unit 16
Keeping blood-glucose levels in the target range
(70-130 mg/dL before a meal) requires careful monitoring of blood-glucose levels with a blood-glucose meter, strict adherence to a healthy diet, and increased physical activity
Diets high in omega-3 fatty acids from dietary sources
(though supplements are also appropriate if you are not the world's biggest fan of fish) appear to help out as well. Omega-3 fatty acids are heart-healthy and anti-inflammatory, and while they should not be your main line of defense against high blood pressure, their food sources should be included in your diet. Mackerel, salmon, tuna, herring, ground flaxseed, chia seeds, and walnuts are all dietary sources of Omega-3 fatty acids.
Similar to those who experience anorexia and bulimia
, people who have a binge-eating disorder have lost control over their eating. People with binge-eating disorder will periodically overeat to the extreme, but their loss of control over eating is not followed by fasting, purging, or compulsive exercise. [Binge episodes occurring at least two days a week for six months is part of the diagnostic criteria from the DSM-5]. As a result, people with this disorder are often overweight or obese, and their chronic disease risks are those linked to having an high body weight such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and Type 2 diabetes. Additionally, they often experience guilt, shame, and depression. Binge-eating disorder is commonly associated with depression and anxiety disorder
People with anorexia consume, on average, fewer than
1,000 kilocalories per day and exercise excessively. They are in a tremendous caloric imbalance. Moreover, some may participate in binge eating, self-induced vomiting, and purging with laxatives or enemas.
Around ----- mg of daily calcium from foods (dairy products, calcium-fortified orange juice, broccoli...); ----mg of magnesium from foods (spinach, whole grains, swiss chard, lentils, nuts..); and ---- mg per day of potassium from food (fruits and vegetables) is thought to contribute significantly to heart health.
1,200 350 4,700 These nutrients are important for lowering blood pressure but taking supplementary forms of them, especially over Dietary Reference Intakes, does not appear to benefit and in the case of potassium supplements, could even cause harm.
Remember that as little as -----loss of starting body weight will produce positive changes (as long as it is kept off!). Sodium reduction is also recommended with a goal of less than -----mg/day if at all possible.
10% 1,500
Cancer consists of over a --- different disorders from over ---- different abnormal growths. It is is responsible for 1 out of every --- deaths in the US. ----of cancer-related deaths are attributable to lifestyle factors: poor diet, smoking, alcohol use, obesity, physical inactivity (30% to smoking alone). The United States pays out $---- billion every year in cancer-associated costs—only half of which comes from private insurance—the rest is covered by the government.
100 300 four 50-70% 48
A high blood pressure is considered a systolic pressure over--- and a diastolic pressure over ---- High blood pressure is thought to contribute to atherosclerosis by
120,80. damaging the walls of the arteries thus encouraging the development of LDL plaques
When fasting (usually taken in the morning before a person has had breakfast) blood glucose levels reach _______ or higher, Type 2 Diabetes is underway
126 mg/dL
The IDF estimates that between _______percent of adults worldwide have metabolic syndrome. Studies vary, but people with metabolic syndrome have between a_______ times greater chance for developing Type 2 diabetes than those who do not have the syndrome
20 and 25 9 and 30
Most of us have well-developed plaques by age
30
The other ------- percent of diabetes cases are Type 2 diabetes.
90 to 95
Type 2 diabetes is the type of diabetes that accounts for
90 to 95 percent of diabetes cases and usually results from insulin resistance eventually coupled with insufficient insulin secretion. a metabolic disease of insulin insufficiency also caused by muscle, liver and fat cells no longer responsibing to the insulin in the body.
metastatic disease.
A cancer that has spread from the place where it first started to another place in the body is called metastatic cancer. The process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body is called metastasis. Metastatic cancer has the same name and the same type of cancer cells as the original, or primary, cancer. the primary goal of treatments for metastatic cancer is to control the growth of the cancer or to relieve symptoms caused by it. Metastatic tumors can cause severe damage to how the body functions, and most people who die of cancer die of metastatic disease.
Diet.
A diet that is high in foods high in sodium appears to be correlated with blood pressure risk. The majority of our sodium in the US comes from ultra-processed and processed foods. Since the majority of the population, including young children, consume these foods, the risks of developing high blood pressure begin at a young age. Remember from Unit 1 that nearly 60% of our calories in the US come from ultra-processed foods that's at least two meals a day plus all of our snacks. The three most popular sodium-heavy ultra-processed foods are: refined breads, deli meats & sausages, and pizza
risks of cancer
Age . Most cancers occur in people over the age of sixty-five. However, people of all ages, including children, can get cancer. Family history. Certain types of cancer have a genetic link. However, environmental factors may also play a part.
Alcohol.
Alcohol consumption, especially if consumed regularly in amounts greater than two drinks per day, is strongly associated with hypertension. Alcohol is also associated with strokes independently of hypertension, and its use may interfere with drug therapy
Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Binge-eating disorder
Anorexia Nervosa is voluntary self-starvation that results in emaciation with a refusal to maintain a body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height. Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by one or more inappropriate compensatory behaviors. Binge-eating disorder is similar to bulimia nervosa in that it is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating but there are no compensatory behaviors.
Salt sensitivity.
Approximately 50 percent of those with hypertension have blood pressure that is sensitive to salt. These people can improve their blood pressure by reducing salt in their diets. However, there are some individuals whose blood pressure does not improve even when sodium in the diet is reduced. There is no test to determine if a person is 'salt sensitive' or not.
When cancer develops, however, this orderly process breaks down.
As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors. Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not form solid tumors
the best diet for preventing cardiovascular disease and hypertension
At least thirty minutes of daily physical activity can go a long way towards preventing (or treating) cardiovascular disease and hypertension. A common dietary recommended for CVD is a Mediterranean-type diet approach . Remember that this diet plan is heavy on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains while light on fatty meats, dairy products, and sweets. A DASH diet and a Mediterranean diet share many fundamental characteristics and one could incorporate elements of both into a healthy eating plan.
Differences between Cancer Cells and Normal Cells
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in many ways that allow them to grow out of control and become invasive. One important difference is that cancer cells are less specialized than normal cells. That is, whereas normal cells mature into very distinct cell types with specific functions, cancer cells do not. This is one reason that, unlike normal cells, cancer cells continue to divide without stopping.
A plant-based diet would benefit Ben by reducing his intake of animal fats.
Cardiovascular disease risk should be controlled first through diet and lifestyle interventions—and these generally are more effective than medications anyway.
For people with Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational Diabetes, Medical Nutrition Therapy from a registered dietitian is an important step to controlling one's blood glucose levels.
