Unit 2 Smartbook Assignments and Activities

True or false: Amino acids serve as a source of nitrogen for the human body.

True

True or false: Amylase is an enzyme that is released from the salivary glands and the pancreas.

True

True or false: Both fiber and starch are types of polysaccharides.

True

True or false: Changing a protein's shape can destroy its ability to function normally.

True

True or false: Exceeding the RDA for protein may contribute to increased body fat.

True

True or false: Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature.

True

True or false: Soy protein is a complete protein, which means it provides all nine essential amino acids.

True

True or false: The increased bulk of a high-fiber meal promotes a feeling of fullness without yielding many calories.

True

True or false: The liver and muscles are the major storage sites for glycogen.

True

True or false: The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide energy.

True

True or false: To avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed.

True

True or false: Vitamin B-12 is found primarily in animal foods.

True

True or false: Vitamin C helps with the absorption of iron.

True

True or false: Proteins contribute to immune function.

True- Reason: Proteins are a key component of the cells within the immune system. Antibodies are proteins produced by a type of white blood cell and these antibodies can help remove invaders from the body.

True or false: The body is able to produce all of the phospholipids it needs in order to maintain normal physiological function.

True: Phospholipids are nonessential to the diet but serve as an essential component to all body cells.

Heart disease is the ______ leading cause of death among North American adults.

#1

Which of the following are functions of HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?

-Donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion -Picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources -Known as "good cholesterol"

Choose the correct statements about how the food you eat affects your blood lipoproteins.

-Eating saturated fats and trans fats raises total cholesterol and particularly LDL. -Dietary cholesterol does not have a big impact on the levels of HDL and LDL in the blood.

Which of the following are possible reasons people choose a vegetarian lifestyle?

-Environmental preservation -Health benefits -Religious beliefs -Ethical concerns

What are some good sources of omega-3 fatty acids in a plant-based diet?

-Flax seeds -Canola oil -Soybean oil -Walnuts

What are the functions of phospholipids in the body?

-Form cell membranes -Participate in fat transport -Aid in fat digestion and absorption

Which of the following measurements could be used to identify a person with prediabetes?

-HbA1c between 5.7% to 6.4% -Fasting blood glucose from 100 to 125 mg/dl

Select all of the following that are nutritive sweeteners.

-High-fructose corn syrup -Sucrose -Sorbitol

What are some of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

-Hypertension -Family history of cardiovascular disease -High blood cholesterol -Smoking

Which of the following are good sources of viscous fiber?

-Kidney beans -Apples -Carrots

Which of the following are types of lipoproteins?

-LDL -VLDL -HDL

Monounsaturated Fat

-Olive oil -Peanuts

Which of the following meals would be acceptable for a lactoovovegetarian? (ovo-meaning will eat egg) A lactoovovegetarian will eat eggs and dairy

-Poached eggs; whole-wheat toast with jam; banana; orange juice -Spinach and artichoke lasagna with Alfredo sauce; Italian bread; iced tea

If you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary components can supply energy?

-Protein -Fat

Which of the following are true statements about the functions of protein?

-Protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair -Protein serves multiple functions in the body

Which of the following are benefits of including some insoluble fiber in the diet?

-Reduces constipation -Reduces transit time of feces

Choose food sources of linoleic acid - the essential omega-6 fatty acid.

-Sunflower oil -Nuts and seeds -Safflower oil

Which of the following are functions of cholesterol?

-Synthesis of certain hormones -Synthesis of bile acids -Incorporation into cell structures

What two food components contribute the most to raising the level of cholesterol in your blood?

-Trans fat -Saturated fat

Which of the following are examples of polysaccharides?

-amylose -amylopectin -cellulose

Sam is trying to increase his intake of soluble fiber. From these four options, click to select three foods that are rich sources of soluble fiber.

-black beans -oatmeal -apple

Saturated Fat Example

-butter -coconut oil

Phytochemicals have been implicated in prevention of

-cardiovascular disease -cancer

Choose characteristics of the low-density lipoprotein.

-carries primarily cholesterol -transports cholesterol to the tissues -linked to cardiovascular disease risk

Fats and oils contain mixtures of various fatty acids. Which of the following food items are high in saturated fatty acids?

-coconut oil -cheeseburger -butter

A high-protein diet can affect the kidneys by

-contributing to kidney stones. -increasing the production of urea.

When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids can be

-converted into glucose. -metabolized as fuel. -converted into ketones.

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range for lipids according to the Food and Nutrition Board?

