Unit 14 — Digestive System (Quiz, Study Guide)

Diverticulum

A ____________________ is a pouch larger than a haustrum, that forms when the wall of the muscularis (externa) weakens and stretches.

Ulcer

An erosion of the stomach or duodenal mucosa

Diverticulitis

An infection of the diverticula — may cause pain, fever, and change in bowel habits.

Gastrointestinal tract (gi tract)

Another name for the alimentary canal.

Emulsification

Bile is used for the ____________________ of fats, which is the act of separating large globules into tiny fatty droplets.

Cementum

Bone-like substance that attaches the root to the periodontal ligament.

Gallstones

Causes severe epigastric pain; associated with prolonged storage of bile in the gallbladder

Heartburn

Condition resulting from the reflux of acidic gastric juice into the esophagus

Epiglottis

During swallowing, the _________________ closes off the larynx, preventing food from entering the respiratory tract.

Fatty acids and glycerol

Fats are broken down to two types of building blocks, _____________________ and ________________.

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of the digestive tract have the same basic four layers which include the:

Cholesterol

Gallstones are mostly composed of crystallized ____________________.

20 teeth

How many deciduous teeth does a person normally have?

32 teeth

How many permanent teeth does a person normally have?

Peritonitis

Inflammation of the abdominal serosa

Parotid gland

Mumps is a viral infection that frequently affects what salivary gland?

Ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease

Name both enzymes released by the pancreas that function to break down nuclei acids.

Esophagus

Name for the muscular tube (10 inches long) that functions in the transport of food from the pharynx to the stomach. It lies posterior to the trachea.

Duodenum

Name of the first part of the small intestine that receives the common bile duct (delivering bile from the liver and gallbladder) and the main and accessory pancreatic ducts (delivering pancreatic juice from the pancreas).

Greater Omentum

Name of the fold of the peritoneum that emerges from the stomach and duodenum and drapes over the intestines like a "fatty apron" then returns superiorly to attach to the transverse colon. It contains a great amount of adipose tissue and can greatly expand with weight gain. Protects internal organs from blows. An energy storage that gives rise to the characteristic of "beer belly."

Mesentary

Name of the fold of the peritoneum that suspends the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall AND provides a pathway through which nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels can travel to and from the small intestines.

Rugae

Name of the mucosal folds within the stomach that allow for the stomach to stretch when filled.

Uvula

Name of the posterior extension of the soft palate.

Jejunum

Name of the second portion of the intestine that is the PRIMARY site of absorption.

Peritoneum

Name of the serous membrane that lines the wall and many organs of the abdominal cavity.

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus

Name of the structures of the large intestine in order from the start to the end.

Appendix

Name of the worm-like tube attached to the cecum that contains large numbers of lymphoid nodules and who's function is not clear.

Ascites

Name the condition where there is distinction of the peritoneal cavity due to accumulation of several liters of serous fluid.

Lipase

Name the enzymes released by the pancreas that function to break down fats.

Proteases

Name the enzymes released by the pancreas that function to break down proteins into amino acids.

Amylase

Name the enzymes released by the pancreas that function to break down starches.

Insulin

Name the hormone released by the pancreas in response to HIGH plasma glucose levels that acts to LOWER plasma glucose.

Glucagon

Name the hormone released by the pancreas in response to LOW plasma glucose levels that acts to INCREASE plasma glucose.

Ileum

Name the last part of the small intestine that functions in the absorption of electrolytes and vitamins.

Serous fluid

Name the lubricating fluid produced by the peritoneum that allows organs to slide past each other.

Pyloric sphincter

Name the sphincter that opens to allow chyme to leave the stomach.

Vitamin B12

Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor which is necessary for the absorption of _______________

Enamel

Part of the tooth that covers the crown and part of the neck, that protects from wear and is a barrier against acids that can dissolve dentin.

Dentin

Part of the tooth that is composed of calcified connective tissue that is similar to bone, and gives the tooth its basic shape. It surrounds the pulp cavity and root canal.