Dietitians are trained to help patients develop tailored diet plans that, along with regular exercise, can help control blood glucose levels and delay the chronic conditions associated with diabetes mellitus.
high protein and high fat diets place in for cancer
Diets that are overly high in fat, especially from animal sources, and especially in the absence of a diet high in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, etc., place you at risk for cancer promotion. High protein diets offer the same risk (especially in the absence of fruits, vegetables...are you seeing a theme here?) and apparently 'feeds' cancer cells.
estrogen and boneloss
Estrogen is the primary female reproductive hormone and it stimulates osteoblast-mediated bone building and reduces osteoclast activity. Any condition in which estrogen levels are reduced throughout a woman's life decreases BMD and increases the risk for osteoporosis. By far the most profound effect on estrogen occurs during female menopause. Around the age of forty-five or fifty, women stop producing estrogen. The rapid decline in estrogen levels that occurs during menopause speeds up the bone reabsorptive process, and as a result the loss of bone tissue in menopausal women lasts for a period of five to ten years. Up to 3 percent of bone tissue is lost annually during menopause and therefore potentially 30 percent of peak bone mass can vanish during this time, leading to a substantial increase in risk for developing osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
So how does chocolate help with blood pressure?
First of all, it has to be dark chocolate—greater than 70% cacao. The reason the darker the chocolate the better is the fact that the flavonoids found in cacao appear to be responsible, at least in part, for the benefit. The flavonoids in chocolate increase your production of a substance called nitric oxide which helps blood vessels open up and to not be so stiff. Diets high in non-ultra-processed soy products can build upon chocolate's health benefits by providing a good source of one of the building blocks of nitric oxide (an amino acid called arginine). Soy products are also good sources of phytochemicals (which we discussed in Unit 10), fiber, potassium, and calcium. The recommenced intake for soy products is around 25g per day from foods like soymilk, soy nuts, and edamame.
Aging.
Hypertension risk increases with age so individuals who have normal blood pressure at age 55 still have a 90 percent risk of developing high blood pressure during their lifetimes.
Genetics. Obesity.
Hypertension risk is similar among family members. It is also more prevalent and severe in certain ethnic groups. Most people with hypertension—an estimated 60 percent—are obese. Obesity raises blood pressure in part by altering kidney function and promoting fluid retention.
what effects health
In addition to nutrition, health is affected by genetics, the environment, life cycle, and lifestyle. referred to as "determinants" of health and they all interact with each other. For example, family income influences the food choices available and the quantity and quality of food that can be purchased, which of course affects nutrition. he Dietary Guidelines Advisory Panel for the 2015 Dietary Guidelines "recognized that a dynamic interplay exists among individuals' nutrition, physical activity, and other health-related lifestyle behaviors and their environmental and social contexts.
since you cannot reduce your sodium intake without reducing your consumption of ultra-processed foods, it follows that these will need to be reduced in your diet.
In fact, the more risk factors you have for high blood pressure, the less sodium you should consume. Limiting your consumption of ultra-processed foods to less than two servings per day will go a long way towards reducing, not only your risk of high blood pressure, but other chronic disease as well. If you can limit ultra-processed food intake, then you can use your salt shaker at the table instead.
food items that inhibit cancers
Inhibitors of cancer progression on the other hand, do just that, inhibit cancer growth. This includes a calorie-controlled diet (in the absence of malnutrition, of course), a diet high in fiber, and a diet high in Omega-3 fatty acids (especially when the Omega-3/Omega-6 ratio is well under control).]
Bulimia
It is more common than anorexia but also has a higher treatment success rate (people with bulimia are more likely to realize that their behaviors are an indication of a problem)]. Bulimia is characterized by episodes of eating large amounts of food followed by purging, which is accomplished by vomiting, laxatives, and/or diuretics.
tumors
Many cancers form solid tumors, which are masses of tissue. Cancers of the blood, such as leukemias, generally do not form solid tumors Cancerous tumors are malignant, which means they can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. In addition, as these tumors grow, some cancer cells can break off and travel to distant places in the body through the blood or the lymph system and form new tumors far from the original tumor. benign tumors do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. Benign tumors can sometimes be quite large, however. When removed, they usually don't grow back, whereas malignant tumors sometimes do. Unlike most benign tumors elsewhere in the body, benign brain tumors can be life threatening.
controlling type 1 and 2 through nutrition
People with Type 1 Diabetes learn how to estimate the amount carbohydrate that is in a meal or snack that they are about to consume. They will then use that to calculate how many units of insulin to administer (this is called carbohydrate-counting). People with Type 2 Diabetes can generally drastically improve glucose intolerance and insulin resistance through following a healthy diet consistent with the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and meeting the minimum recommendations of the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.
risk factors for osteoporosis
Recall that advanced age and being female increase the likelihood for developing osteoporosis here are other risk factors that can be modified, such as physical activity, alcohol intake, and diet.
causes of gestational diabetes
The exact cause is not [well understood] but does involve the effects of pregnancy hormones on how cells respond to insulin. [GDM generally does not show up until after the first trimester. During this time, certain pregnancy-related hormones such as lactogen (produced by the placenta), cortisol, prolactin, progesterone, and estrogen start to increase beyond levels found during the first trimester. This causes insulin resistance and the pancreas of a pregnant woman generally has to secret two or three times more insulin in order to keep up. For most women, the pancreas can keep up, but in those who are already predisposed to Type 2 Diabetes, the insulin secretion is delayed or not enough.
genome
The sequence of DNA that makes up your genes determines your genetic makeup, also called your genome, which is inherited from your mother and father It consists of about three billion individual units and contains between twenty-five and thirty thousand genes. The human genome that was sequenced was taken from a small population of donors and is used as a reference DNA sequence for the entire population. Each of us has a similar but unique DNA sequence. Only identical twins and cloned animals have the exact same DNA sequence.
risk factors for osteoporosis
Therefore, any person over the age of forty has an increased probability of developing osteoporosis in comparison to a younger person. As noted, starting out with more bone (a high peak bone mass) enables you to lose more bone during the aging process and not develop osteoporosis. Females, on average, have a lower peak bone mass in comparison to males and therefore can sustain less bone tissue loss than males before developing a low BMD. Similarly, people with small frames are also at higher risk for osteoporosis.
There are several nutrients that help lower blood pressure by encourage the excretion of sodium and fluid from your body.
They also help about by encouraging the blood vessels to open up, relax, and become less rigid. Diets high in food sources of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and omega-3 fatty acids along with regular consumption of soy and (yes I said it), dark chocolate are correlated with a reduced risk of hypertension.
nutrients that help prevent cancer
They include several dietary and lifestyle choices, such as participating in physical activity for thirty minutes per day or more, and maintaining a healthy weight. In addition, AICR recommends consuming a plant-based diet (1). Several epidemiological studies have found a link between eating plenty of fruits and vegetables and a low incidence of certain cancers. Fruits and vegetables containing a wide variety of nutrients and phytochemicals may either prevent or reduce the oxidative damage to cell structures.
ketoacidosis
This condition occurs when the body uses fats and not glucose to make energy, resulting in a build-up of ketone bodies in the blood. It is a severe form of ketosis with symptoms of vomiting, dehydration, rapid breathing, and confusion and eventually coma and death. Upon insulin injection these severe symptoms are treated and death is avoided.
how does high levels of insulin promote obesity
This may be due to higher-than-normal circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor. In non-obese people, insulin-like growth factor promotes normal growth and development, but when there is too much of it in the body, it promotes the formation of cancerous tissues. Promoters keep cancer going once it has started.