20-35% of total calories

Function of Protein: Produces vital body structures

A malnourished baby who does not eat enough protein will likely have incomplete or poor bone formation

The main sources of saturated fat in American diets are

Animal Fats

Function of Protein: Contributes to immune function

Beth is a chronically malnourished toddler whose only energy source comes from starchy food; she recently contracted measles.

Function of Protein: Provides Energy

Bill has been eating two whey protein shakes per day and he cannot understand why he is gaining weight and inches around his waist instead of increasing muscle mass.

If a person consumes a large amount of fiber without adequate fluid, which of the following may happen?

Blockages in the intestine

What is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation?

Denaturation

Function of Protein: Forms glucose

Despite fasting over night for his blood draw, Manny is able to think clearly and function normally in the morning.

Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the past 3 months, he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him for tests to see if he has

Diabetes

Sources of B-12

Dietary supplements, fortified foods and nutritional yeast

Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

Do not readily dissolve in water

Sources of Protein

Dried peas and beans, soy-based products, nuts and legumes

When whole grains are refined, what part of the grain remains in the refined product?

Endosperm

Which of the following cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet?

Essential amino acids

What happens to protein when it is consumed in excess of the body's physiological needs?

Excess amino acids are used to meet energy needs or converted to and stored as fat

Because animals store glycogen in their muscles, meat, fish, and poultry are good sources of carbohydrates.

False

True or False: Foods in the Dairy group are rich sources of fiber.

False

True or false: A diet high in animal protein can reduce a person's chance of developing cardiovascular disease.

False

True or false: Protein synthesis is the process of altering the three-dimensional structure of a protein.

False

True or false: Soluble fibers are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.

False

True or false: The body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form lipids.

False

True or false: The risk of death from chronic diseases is higher in vegetarians.

False

True or false: There is very little risk involved in taking amino acids as supplements.

False

True or false: Adults need to consume abundant amounts of protein in order to meet the body's protein needs.

False-Reason: An adult only needs to consume enough protein to replace what is lost daily as a result of protein breakdown.

True or false: Only individuals with advanced cases of type 1 diabetes require insulin.

False: All individuals with type 1 diabetes require insulin

True or false: The presence of proteins in the blood causes edema.

False: Blood proteins help maintain body fluid balance. The presence of proteins inside the blood vessels attracts fluid from the extracellular space back into the blood.

Which of the following is a function of the phospholipid molecule?

Formation of cell membranes

Sources of Vitamin D

Fortified foods and regular sun exposure

Sources of Calcium

Fortified soy milk, fortified orange juice, tofu set with calcium salts, and fortified breakfast cereals

Sucrose is made up of two monosaccharides: glucose and ______.

Fructose

What is the major monosaccharide in the body?

Glucose

Which of the following meals would likely contain the most monounsaturated fat?

Green salad with avocado, almonds, and olive oil dressing

______-density lipoprotein is considered the "good" cholesterol.

High

______-protein diets can lead to kidney problems and are not recommended for people with (or at risk for) kidney disease.

High

Individuals with type 1 diabetes have to be treated with which approach?

Insulin

Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?

It produces trans fats.

What is the latest recommendation from the Dietary Guidelines for intake of dietary cholesterol?

Keep dietary cholesterol as low as possible while still meeting your needs for essential nutrients.

Fatty acids are classified based on the degree to which the carbon chain is saturated with hydrogen.

Key word: hydrogen

The unsaturated fatty acids can exist in one of two structural forms. When hydrogens on an unsaturated fatty acid lie on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond, a cis formation exists. The trans form occurs when hydrogens on both carbons forming the double bond lie on opposite sides of the bond.

Key words: cis and trans

A fatty acid is saturated if it contains no carbon-carbon double bonds, monounsaturated if it has only one carbon-carbon double bond, and polyunsaturated if it contains two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

Key words: saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated

Which type of malnutrition is characterized by edema, mild or moderate weight loss, and fatty liver?

Kwashiorkor

______ is known as "the disease the first child gets when the new child comes."

Kwashiorkor- Kwashiorkor is known as the disease the first child gets when the new child comes because the oldest child is weaned from breast milk to a diet of gruels, which does not supply adequate calories or protein needed to maintain health.

Oxidation of ______ contributes to plaque formation in the development of atherosclerosis.

LDL

Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?

LDL contributes to the development of plaques inside the arteries.

Which enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion?

Lipase

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?

Liver and muscle

Function of Protein: Maintains fluid balance

Louisa is a very elderly woman with malnutrition; lately she has been experiencing edema in her lower extremities.

