Unit 12 World History

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) A German monk and theologian who sought to reform the Catholic Church; he believed in salvation through faith alone, the importance of reading scripture, and the priesthood of all believers. His Ninety-Five Theses, which enumerated the abuses by the Catholic Church as well as his reforms, started the Protestant Reformation.

Jean Calvin

(1509-1564) A French theologian during the Protestant Reformation. Calvin developed a Christianity that emphasized moral regeneration through church teachings and laid out a doctrine of predestination.

What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century?

90 percent

What did the Spanish use as a model for obtaining Amerindian labor for colonial mines?

Aztec and Incan practices, such as the mita, that demanded labor from conquered villages

What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda?

The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.

In its dealings with European traders, the Ming dynasty government

confined them to port cities.

Newfound expertise with the compass and astrolabe allowed Portuguese navigators to:

determine latitude.

Mughal strength rested on

military power

Much of China's silver imports came from Japan and

the Americas.

Which of the following attracted Europeans to Asia?

wealth and the profits it offered merchants and kings alike

Which group dominated the Indian Ocean trade in the fifteenth century?

Chinese

encomenderos

Commanders of the labor services of the colonized peoples in Spanish America.

Which of the following represents a key lesson the Spanish learned from the conquest of the Aztec Empire?

Conquest needed to be completed quickly.

Protestant Reformation

Religious movement initiated by sixteenth-century monk Martin Luther, who openly criticized the corruption in the Catholic Church and voiced his belief that Christians could speak directly to God. His doctrines gained wide support, and those who followed this new view of Christianity rejected the authority of the papacy and the Catholic clergy, broke away from the Catholic Church, and called themselves "Protestants."

Jesuits

Religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola to counter the inroads of the Protestant Reformation; the Jesuits, or the Society of Jesus, were active in politics, education, and missionary work.

Which of the following was the determinative factor in the Spaniards' conquest of the Aztecs?

Smallpox spread rapidly among the Aztec warriors and elites.

conquistadors

Spanish military leaders who led the conquest of the New World in the sixteenth century

In what way was the rule of the Mughals under Akbar different from that of contemporary European monarchs?

Akbar encouraged discussion between members of different religions, while Europeans fought for forty years to force religious conformity.

In Ming China, where did women find the greatest opportunities to obtain wealth and influence?

As healers, consorts, and power brokers in the Forbidden City

Which of the following was a way in which the spread of Protestant beliefs contributed to protracted warfare in Europe between the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries?

Common people took up arms to defend their religious beliefs and practices instead of leaving warfare to professional soldiers.

Inca Empire

Empire of Quechua-speaking rulers in the Andean valley of Cuzco that encompassed a population of 4 to 6 million. The Incas lacked a clear inheritance system, causing an internal split that Pizarro's forces exploited in 1533.

Holy Roman Empire

Enormous realm that encompassed much of Europe and aspired to be the Christian successor state to the Roman Empire. In the time of the Habsburg dynasts, the empire was a loose confederation of principalities that obeyed an emperor elected by elite lower-level sovereigns. Despite its size, the empire never effectively centralized power; it was split into Austrian and Spanish factions when Charles V abdicated to his sons in 1556.

Which of the following accurately describes Columbus's first impression of the Taino people?

He believed that they were childlike primitives.

What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter?

It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy?

Kinship and clan networks

In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit?

Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe.

Aztec Empire

Mesoamerican empire that originated with a league of three Mexica cities in 1430 and gradually expanded through the Central Valley of Mexico, uniting numerous small, independent states under a single monarch who ruled with the help of counselors, military leaders, and priests. By the late fifteenth century, the Aztec realm may have embraced 25 million people. In 1521, the Aztecs were defeated by the conquistador Hernán Cortés.

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations?

Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.

Counter-Reformation

Movement to counter the spread of the Reformation; initiated by the Catholic Church at the Council of Trent in 1545. The Catholic Church enacted reforms to attack clerical corruption and placed a greater emphasis on individual spirituality. During this time, the Jesuits were founded to help revive the Catholic Church.

Columbian Exchange

Movements between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas of previously unknown plants, animals, people, diseases, and products that followed in the wake of Columbus's voyages.

Atlantic System

New system of trade and expansion that linked Europe, Africa, and the Americas. It emerged in the wake of European voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.

Mughal Empire

One of Islam's greatest regimes. Established in 1526, it was a vigorous, centralized state whose political authority encompassed most of modern-day India. During the sixteenth century, it had a population of between 100 and 150 million.

In the Council of Trent, the Catholic Church responded to the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation in which of the following ways?

The Church sought to reform clerical corruption.

Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao?

The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.

Which of the following characterized Spanish tributary empires?

The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants.

After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China?

The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade?

To take over the trade or tax local merchants