People who have this disease must adhere to a strict diet to prevent the development of serious complications.
Type 1 diabetics are advised to consume a diet low in the types of carbohydrates that rapidly spike glucose levels (high-GI foods), to count the carbohydrates they eat, to consume healthy-carbohydrate foods, and to eat small meals frequently. These guidelines are aimed at preventing large fluctuations in blood glucose. Frequent exercise also helps manage blood-glucose levels.
the discovery of insulin
Up until 1921, patients with Type 1 diabetes, the majority of them children, spent their last days in a ward where they lapsed into a coma awaiting death. One of the most inspiring acts in medical history is that of the scientists who discovered, isolated, and purified insulin and then went on to find out that it relieved the symptoms of Type 1 diabetes, first in dogs and then in humans. Frederick Banting, Charles Best, and James Collip went into a hospital ward in Toronto, Canada and injected comatose children with insulin. Before they completed their rounds children were already awakening to the cheers of their families.
Which of the following dietary guidelines is NOT recommended for managing type 2 diabetes? a. Consuming refined grain products b. Consuming sources of unsaturated fat c. Eating regularly scheduled meals and snacks d. Consuming plenty of vegetables, fruit, and legumes
a correct Right! Good job! Dietary approaches to diabetes include balancing carbohydrate intake throughout the day with regularly schedule meals and snacks. The 2015 Dietary Guidelines should be followed along with increases in physical activity. No food group or food category should be completely eliminated, but attention should be paid to sodium, added sugars, and added fats in the diet.
food factors to cancer
a diet that is low in fruits and vegetables (due to an absence of antioxidant compounds); a diet high in meats; and obesity. Meat intake, especially in the absence of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other whole plant foods, increases the amount of carcinogens consumed; through the cooking process (polycyclic aromatic compounds), natural presence of heterocyclic amines, and the n-nitroso compounds used in the preservation process. The high amount of heme iron absorbed in a high meat diet may impact cancer risk as well.
Diabetes mellitus is There are two primary types diabetes of
a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. hyperglycemia= higher than normal blood glucose levels : Type 1 & Type 2 (with a third, Gestational Diabetes, being a sub-type to Type 2).
Which of the following are the best ways to approach a loved one about their possible disordered eating? [mark all correct answers] a. Be supportive and non-judgmental. b. Find a private time and place to discuss your concerns. c. Just tell them to start eating again. d. Ignore them, its just a plea for attention. e. Encourage your loved one to get professional help. f. Don't comment on your loved one's appearance, weight, or calories. g. Tell them that they look fine and do not need to lose weight.
abef correct Right! Good job! Approaching a loved one about a possible eating disorder can be scary. Its important to be as understanding and supportive as possible and encourage them to get help. This is a psychiatric illness so you may not be able to get your friend to eat or to stop throwing up, but you can learn to listen to your loved one. Learn about eating disorders and have some resources on hand to help your loved one when they decide they're ready.
Which of the following are symptoms of disordered eating? [mark all correct answers] a. excessive exercise b. inadequate exercise c. below normal body weight d. avoidance of eating around others e. hair loss f. occasional negative comments about body type g. preoccupation with weight h. going on a vegetarian diet i. sudden changes in mood
acdegi correct Right! Good job! Warning signs that someone you know might have an eating disorder include a low weight or refusal to gain weight, excessive exercise, preoccupation with food, weight, & diet, distorted body image (sees an obese person in the mirror but in fact they're underweight), refusal to eat, use of diet pills or laxatives, mood swings and changes, hair loss, and avoidance of eating around others.
High dietary intake of sodium is one risk factor for hypertension and contributes to high blood pressure in many people. However, studies have shown that not everyone's blood pressure is
affected by lowering sodium intake. About 10 to 20 percent of the population is considered to be salt-sensitive, meaning their blood pressure is affected by salt intake. Genetics, race, gender, weight, and physical activity level are determinants of salt sensitivity.
Atherosclerosis also
affects the diameter of a blood vessel which in turn further affects blood pressure. Interestingly enough, we really don't know what causes hypertension, but the end cause is often heart failure and/or kidney failure. The heart has to work harder and harder to push blood through narrowing vessels and in the end, wears out.
fracture in the hip causes the most serious consequences—
and approximately 20 percent of senior citizens who have one will die in the year after the injury. Osteoporosis affects more women than men, but men are also at risk for developing osteoporosis, especially after the age of seventy. These statistics may appear grim, but many organizations—including the National Osteoporosis Foundation and the OSG—are disseminating information to the public and to
Epigenetics is
another rapidly advancing scientific field in which researchers study how chemical reactions turn genes "on" and "off" and the factors that influence the chemical reactions. Some of these factors are now known to be nutrients.
a. cancers that form in bone and/or soft tissues b. cancer formed by epithelial cells; can form in epithelial tissues that produce mucus or fluids c. cancer that forms in the immune system in the lymphocytes (immune system cells) d. cancers that form in the bone marrow, in the areas where blood is formed e. cancer that forms in an immune cell called a plasma cell f. cancer that forms in the cells responsible for the formation of melanin g. a neuroendrocrine tumor that usually forms in the gastrointestinal system 1. carcinoma 2. sarcoma 3. leukemia 4. lymphoma 5. myeloma 6. melanoma 7. carcinoid tumor
b a d c e f g
Nerve damage from uncontrolled diabetes can cause all of the following EXCEPT a. changes in sexual function. b. cloudy vision and eventual blindness. c. numbness in the toes, feet, legs, and hands. d. a decreased ability to feel changes in temperature or pain in the legs and feet.
b correct Right! Good job! The cloudy vision and eventual blindness caused by long term, uncontrolled diabetes are actually caused by the damage to the circulatory system rather than the nervous system.
If poorly managed, diabetes can increase the likelihood of all of the following EXCEPT a. eye diseases. b. breast cancer. c. kidney disease. d. amputations of limbs.
b correct Right! Good job! While obesity and Type 2 Diabetes are linked and obesity and breast cancer are linked, there does not (at this time) appear to be an established link between Type 2 Diabetes and breast cancer. However, hyperinsulinemia is associated with an increased cancer risk.
Blood lipids (as introduced in Unit 5) can warn of heart disease risk. Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL;
bad cholesterol) is the most atherogenic of the lipoproteins so a high LDL level and a low High Density Lipoprotein (HDL; good cholesterol) level in the blood is a warning of atherosclerosis.