______-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol.

Low

What is a major food source of lactose?

Milk

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts?

Nonessential

______ are important for fat digestion and absorption because they help to emulsify lipids in chyme.

Phospholipids

______ form the structure of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Phospholipids

______ from plant-based foods help prevent chronic diseases.

Phytochemicals

______ is a condition characterized by moderately high fasting blood glucose (100 to 125 mg/dl).

Prediabetes

Choose a function of fat tissue.

Protect organs from injury

It is important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not use ______ for energy.

Protein

What macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?

Protein

______ help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood.

Proteins

Which of the following is a benefit of soluble fiber?

Reduces total serum cholesterol

Which of the following has only carbon-carbon single bonds?

Saturated fatty acid

Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are ______ at room temperature.

Solid

______ protein is an example of a plant-based protein that does meet essential amino acid needs.

Soy

Which class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?

Sterols

How does denaturation of a protein affect its function?

The protein loses its normal biological activity

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

To provide energy for the body

Which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?

Triglycerides

Compared to Caucasians in the United States, Latino/Hispanic Americans, African-Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, and Pacific Islanders are at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

True

True or false: HDL removes cholesterol from the bloodstream and returns it to the liver for excretion.

True: HDL molecules travel freely through the bloodstream in order to scavenge for cholesterol from dying cells and other sources and remove it from the bloodstream and eventually excrete it from the body.

True or false: During low carbohydrate intake, fat is not completely metabolized, leading to the formation of ketone bodies.

True: Ketone bodies are produced during times of low glucose supply

Having diabetes increases a person's risk for developing cardiovascular disease.

True: Poorly controlled blood glucose damages the blood vessels

True or false: Monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats all provide the same number of calories.

True: The saturation of fatty acids refers to the number of carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid's structure. Regardless of the degree of saturation, all fats supply 9 kcal/g.

Risk factors for ______ diabetes include physical inactivity, poor diet, and obesity.

Type 2

What type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity?

Type 2 Diabetes

Which of the following would be the best way for a college student to decrease his or her intake of saturated fat?

Use liquid plant oils (e.g., olive oil or canola oil) instead of solid fats (e.g., butter or coconut oil).

Who has a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and many forms of cancer?

Vegetarians

Through her own dietary analysis, Sarah realized she needs more polyunsaturated fatty acids. Which of the following foods is the best source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

Walnuts

What is the best way to obtain all of the essential amino acids?

Whole foods

Vitamin B-12 is only found naturally and in abundance in foods of ______ origin.

animal

Cholesterol _____ be made by the body.

can

The body _____ produce all the phospholipids it needs.

can

The primary health concern related to excessive saturated fat intake is

cardiovascular disease

LDL

carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells

Which of the following are not good sources of viscous fiber?

cheese

As fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine, they are packaged as ______ for transport through the lymphatic system.

chylomicrons

A(n) ______ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.

complementary

What is it called when two sources of protein combine to form a complete protein, whereas by themselves, they supply an inadequate amount of essential amino acids?

complementary protein

There are times during an illness, injury, or wound healing when an amino acid that is normally not an essential amino acid might become one. This amino acid is called a(n)

conditionally essential amino acid

Saturated Fatty Acid

contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

Soluble fiber ______ the absorption of cholesterol from the small intestine into the blood.

decreases

Amylase is

enzyme

A(n) ______ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet.

essential

In the absence of carbohydrate, ______ does not break down completely.

fat

When blood proteins are too low,

fluid leaks out of the blood vessels into extracellular spaces.

Macrophages surrounds the fatty deposit on a blood vessel wall producing ______ cells.

foam

Lipid-loaded white blood cells that have surrounded large amounts of a fatty substance, usually cholesterol, on the blood vessel walls are called

foam cells

Monosaccharide

fructose and glucose are monosaccharides

The unique three-dimensional form of a protein dictates the ________of each protein.

function

Sucrose

glucose + fructose

lactose

glucose + galactose

maltose

glucose + glucose

Sources of Iron

green leafy veggies, fortified grains, breakfast cereals, and legumes

Mel has diabetes and uses insulin for glucose management. If he takes more than his prescribed dose of insulin,

his blood sugar will be too low.

