 2 March 1965 until 1 November 1968, during the Vietnam War. -Launched by President Johnson, a massive air bombardment of North Vietnam, in April of 1965. The targets were directly chosen by the president. These were regular full scale bombing attacks against Vietnam. -bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight (lbj)

Malcolm X

-wasn't afraid to use violence, wanted to unite all non white people of the world and seek methods of racial harmony -a black Muslim preacher who favored black separation and condemned the "blue-eyed white devils". He was shot by a black gunmen while giving a speech in New York City. inspired by Islam and Muhammad. Action by even violence -Charismatic black power agitator; inspired by Elijah Muhammad and his militant Nation of Islam, he changed his given name and began preaching black separatism; eventually moving away from Mohammed, he moved toward mainstream Islam; assassinated by Nation of Islam gunmen in 1965. -An Islamic civil rights activist. At first rejected integration and nonviolence and called on blacks to defend themselves — with violence if necessary. After a series of scandals in the Nation of Islam, he left it and went to Mecca. He returned with a different attitude and started working for integration rather than against it. In 1965, he was assassinated by three Muslim gunmen, probably for his exit of the NoI.

Great Society

-President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. It meant to solve large social problems like hunger and poverty. -This is the name for Lyndon Johnson's program for national reform, using economic and welfare measures similar to New Dealism. His program would include a war on poverty as well as support for education, medical care for the elderly, and protection for African Americans. It included some urban development and housing projects. Under the program, Congress doubled the money for the Office of Economic Opportunity to $2 billion, and Johnson created the new cabinet offices of Transportation and of Housing and Urban Development. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, Medicare and Medicaid, Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. -LBJ called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

Title IX

-Provision of the 1972 Education Amendments that prohibited gender discrimination and opened sports and other arenas to women -A part of the Education Amendments which prohibited sex discrimination in any educational programs or activities that are funded by the federal government. -The law states that No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

-Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat in the bus and was arrested. MLK gathered a city-wide protest in response. Because most all of bus riders were black, they boycotted and choose to walk, carpool, or ride taxis. People nationwide heard of the incident and started lending money to protesters -in 1955, after Rosa parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. martin l. king led a boycott of city buses. after 11 months the supreme court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

SCLC

-Southern Christian Leadership Conference, founded by MLK, which taught that civil rights could be achieved through nonviolent protests. -MLK formed the SCLC in 1957 to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights significance: blacks were taking the civil rights movement into their own hands, mostly with nonviolent protest

Roe v. Wade (1973)

-Supreme Court decision that declared women's right to choose abortion -A court decision in 1973 that legalized abortion -established national abortion guidelines; trimester guidelines; no state interference in 1st; state may regulate to protect health of mother in 2nd; state may regulate to protect health or unborn child in 3rd. inferred from right of privacy established in griswald v. connecticut -The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on all abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to protect the fetus during the third trimester.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

-Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. -Suspects must be informed of their rights to legal counsel and silence upon their arrest, and if they decide to remain silent or do not waive their rights, the interrogation must cease. No confession can be admissible under the 5th or 6th Amendments unless a suspect has been made aware of their rights and has waived them. -ruled that those who were arrested had to the "right to remain silent."

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

-The ---- was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. -Gave the president the authority to "take all necessary measures" to repel any attacks and "to prevent further aggression." The resolution became the legal basis for a war that would last for eight more years.

My Lai Massacre

-The mass murder conducted by a unit of the U.S. Army on March 16, 1968 of hundreds of unarmed citizens in the South Vietnamese town of My Lai. Majority of victims were women, children (including babies) and elderly people. Lieutenant Calley, the officer who ordered the killings, was tried for murder. He claimed he was only following orders, but was convicted and served several years in prison. -Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians, mostly women and children. The atrocity produced outrage and reduced support for the war in America and around the world when details of the massacre and an attempted cover-up were revealed in 1971.

Berlin Wall

-a wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West -In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was eventually torn down -fortified and guarded barrier between East and West Berlin erected on orders from Soviet Permier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 to stop the flow of people to the West; until its destruction in 1989, the wall was a vivid symbol of the divide between the communist and capitalist worlds

Freedom Rides

-an assembly of people that traveled to segregated places to promote equality. one day a bus was burned and a riot in Montgomery broke out. JFK ordered federal Marshalls to protect them. -civil rights activists rode in interstate buses into the segregated southern united states to test the united states supreme court decision boynton v. virginia, (1960) 364 u.s. 454, which outlawed racial segregation in interstate transportation facilities, including bus stations and railroad terminals. a total of 436 freedom riders were arrested for trespassing, unlawful assembly, violating state and local Jim crow laws, etc. all but a very small number were sponsored by the congress of racial equality (core) while the others belonged to the student nonviolent coordinating committee (sncc). -chartered buses to tour through the South to try and end segregation but white mobs often reacted violently towards them. This drew attention to segregation and what was happening in the south -New civil rights technique developed int he 1960s to desegregate lunch counters and other public facilities in the South

Agent Orange

-chemical herbicides used to help destroy forests in Vietnam -Herbicide used as a chemical weapon during the vietnam war to kill vegetation and expose enemy hiding places

Earl Warren

-controversial chief justice of the supreme court (1953-1969); he led the court in far-reaching racial, social, and political rulings, including school desegregation and protecting rights of persons accused of crimes.

Detente

-deliberate reduction of cold war tensions -Nixon-Ford-Kissinger policy of seeking relaxed tensions with the Soviet Union through trade and arms limitation -A period of relaxed tensions with the Communist power of the Soviets where agreements were made to support the Soviets by selling them $750 million in wheat, corn, and other cereals. -A period of relaxed tension between the communist powers of the Soviet Union and China and the U.S. set up by Richard Nixon that established better relations between these countries to ease the Cold War. During this time the Anti-ballistic Missile treaty as well as the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks were set up to prevent nuclear war -the easing of strained relations, especially in a political situation. The term is often used in reference to the general easing of geo-political tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States which began in 1971

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964

-established an Office of Economic Opportunity to provide young Americans with job training (the Job Corps) and created a volunteer network devoted to social work and edu in impoverished areas. it also set up community action programs to give the poor a voice in defining local housing, health and educational policies. Done as a part of LBJ's Great Society

Civil Rights Act of 1964

-federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government's power to fight segregation in schools. Title VII of the act prohibited employers from discriminating based on race in their hiring practices, and empowered the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to regulate fair employment -This act made racial, religious, national origin, skin color and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.