Which areas of the body are most likely to have fractures when a person has osteoporosis? [mark all correct answers] a. skull b. hip c. spine d. wrist
bcd
Which of the following are PRIMARY causes of type 2 diabetes? [mark all correct answers] a. Sugar consumption b. Genetic predisposition c. Excessive carbohydrate intake. d. Excessive weight in the abdominal region.
bd correct Right! Good job! Diabetes is prevalent with lifestyle factors such as: obesity, poor dietary habits, alcoholism, aging, and physical inactivity. Some racial and ethnic groups are more predisposed to diabetes—though some of this may have to do with "lowered resistance" to the Western diet. There does not appear to be a direct connection between added sugars, carbohydrates, and diabetes; the relationship is due to the risk for obesity.
a. an eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge-eating followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, misuse of diuretics, fasting, and/or excessive exercise b. abnormal and potentially harmful eating behaviors that do not meet full diagnostic criteria. c. eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight and a distortion in perception of body weight and shape d. psychological illnesses that involve specific abnormal eating behaviors and other criteria. e. an eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge-eating but without purging or other compensatory behaviors 1. Disordered eating 2. Eating disorder 3. Anorexia nervosa 4. Binge-eating disorder 5. Bulimia nervosa
bdcea correct Right! Good job! Disordered eating consists of a range of abnormal and potentially harmful eating behaviors that do not meet full diagnostic criteria for eating disorders. An eating disorder is one of three psychological illnesses that involve specific abnormal eating behaviors and criteria for diagnosis. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight and a distortion in perception of body weight and shape. Binge-eating disorder is an eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge-eating but without purging or other compensatory behaviors. Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge-eating followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, misuse of diuretics, fasting, and/or excessive exercise.
Naturally forming blood clots can
become stuck in the narrowed blood vessels leading to damage in the surrounding tissues when blood vessels become blocked. Or the plaque itself can rupture, form a clot, and then become stuck farther downstream in another narrowed area.
[People with] Type 1 diabet[es] [People with] Type 2 diabet[es]
begin insulin injections as soon as they are diagnosed. may require oral medications and insulin injections to maintain blood-glucose levels in the target range.
Diabetes is the number one cause of new cases of
blindness, lower-limb amputations, and kidney failure. Many people with diabetes develop peripheral neuropathy, characterized by muscle weakness, loss of feeling and pain in the lower extremities.
The study concluded that a higher sodium intake is linked to an increase in
blood pressure. higher sodium-to-potassium intake is linked to higher cardiovascular mortality and all-causes mortality
bone and age children 20 30 40
bones grow and mineralize predominately during infancy, childhood, and puberty. During this time, bone growth exceeds bone loss. By age twenty, bone growth is fairly complete and only a small amount (about 10 percent) of bone mass accumulates in the third decade of life. By age thirty, bone mass is at its greatest in both men and women and then gradually declines after age forty. Bone mass refers to the total weight of bone tissue in the human body.
You've been diagnosed with a low HDL cholesterol level. What should you do about it? a. Nothing. A low HDL level is a good thing. b. Eliminate all carbohydrates from the diet and increase protein intake. c. Engage in a minimum of 30 minutes of physical activity at least 5 days per week. d. None of these are correct.
c correct Right! Good job! Engaging in regular physical activity has the best impact on HDL cholesterol levels. We want our HDL cholesterol levels to be as high as possible as HDL is responsible for removing cholesterol from arterial walls & returning it to the liver.
What is the definition of insulin? a. an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into glucose. b. an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of polypeptides during digestion in the stomach. c. a hormone secreted response to increased blood glucose concentration; it's primary role is to control the transport of glucose from the bloodstream into the muscle and fat cells. d. a hormone that is secreted by special cells in the pancreas in response to low blood glucose concentration and elicits release of glucose from liver glycogen stores.
c correct Right! Good job! Insulin is a hormone that is required for glucose to enter body cells. When a person eats, blood glucose rises. High blood glucose stimulates the pancreas to release insulin. Insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose into cells and storage as glycogen in the liver and muscles. As the body's cells use glucose, blood levels decline.
The secondary signs and symptoms of anorexia are all related to the
caloric and nutrient deficiencies of the unbalanced diet and include excessive weight loss, a multitude of skin abnormalities [(including a condition called lanugo where fine hair sprouts all over the body)], diarrhea, cavities and tooth loss, osteoporosis, [cold intolerance], and liver, kidney, and heart failure.
Hypoglycemia
can be rapidly and simply treated by eating foods containing about ten to twenty grams of fast-releasing carbohydrates. If symptoms are severe a person is either treated by emergency care providers with an intravenous solution of glucose or given an injection of glucagon, which mobilizes glucose from glycogen in the liver.
Match the items.The task is to match the lettered items with the correct numbered items. Appearing below is a list of lettered items. Following that is a list of numbered items. Each numbered item is followed by a drop-down. Select the letter in the drop down that best matches the numbered item with the lettered alternatives. a. insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia during pregnancy b. disease whereby an individual either has inadequate insulin production or is resistant to available insulin resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. c. the inability of body cells to respond to insulin d. a blood glucose level lower than 70mg/dL causing shakiness, dizziness, & light-headedness 1. insulin resistance 2. hypoglycemia 3. diabetes mellitus 4. gestational diabetes
cdba correct Right! Good job! Diabetes mellitus is a disease whereby an individual either has inadequate insulin production or is resistant to available insulin resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level lower than 70mg/dL causing shakiness, dizziness, & light-headedness. Insulin resistance is the inability of body cells to respond to insulin. Gestational diabetes is insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia during pregnancy.
Cancer is the name given to a
collection of related diseases. In all types of cancer, some of the body's cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues.
The heart increases in size in the effort to keep blood flowing but it eventually will wear out. When this happens, a disease called
congestive heart failure develops. High blood pressure does not just wear out the heart, it injures the walls of the blood vessels themselves and increases the rate of atherosclerosis. This becomes a vicious cycle because atherosclerosis then increases blood pressure in turn.
Weight loss of as little as---- % of current body weight will result in improvements to blood pressure.
correct 10 Right! Good job! Weight losses of as little as 10% of current body weight can produce improvements in blood pressure--the improvement is larger, however, if more weight is lost in those who are overweight or obese.
About ____% of elders who have a hip fracture will die within one year of the fracture.
correct 20 Right! Good job! Osteoporosis is a debilitating disease that markedly increases the risks of suffering from bone fractures. A fracture in the hip causes the most serious consequences—and approximately 20 percent of senior citizens who have one will die in the year after the injury.
More than____ youth are diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes each year.
correct 5000 Right! Good job! According to the infographic, 5,000 youth are diagnosed with Type 2 Diabetes each year. Type 2 Diabetes used to be called Adult-Onset because it generally did not show up until people were in their forties or fifties. With the rise of obesity and childhood obesity, we are seeing DM2 diagnoses in younger and younger populations. The earlier a person acquires DM2 the greater the likelihood of negative, long term effects.
Insulin resistance causes the body to be unable to effectively use _____ for energy.
correct glucose Right! Good job! When insulin resistance occurs, the cell membranes no longer respond to the presence of insulin as well and the amount of GLUCOSE transported into cells lowers. When blood glucose levels become high, the pancreas secretes more insulin to keep glucose levels under control.