What is the primary health risk associated with a high intake of trans fat?

increased risk of heart disease

High dietary consumption of trans fatty acids ______ the risk of cardiovascular disease.

increases

Fibers that are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria are called

insoluble fiber

The layer of triglycerides beneath the skin serves to

insulate the body

Vitamin C helps with the absorption of

iron

A conditionally essential amino acid

is a nonessential amino acid that becomes essential during times of stress

Triglycerides are the most common lipid found in food and in the body; they consist of a glycerol backbone attached to three fatty acids.

key word: glycerol

Name the disaccharide that is also known as "milk sugar."

lactose

Disaccharide

lactose, sucrose and maltose are disaccharides

A ______ dietary pattern is primarily plant-based, but does include dairy products.

lactovegetarian

Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL are classified as

lipoproteins

Oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are typically ______ at room temperature.

liquid

Many patients with type 2 diabetes can improve blood glucose control by

losing a moderate amount of weight

One risk factor for cardiovascular disease is

low levels of HDL

Choose risk factors for type 2 diabetes.

prediabetes family history of diabetes physical inactivity history of gestational diabetes obesity, especially intra-abdominal obesity

The function of a protein is determined by the

protein's shape

The body links amino acids with peptide bonds in order to form

proteins

Butter is solid at room temperature. Butter contains mostly ______ fatty acids.

saturated

Considering their health effects, trans fatty acids are most similar to

saturated fatty acids

In which part of the GI tract does a minor amount of carbohydrate digestion begin?

the mouth

High levels of HDL in the blood tend to slow the development of cardiovascular disease because HDL

transports cholesterol from the bloodstream to the liver for excretion.

Protein ______ is the process by which cells break down old proteins and resynthesize new proteins so that the cell will have the proteins it needs to function at that time.

turnover

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Fatty acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds are considered ______ fatty acids.

unsaturated

A(n) ______ is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes.

vegan

Some people choose vegetarian dietary patterns as a way to improve their health.

vegetarian

The Diabetes Prevention Plan (DPP) was a large, multisite study designed to improve glucose control and prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes. The results of the DPP found that participants

who lost even a modest amount of weight via dietary and physical activity changes sharply reduced their chances of developing diabetes.

Omega-6 Fatty Acids Made from Linoleic Acid

-ARA

Which of the following are functions of protein?

-Blood clotting -Production of enzymes and hormones -Fluid balance

Which of the following foods and beverages could a lactovegetarian choose for breakfast?

-Calcium-fortified orange juice -Oatmeal with butter and brown sugar -Parfait made with yogurt, granola, and blueberries

Select the foods that would be good sources of calcium for a person who follows a vegan dietary pattern.

-Calcium-fortified tofu -Fortified orange juice -Fortified soy milk

Pair each lipoprotein with its primary component.

-Chylomicron......Triglyceride -LDL......Cholesterol -HDL.....Protein

Polyunsaturated Fat

-Corn oil -Sunflower oil

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Made from Alpha-Linolenic Acid

-DHA -EPA

Many health authorities encourage Americans to include more plant sources of protein in their dietary patterns. From the following options, click to select three potential health benefits associated with choosing plant sources of protein in place of animal sources of protein.

-decreased blood pressure -lower risk of cancer -improved blood glucose control

Type 2 diabetes can often be effectively managed through

-diet -physical activity -moderate weight loss

Mucilages, lignin, and cellulose are ______.

-dietary fiber -nonstarch polysaccharides in foods

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

-eggs -ice cream -chicken

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes?

-extreme thirst -increased appetite -frequent urination

Choose food sources of alpha-linolenic acid - the essential omega-3 fatty acid.

-flax seeds -walnuts

A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because

-foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat. -it is likely to be low in dietary fiber and phytochemicals.

Which MyPlate food groups provide many high-fiber foods?

-fruits -vegetables -grains

Which of the following areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes?

-heart -kidneys -eyes -nerves

Choose the group of substances that are classified as dietary fiber.

-hemicelluloses -cellulose -pectins -gums

A high-fiber diet is helpful for weight management because

-it provides few calories. -it contributes to a feeling of fullness after eating.

Protein turnover is a process by which a cell can respond to its changing environment by

-making proteins -disassembling proteins

Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?

-mouth -small intestine

Insoluble fiber

-nonfermentable fiber -increases fecal bulk -food sources include whole grains and wheat bran -decreases intestinal transit time

What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fats?

-olive oil -peanut oil -canola oil

Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids?

-oxygen -nitrogen -carbon -hydrogen

How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?

-position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton -number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton -length of the carbon skeleton

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

-pump ions into and out of cells -serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Enzymes that digest fat are secreted by the ______.

-salivary glands -pancreas -stomach cells

What three organs and/or glands produce lipase to digest triglycerides in the gastrointestinal tract?