Diarrhea

Passage of watery stools

Uvula

Posterior extension of the soft palate that helps close off the nasopharynx during swallowing (to prevent food from entering the nasopharynx).

Amino acids

Proteins must be broken down to _________________ before they can be absorbed.

Starch

Salivary amylase digests what food substance?

Mastication

Term for chewing — process of breaking large food particles into smaller food particles.

Deglutition

Term for swallowing

Defecation

Term for the elimination of indigestible substances from the body via the anus in the form of feces.

Peritonitis

Term for the inflammation of the periotoneum, that can be caused by infectious microbes due to accidental or surgical wounds, or rupture of abdominal organs.

Mass peristalsis

Term for the large peristaltic waves that propel the colon contents along the TRANSVERSE COLON through the rest of the colon to the rectum — especially after eating a large meal or during defecation.

Peristalsis

Term for the primary means of moving food through the GI tract. It involves waves of alternating contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in the organ walls.

Segmentation

Term for the rhythmic local contractions of the small intestine that helps mix food.

Jaundice

Term used to describe the buildup of the yellow pigment bilirubin in the blood and skin — which gives a yellowish appearance to the skin mucous membranes and sclera.

Glucose, fructose, and galactose

The building blocks of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, or simple sugars. The three common simple sugars in our diet are ____________, ______________, and ________________.

Esophagus

The digestive tube between the pharynx and the stomach is the _____________________.

Large intestine

The function of this part of the GI Tract is to absorb water, electrolytes, some vitamins, and prepare feces. Chyme remains in this part of the intestine for 3-10 hours. Resident bacteria breakdown indigestible carbohydrate residues and produce many B vitamins (including biotin and pantothenic acid), as well as most of the body's supply of vitamin K.

Enamel

The hardest substance in the body is ________________.

Hard palate

The part of the palate that forms the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth.

Soft palate

The part of the palate that forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth.

Cecum

The sac-like structure at the proximal end of the large intestine that has the appendix attached to it, and receives contents from the small intestine.

Parotid gland

The salivary gland that is found anterior to the ear and is the largest of the salivary glands.

Submandibular gland

The salivary gland that lies beneath the body of the mandible.

Sublingual gland

The salivary gland that lies under the tongue

Cardiac

The sphincter between the esophagus and stomach is called the _________________ sphincter. Another name is the lower esophageal sphincter.

Sucrose, lactose, and maltose

The three common disaccharides in our diet include _____________, ______________, and _______________.

Chemical digestion

The type of digestion that involves hydrolytic breakdown of food molecules by enzymes secreted into the alimentary canal.

Mechanical digestion

The type of digestion that provides the initial breakdown of food that physically prepares food for chemical digestion. Includes chewing, mixing of food and saliva by the tongue, churning of food in the stomach, and segmentation to mix food with enzymes.

Gallbladder

This organ functions in storage and concentration of bile until it is expelled.

Liver

This organ is where bile is produced

True

True or False: Peptic ulcers are erosions of the mucous membranes of the stomach or duodenum produced by the action of HCl. Causes involve mechanisms that reduce the barriers of the gastric mucosa to self digestion. Infection by Helicobacter pylori cause most cases.

True

True or False: Protection of the stomach from HCl acid and digestive enzymes is due to a thick coating of bicarbonate-containing mucus that lines the inner stomach wall.

False

True or False: The stomach is the major organ where absorption of food takes place.

Pernicious anemia

Type of anemia that can result if the body does not produce enough intrinsic factor.

Chief cells

Type of gastric cells that secrete pepsinogen

G cells

Type of gastric cells that secretes the hormone gastric into the blood which stimulates increased production of gastric juice.

Parietal cells

Type of gastric gland cell that secrete hydrochloride acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.

Goblet cells

Type of gastric gland cell that secrete mucus which lubricates the chyme and protects stomach lining from digestive enzymes and acid.

Jaundice

Usually indicates liver problems or blockage of the biliary ducts.