During____ , cancer cells spread out to other tissues and organs in the body.
correct metastasis Right! Good job! Cancer has different stages. Promotion involves mutations in cells which start to multiply and are missed by our body's mechanisms that usually protect from such things. Progression is the phase in which tumors develop, the cancer cells continue to congregate and grow. During metastasis the tumor cells spread out to other tissues and organs in the body.
A diet very high in protein is considered a potential _____ of cancer.
correct promoter Right! Good job! Dietary factors which appear to "egg" cancer along are high-fat diets from animal sources (but may be more due to absence of F & V, grains, legumes, etc) and high protein diets which appear to feed the cancer cells (but also could be due to absence of plant-based foods).
Which of the following is NOT true about anorexia nervosa? a. It is characterized by self-starvation. b. It is characterized by excessive weight loss. c. It is primarily a psychiatric, rather than a nutritional, illness. d. It is not life-threatening.
d correct Right! Good job! Anorexia nervosa is the deadliest of the psychiatric illnesses. Not only that, but it has a poor recovery rate--meaning that early intervention is critically important.
Which of the following health professionals is likely to be on an eating disorder treatment team? a. Physician b. Registered dietitian c. Psychologist d. All of these
d correct Right! Good job! Eating disorder treatment is a team effort! This is a complex medical, nutritional, and psychological condition that cannot be treated through one medical/health discipline alone.
All the following markers in the blood are signs of heart disease EXCEPT a. high LDL levels. b. high homocysteine levels. c. elevated apolipoprotein B (ApoB) d. low levels of C-reactive protein.
d correct Right! Good job! Elevated homocysteine and elevated C-reactive protein in the blood indicate an elevated risk for heart disease. We usually see elevated levels of these proteins when there is inadequate intake of B Vitamins in the diet (as is typically the case in Standard American Dietary Patterns). Elevated levels of apolipoprotein B (ApoB) and LDL (bad) cholesterol are also indicative of an elevation in risk of cardiovascular disease.
Why should exercise be a part of a type 2 diabetes care plan? a. Because exercise improves physical fitness b. Because exercise improves insulin utilization c. Because exercise improves blood glucose levels d. All of these
d correct Right! Good job! Exercise appears to benefit diabetes by improving insulin resistance—meaning that exercise makes the body cells less resistant to insulin.
How does Gestational Diabetes relate to Type 2 Diabetes? a. Children of mothers who had Gestational Diabetes are more likely to have Type 2 Diabetes as adults. b. Gestational Diabetes is similar to Type 2 Diabetes in its pathophysiology. c. Women how have Gestational Diabetes are more likely to have Type 2 Diabetes later in life. d. All of these are correct.
d correct Right! Good job! Gestational diabetes results from insulin resistance from the increased presence of hormones including human placental lactogen, cortisol, prolactin, progesterone, and estrogen. To compensate for this resistance, the pancreas must secrete two to three times more insulin. However, women with normal pancreatic function can achieve this, but those who are predisposed to diabetes usually experience a delayed or insufficient pancreatic insulin secretion, resulting in carbohydrate intolerance and GDM. If GDM is not well controlled during pregnancy this can lead to a macrosomic (large) infant which increases the infant's chance of obesity and Type 2 Diabetes later in life. If well controlled, GDM resolves after pregnancy in about 90% of women, but it does mean that susceptible women are at higher risk of Type 2 DM later in life.
Which of the following are thought to initiate cancer development? a. Exposure to excessive sunlight b. Sedentary lifestyle c. Smoking d. All of these
d correct Right! Good job! Initiators of cancer can include excess alcohol consumption, smoking & other tobacco use, low intake of fruits & vegetables (due to an absence of antioxidants which shut down the initiation process), diet high in meats cooked at high, diets high in processed meats, and obesity.
Which of the following increases risk of developing osteoporosis? a. smoking b. being underweight c. excessive alcohol consumption d. all of these are risk factors
d correct Right! Good job! Risk factors for development of osteoporosis include older age, lower BMI, European, Asian, or Hispanic ancestry, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, glucocorticoid use, anticonvulsant use, female gender, maternal history of osteoporosis, estrogen deficiency in women, testosterone deficiency in men, and a lifetime of inadequate calcium & vitamin D intake.
Why does Type 2 Diabetes contribute to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease? a. Poorly controlled blood sugar actually increases the amount of free fatty acids in the blood. b. Excessive amounts of insulin in the body is directly damaging to arteries. c. Obesity is often correlated with Type 2 Diabetes which also increases risk for CVD d. All of these are reasons.
d correct Right! Good job! Type 2 Diabetes contributes to heart disease in multiple ways. Hyperinsulinemia (which occurs as the pancreas keeps pumping out insulin in the hopes that more insulin will allow glucose to enter the cells), has the side effect of increasing the amount of free fatty acids in the blood stream. Hyperinsulinemia can also contribute to high blood pressure which is its own risk factor for heart disease. Since obesity often correlates with presence of Type 2 Diabetes, it also increases risk of heart disease.
High intakes of which of the following dietary components has the BEST scientific evidence to back up its ability to reduce cancer risk? a. Legumes b. Whole grains c. Nuts & seeds d. Fruits & vegetables .
d correct Right! Good job! While all of the foods listed here are critical components of a healthy diet, fruits and vegetables appear to have the most evidence in terms of prevention of chronic disease
Particles of LDL cholesterol become trapped in the microphages
damage in the walls of the blood vessels. Cells from our immune system called microphages attempt to control the damage by engulfing the cholesterol, but instead they become cells of plaque streaks. These streaks enlarge, harden, and become encased in fibrous connective tissue. These plaques narrow the passages of arteries along with causing them to stiffen. This can worsen blood pressure which in turn causes more damage in the blood vessels and in turn, more atherosclerosis.
Before this treatment was discovered, people with Type 1 diabetes
died rapidly after disease onset. Death was the result of extremely high blood-glucose levels affecting brain function and leading to coma and death.
what is included in the DASH diet
diet is virtually identical to the Mediterranean-type dietary pattern in its emphasis on a plant-based, whole foods diet. It does encourage a higher amount of dairy and a lower amount of fat, but the fundamental principles are the same. A DASH-type pattern includes upwards of 6-13 cups-equivalents of fruits and vegetables per day; at least 1/4th cup of cooked beans or peas per day; 3 cup-equivalents of low-fat dairy per day; 3 ounces of fatty fish at least 3-4 times per week; ½ ounce of nuts or seeds daily; and less than 3 ounces of meat or poultry less than two times per week.