-salivary glands -stomach -pancreas

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

-soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted. -fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver.

What are some good food sources of polyunsaturated fats?

-soybean oil -corn oil

Which of the following have the biggest impact on blood cholesterol levels?

-trans fat intake -saturated fat intake

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

-transport of fat-soluble vitamins -insulation -energy storage

Soluble fiber

-viscous fiber -slows glucose absorption -food sources include citrus fruits, oat bran, peas and beans -delays stomach emptying

Which of these foods will a vegan eat?

-watermelon -tofu -vegetable oil

List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack.

1. Damage occurs in blood vessel lining 2. Plaque is deposited at the site of initial damage 3. As plaque accumulates, arteries harden, narrow and lose elasticity. 4. Clot or spasm in a plaque-clogged artery leads to a heart attack

Place the steps of dietary fat absorption in the order they occur, with the first step at the top of the list and the last step at the bottom of the list.

1. Glycerol, monoglycerol, and fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the small intestine cells. 2. Triglycerides are reassembled within the cells lining the small intestine. 3. Triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons 4. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

List the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth (top of the list) and ending at the small intestine (bottom of the list).

1. Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. 2. Salivary lipase and gastric lipase begin digesting short-chain fatty acids in the stomach. 3. Bile emulsifies the fats. 4. Pancreatic lipase digests long chain fatty acids and triglycerides 5. Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine

According to the most recent Dietary Guidelines, Americans should consume less than ______ of kilocalories per day from added sugars.

10%

The World Health Organization recommends an upper limit of ______ of total kcal from added sugars.

10%

How many pounds equate to 1 kilogram?

2.2 pounds

Larry is a 39-year-old male who is overweight. He is working with a registered dietitian nutritionist, and she has recommended an 1800-kcal diet for gradual weight loss. Larry wants to ensure he is obtaining enough carbohydrate to meet his energy needs. If Larry follows an 1800-kcal diet and wants to achieve the recommended 45% to 65% of his total calories from carbohydrate, how many grams of carbohydrate per day should he be eating?

203 g to 293 g per day

What is the adequate intake level for fiber in adult women?

25 grams per day

What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for men?

38 grams

One bowl of chicken tortilla soup has 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides ______ kilocalories from fat.

45 kcal

The World Health Organization suggests that added sugars provide no more than 10% of total daily intake. Based on a 2000 kcal diet, this is approximately

50 grams: 2000 total kcal x 0.10 = 200 kcal from added sugars 200 kcal from added sugars ÷ 4 kcal/g = 50 g of added sugars

What is the RDA of protein for a typical (154 lb.) man?

56 grams- Reason: 154 lbs / 2.2 = 70 kg. 70 kg x 0.8 g/kg = 56 g

If Tomas is a healthy 24-year-old male who weighs 166 pounds, how many grams of protein per day should he have to maintain protein equilibrium?

60 grams per day

Lipids yield ______ kcal per gram.

9

Function of Protein: Forms enzymes and hormones

After eating a meal, Charlie's pancreas automatically secretes insulin to help shuttle glucose into his cells.

Enriched tofu, fortified soy milk, and fortified orange juice are all good sources of ______ in a vegan diet.

Calcium

Sources of Omega-3 Fats

Canola oil, soybean oil, seaweed, flax seeds and walnuts

Chylomicron

Carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells

VLDL

Carries lipids made and taken by the liver to cells

Choose a lipid that can be synthesized by the body?

Cholesterol

______ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.

Cholesterol

HDL

Contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and, in turn, excretion of it from the body

Very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) are lipoproteins synthesized by the liver to transport triglycerides from the liver to other cells throughout the body. As VLDLs circulate through the body, triglycerides from the core of the lipoprotein are broken down so that fatty acids can be taken up by body tissues. The lipoprotein that remains after much of the triglycerides have been depleted from the VLDL is called a

low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

Victims of the type of protein-calorie malnutrition known as ______ have a "skin and bones" appearance with little or no subcutaneous fat.

marasmus

A(n) ______ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

nonessential

The monosaccharides and the disaccharides are designated as _____ because they provide calories.

nutritive sweeteners

Soybean oil, seaweed, walnuts, and flax seeds are all good sources of ______ in a vegetarian diet.

omega-3 fatty acids

Monounsaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

Carbohydrates containing many glucose units, from 1000 or more are called _____.

polysaccharides

Which type of carbohydrate is formed by linking many (e.g., hundreds) of glucose units together?

polysaccharides