gestational diabetes
during pregnancy your placenta secretes a lot of different hormones. some of these hormones makes it harder for controlling blood sugar. during pregnancy your body has to make 3x amount of insulin. Gastational diabetes happens when pancreas can't make enough insulin you need to keep blood sugars in safe range.. if left untreated can cause health problems for you and your baby. needs o keep blood sugars safe range. you need to follow healthy meal plan
a. When consumed in moderation, contribute to a lowered risk of heart disease. When Omega-6 fatty acids are consumed out of proportion to Omega-3 fatty acids, can increase risk of chronic disease. b. When consumed from fatty fish, flaxseeds, & walnuts, in moderation, contribute to a lowered risk of heart disease. c. When consumed as olive oil, in moderation, contribute to a lowered risk of heart disease. d. Consumption raises LDL cholesterol & lowers HDL cholesterol. Not considered an essential nutrient in the human diet. e. Excess consumption increases risk of developing heart disease/raises LDL cholesterol. 1. Saturated Fatty Acids 2. Trans-fatty acids 3. Polyunsaturated fatty acids 4. Monounsaturated fatty acids 5. Omega-3 fatty acids
edacb correct Right! Good job! When consumed in moderation, Omega-6 fatty acids contribute to a lowered risk of heart disease. When Omega-6 fatty acids are consumed out of proportion to Omega-3 fatty acids, can increase risk of chronic disease. Excess consumption of saturated fatty acids increases risk of developing heart disease and raises LDL cholesterol. Consumption of trans-fatty acids raises LDL cholesterol & lowers HDL cholesterol. Trans fatty acids are not considered an essential nutrient in the human diet. Monounsaturated fatty acids, when consumed as virgin olive oil and in moderation, contribute to a lowered risk of heart disease. When consumed from fatty fish, flaxseeds, & walnuts, in moderation, Omega-3 fatty acids contribute to a lowered risk of heart disease.
[N]utrigenomics is an
emerging scientific discipline aimed at defining healthy genes and not-so-healthy genes and how nutrients affect them. Currently, scientists cannot change a person's DNA sequence. But they have discovered that chemical reactions in the body can turn genes "on" and "off," causing changes in the amounts and types of proteins expressed.
There is also a group who do not purge but engage in compensatory behaviors such as
excessive exercise and fasting.
Blood pressure refers to the force
exerted on the walls of the arterial system when the heart beats (systolic blood pressure) and in between beats of the heart (diastolic blood pressure). Increases in both systolic and diastolic pressure are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. High blood pressure refers to persistently high levels of pressure against the walls of the artery.
Eating disorder treatment has high success rates. True False
f correct Right! Good job! Eating disorders and disordered eating are difficult, but not impossible to treat. Unfortunately, relapse rates are as high as success rates (~50%). Just like with other chronic diseases, people with eating disorders may need to manage their condition for life.
Once a cancer has metastasized, it is fatal. True False
f correct Right! Good job! Metastasis is dangerous to the patient and difficult to treat but is not necessarily fatal if caught early and depending on the type of cancer.
The underlying cause of hypertension is well known. True False
f correct Right! Good job! The true underlying cause of hypertension is unknown though we know of lifestyle and genetic factors that tend to correlate strongly with the development of HTN.
Eating disorders involve extreme behavior related to [Examples of disordered eating include
food and exercise. Sometimes referred to as "starving or stuffing," they encompass a group of conditions marked by undereating or overeating. female athlete triad (a combination of a restrictive diet which leads to amenorrhea and osteoporosis), " making weight " (the practice amongst weight-class-based sports of rapidly losing or gaining weight in order to fit into a certain weight class), and muscle dysmorphia (when a body-builder becomes obsessed with their physical appearance but only sees a skinny, unfit person in the mirror).
A characteristic of this disease is an intense fear of
gaining weight; an undue influence of body image and weight on one's self-esteem; disturbance in how one's views one's body weight (e.g. he or she thinks she is fat despite being emaciated); and/or a denial of the seriousness of the condition (in fact, one of the reasons why anorexia is the hardest of the three eating disorders to treat is due to this—sufferers are often proud of their weight loss and their condition)].
The weight of your parents would be considered more of a
genetic factor influence your health than an environmental factor. Children who have been adopted generally have weights closer to their biological parents than their adoptive parents, adding weight to the evidence that there is a strong correlation between genetics and health.
first stage and second stage of diabetes
he first stage of Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high glucose and insulin levels. This is because the insulin secreting cells in the pancreas attempt to compensate for insulin resistance by making more insulin. In the second stage of Type 2 diabetes, the insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas become exhausted and die. At this point, Type 2 diabetics also have to be treated with insulin injections.
how to manage health care providers help
healthcare providers is to prevent the second stage from happening. As with Type 1 diabetes, chronically high-glucose levels cause big detriments to health over time, so another goal for patients with Type 2 diabetes is to properly manage their blood-glucose levels. The front-line approach for treating Type 2 diabetes includes eating a healthy diet and increasing physical activity.
A whole-foods, plant-based dietary pattern such as the Mediterranean-type, not only can reduce the risk of developing
heart disease but also benefits many of the other chronic diseases in this chapter including Type 2 Diabetes, cancer, high blood pressure, and osteoporosis.
The term "diabetic heart disease" (DHD) refers to
heart disease that develops in people who have diabetes. Compared with people who don't have diabetes, people who have diabetes: Are at higher risk for heart disease Have additional causes of heart disease May develop heart disease at a younger age May have more severe heart disease
It has the ___rate of mortality of all mental illnesses.
highest
A person with Type 1 diabetes usually has a rapid onset of symptoms that include when insulin is no longer present there is If Type 1 diabetes goes untreated individuals with the disease will
hunger, excessive thirst and urination, and rapid weight loss. Because the main function of glucose is to provide energy for the body, when insulin is no longer present there is no message sent to cells to take up glucose from the blood. Instead, cells use fat and proteins to make energy, resulting in weight loss. I develop a life-threatening condition called ketoacidosis
Short-term consequences of diabetes can include
hyper and hypoglycemia.
The symptoms of high blood glucose, also called
hyperglycemia, are difficult to recognize, diminish in the course of diabetes, and are mostly not apparent until levels become very high. The symptoms are increased thirst and frequent urination.
Having too low blood glucose levels, known as
hypoglycemia, is also detrimental to health. Hypoglycemia is more common in Type 1 diabetics and is most often caused by injecting too much insulin or injecting it at the wrong time. The symptoms of hypoglycemia are more acute including shakiness, sweating, nausea, hunger, clamminess, fatigue, confusion, irritability, stupor, seizures, and coma.
Signs and symptoms of anorexia include:
if you're under 18, your weight and height being lower than expected for your age if you're an adult, having an unusually low body mass index (BMI) missing meals, eating very little or avoiding eating any foods you see as fattening believing you are fat when you are a healthy weight or underweight taking medication to reduce your hunger (appetite suppressants) your periods stopping (in women who have not reached menopause) or not starting (in younger women and girls) physical problems, such as feeling lightheaded or dizzy, hair loss or dry skin
how does plaque form
in a blood vessel your have some damage there is cholesterol depots already in the cell the monocytes are released to help to get rid of the cholesterol. They are turned into macrophages because of the oxidized cholesterol. They eat the cholestrol and enlarge and form into plaque. smooth muscles cells move towards the plaque. They make a strong fibrous cap on the smooth muscles. eventually the passageway narrow and the cap could aroid and break open. It can release plaque into the blood stream and block (kill tissue,etc)
One of the reasons that obesity is related to insulin resistance is the fact that excess calorie consumption leads to an
increase of free fatty acids going to the liver. The increased free fatty acids causes decreased insulin sensitivity, increased hepatic glucose production, and impaired insulin secretion. When insulin resistance goes on long enough (for example in untreated Type 2 Diabetes), the pancreas eventually becomes exhausted from over-work and insulin production slows or stops. At that point the person will require insulin injections in order to control their blood glucose.
[Factors that influence cancer can also be broken out in to three categories:
initiators, promoters, and inhibitors.
prediabe
is a metabolic condition in which people have moderately high glucose levels, but do not meet the criteria for diagnosis as a diabetic. a metabolic condition in which people have moderately high glucose levels, but do not meet the criteria for diagnosis as diabetic
Gestational diabetes (GDM)
is characterized by high blood-glucose levels and insulin resistance during the gestational period. [It one of the most common complications of pregnancy, but usually resolves after the baby is born—however, women then have a higher risk of developing GDM with subsequent pregnancies].
Atherosclerosis
is one of the fundamental contributors to CVD. It is also called "hardening of the arteries" and begins with damage to the arterial walls that can occur from chronic inflammation, high LDL cholesterol, smoking, and high blood pressure.
insulin
is one of the hormones important in glucose metabolism. Insulin is made in the pancreas by beta cells and is released when blood glucose levels rise, for example, after a meal. Glucose cannot enter body cells on its own and requires insulin to first bind to cell receptors on the outer cell membrane. The receptors only then will allow glucose to pass into the cells.
Osteoporosis osteopenia,
is the excessive loss of bone over time. It leads to decreased bone strength and an increased susceptibility to bone fracture. approximately ten million Americans over age fifty are living with osteoporosis, and an additional thirty-four million have osteopenia, which is lower-than-normal bone mineral density
Type 1 diabetes
is the type of diabetes that accounts for 5 to 10 percent of diabetes cases and usually results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells. In this type of diabetes, the pancreas produces little or no insulin. metabolic disease I which cells in the pacers are killed by abnormal response of the immune system, causing a lack of insulin in the body
When blockage occurs in the brain, When it occurs in the blood vessels supplying the heart with oxygen and nutrients, If the blood vessels in question are in the extremities, a condition called If the plaques block blood vessels supplying oxygen and nutrient sot the intestines Plaque can even build up in your kidneys cause a decline in kidney function even to the point of
it can cause a cerebral ischemia (stroke). a myocardial infarction (heart attack) occurs. peripheral vascular disease occurs and the extremities can lose sensation and blood flow. , intestinal necrosis (death of the tissue) can occur. kidney failure.
eating disorders to mix with metal heath challenges
mental health challenges including chronic major depression; chronic minor depression; anxiety disorders; personality disorders; substance abuse; engage or have a history of self-injurious behaviors; impulsivity; obsessive-compulsive disorder; and/or have a history of trauma or abuse. Eating disorders are considered primarily a psychiatric illnesses rather than illness of poor nutrition and include the diagnoses of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder.
Type 1 diabetes is a ts onset typically occurs before the age of The only way to prevent the deadly symptoms of this disease is to
metabolic disease in which insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas are killed by an abnormal response of the immune system, causing a lack of insulin in the body. I thirty. inject insulin under the skin.
Type 2 diabetes is defined as a
metabolic disease of insulin insufficiency, but it is also caused by muscle, liver, and fat cells no longer responding to the insulin in the body. In brief, cells in the body have become resistant to insulin and no longer receive the full physiological message of insulin to take up glucose from the blood. also have high blood-glucose levels.
Risk factors for heart disease are divided into two categories:
modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Non-modifiable risk factors include a family history of heart disease, a family history of hypertension, diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes, age, and birth gender. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, sedentary lifestyle, Type 2 Diabetes, high blood pressure, and dietary pattern.
. For Type 2 diabetics, the onset of symptoms is
more gradual and less noticeable than for Type 1 diabetics. The symptoms are increased thirst and urination, unexplained weight loss, and hunger. The first stage of Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high glucose and insulin levels.
Osteoporosis is referred to as a silent disease, To detect osteopenia or osteoporosis,
much like high blood pressure, because symptoms are rarely exhibited. A person with osteoporosis may not know he has the disease until he experiences a bone break or fracture. Detection and treatment of osteoporosis, before the occurrence of a fracture, can significantly improve the quality of life. BMD must be measured by the DEXA procedure.
Blood pressure is regulated by our When blood pressure heads towards the low end of the spectrum, your nervous system The kidneys regulate blood pressure by
nervous system and our kidneys. sends out a hormone called norepinephrine which tells the smaller blood vessels to constrict. This raises blood pressure by increasing the resistance of the blood vessels to the flow of blood. controlling how much fluid is in the blood vessels at any one time.
Unlike people with anorexia, those with bulimia often have a _____weight [or are overweight. A single _____can provide several thousand calories, at least a ____of which are absorbed prior to purging].
normal binge third
Anorexia results in [severe] Anorexia frequently manifests during This disorder tends to be most prevalent in While anorexia is most common in women, around ______ of those diagnosed are male].
nutrient inadequacy and eventually to organ malfunction. adolescence [but can start at any age, especially during periods of transition or an adverse life event. Examples include going off to college or going through menopause. developed, Westernized countries but it is on the rise around the world. 1/10
Gestational diabetes not only affects the health of a pregnant woman but also is associated with an increased risk of --------- in her child.
obesity and Type 2 diabetes
Some people who are not diabetic may experience reactive hypoglycemia. This is a condition in which people are sensitive to the intake
of sugars, refined starches, and high GI foods. Individuals with reactive hypoglycemia have some symptoms of hypoglycemia. Symptoms are caused by a higher than normal increase in blood-insulin levels. This rapidly decreases blood-glucose levels to a level below what is required for proper brain function.
Cardiovascular disease is the
over-arching term for a variety of, often interrelated, diseases including heart disease, hardening of the arteries, high blood pressure, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, and heart failure.
diabetes stistics
people with diabetes have 50% higher risk of death $245 billion lost in medical cost and wages for diabetes 1 in every 10 people have diabetes (1 in every 4 don't know they have it)
Soy products are also good sources of
phytochemicals (which we discussed in Unit 10), fiber, potassium, and calcium. The recommenced intake for soy products is around 25g per day from foods like soymilk, soy nuts, and edamame.
Following the DASH diet not only reduces sodium intake, but also increases All of these electrolytes have a positive effect on blood pressure, although the mechanisms by which
potassium, calcium, and magnesium intake. they reduce blood pressure are largely unknown.
To control hypertension we need to Cardiovascular disease risk can be mitigated by attention to
reduce weight, increase physical activity, and consume a healthy, balanced diet. diet, physical activity, and lifestyle.
When insulin resistance occurs, the cell membranes no longer
respond to the presence of insulin as well and the amount of glucose transported into cells is cut drastically. Since glucose is not able to enter the cells in the needed quantities, blood glucose levels remain high and the pancreas secretes even more insulin in an effort to bring them down again. Elevated levels of insulin are damaging to the body and increase risk of developing chronic disease.
if hypertension runs in a person's family, that person is more likely to be
salt-sensitive. Because reducing dietary salt intake will not work for everyone with hypertension or a risk for developing the condition, there are many opponents of reducing dietary salt intake at the national level.
The DASH diet is an eating plan that is low in
saturated fat, cholesterol, and total fat. Fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy foods, whole-grain foods, fish, poultry, and nuts are emphasized while red meats, sweets, and sugar-containing beverages are mostly avoided. In this study, people on the low-sodium (1500 milligrams per day) DASH diet had mean systolic blood pressures that were 7.1 mmHg lower than people without hypertension not on the DASH diet. The effect on blood pressure was greatest in participants with hypertension at the beginning of the study who followed the DASH diet.
Sometimes, hypertension is called a The following are the diagnostic criteria for hypertension:
silent killer' because you can have it for years without knowing it. Desirable: <120/<80. Borderline: 120-139/80-89 (prehypertension). High: ≥140/≥90 - stage one hypertension. Stage two hypertension: ≥160/≥100 (Mahan et. al., 2012).
Peak bone mass is between 25-35 years of age. True False
t
(Review from Unit 14) Genetics can account for some 60% of the difference in weight status amongst different people. True False
t Genetics can account for some 60% of the difference in weight status amongst different people. Genetics appear to determine people's susceptibility to obesity and an environment of abundant, inexpensive food. In other words, genes interact with the diet and activity patterns that lead to obesity and the metabolic pathways that influence satiety and energy balance. Something in our genes makes a person more or less likely to gain or lose weight when overeating or undereating. Some people gain more weight than others on comparable energy intakes. Given an extra 1000 kcalories a day for 100 days, some pairs of identical twins gain less than 10 pounds while others gain up to 30 pounds. Within each pair, the amounts of weight gained, percentages of body fat, and locations of fat deposits are similar. Similarly, some people lose more weight than others following comparable exercise routines.
High blood levels of cholesterol and fat are likely contributors to atherosclerosis. True False
t correct Right! Good job! Blood lipid panels are very good indicators of cardiovascular disease risk because they also indicate that a person is at much higher risk of atherosclerosis.
Bulimia has a slightly better treatment rate than anorexia because people suffering from bulimia are more likely to admit that their behavior is abnormal. True False
t correct Right! Good job! Eating disorders of any type are difficult to recover from, but bulimia nervosa has a better treatment rate simply because sufferers are more willing to admit that their behaviors are not normal and that they might need help. People with anorexia are often proud of their condition and unwilling to acknowledge that their eating behaviors are harmful and abnormal.
The younger a person is when they enter eating disorder treatment, the higher the likelihood of success. True False
t correct Right! Good job! It is unfortunate that eating disorders are seen in younger and younger people, however, if treated early their success rate is higher than that of people who are older when diagnosed and treated. With appropriate family intervention and support, minors still living at home, especially, may be successful in overcoming their condition.
People with Type 2 Diabetes are far more likely to die from heart disease than they are from the diabetes itself. True False
t correct Right! Good job! Presence of Type 2 Diabetes is so damaging on the cardiovascular system that a person with Type 2 Diabetes has the same risk of cardiac disease as a person without Type 2 Diabetes who has already had a heart attack!
Rates of type 2 diabetes are increasing among children and young adults. True False
t correct Right! Good job! Rates of diabetes in children and adults have paralleled the rise in obesity in the US.
In addition, cancer cells are able to ignore signals Cancer cells may be able to influence the normal cells, molecules, and blood vessels
that normally tell cells to stop dividing or that begin a process known as programmed cell death, or apoptosis, which the body uses to get rid of unneeded cells. that surround and feed a tumor—an area known as the microenvironment. For instance, cancer cells can induce nearby normal cells to form blood vessels that supply tumors with oxygen and nutrients, which they need to grow. These blood vessels also remove waste products from tumors.
An eating plan that is specifically targeted to people with high blood pressure is the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, or
the DASH diet.
Smoking damages Diets high in saturated fatty acids while A sedentary lifestyle also increases Being physically active is important for controlling
the walls of the arteries and also directly damages the heart. being low in fiber, fruits, and vegetables increase the amount of circulating LDL cholesterol in the blood along with increasing oxidative stress. oxidative stress. blood pressure and raising HDL levels so a sedentary lifestyle means that a person is not getting these benefits.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the
top cause of death in the United States. Two out of three men in the US will develop CVD as will one out of every two women.
Associated with insulin resistance is a condition called Metabolic Syndrome.] According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) people are diagnosed with this syndrome if they have central (abdominal) obesity and any two of the following health parameters:
triglycerides greater than 150 mg/dL; high density lipoproteins (HDL) lower than 40 mg/dL; systolic blood pressure above 100 mmHg, or diastolic above 85 mmHg; fasting blood-glucose levels greater than 100 mg/dL (1) [indicated insulin resistance]
Hypertension (another name for high blood pressure) occurs when these
two regulatory systems fail to do their job properly. Unfortunately, the true cause of hypertension is not yet well understood. The end result, however, is that 'peripheral resistance' by the blood vessels forces the heart to work harder just to get blood moving through the system
Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body,
which is made up of trillions of cells. Normally, human cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die, and new cells take their place.
An eating disorder is a psychological illnesses that involve specific abnormal eating behaviors and other factors
while disordered eating consists of abnormal and potentially harmful eating behaviors that do not meet specific criteria for eating disorders.] Many [Americans] struggle with an eating disorder, which can have a detrimental effect on diet and health. A study published by North Dakota State University estimates that these conditions impact twenty-four million people in the United States and seventy million worldwide (1).
Causes of anorexia We don't know exactly what causes anorexia and other eating disorders. You may be more likely to get an eating disorder if:
you or a member of your family has a history of eating disorders, depression, or alcohol or drug addiction you have been criticised for your eating habits, body shape or weight you are overly concerned with being slim, particularly if you also feel pressure from society or your job - for example, ballet dancers, jockeys, models or athletes you have anxiety, low self-esteem, an obsessive personality or are a perfectionist you have been sexually abused
other studies have demonstrated what your dad ate—and what your grandmother ate while she was pregnant with your mother!—also can affect
your gene expression and, consequently, your health. Does this make it OK for you to blame your mother and father for all of your shortcomings? No. Genetics are important in determining your health, but they are certainly not the only determinant
Genes are responsible for
your many traits as an individual and are defined as the sequences of DNA that code for all the proteins in your body. The expression of different genes can determine the color of your hair, skin, and eyes, and even if you are more likely to be fat or thin and if you have an increased risk for a certain disease.