Unit 3
The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 divided the world into spheres of influence belonging to a. Portugal and Castile. b. Mexico and Peru. c. Spain and France. d. Spain and England. e. Portugal, Spain, and England.
a.
The first Spanish colony in the New World was established on a. Hispaniola. b. the Antilles. c. Matagorda. d. Cuba. e. Puerto Rico.
a.
The immediate successor of the Safavid dynasty in Persia was a. Nadir Khan Afshar. b. Babur the Great. c. Muhammad Ali. d. Akbar the Great. e. Suleyman the Great.
a.
The vice royalties of New Spain and Peru were divided into 10 judicial divisions controlled by superior courts, or a. audiencias. b. consulados. c. cortes. d. obrajes. e. encomiendas.
a.
By 1750, the strand of commercial, cultural, and political changes in Europe had been combined to create
an unusual version of an agricultural civilization.
The most important Spanish settlement in the Caribbean during the 16th century was a. Kingston b. Santo Domingo c. Saint Lucia d. St. Augustine e. Havana
b.
The original base of the Ottoman Turks was a. Mesopotamia. b. Anatolia. c. Transoxiana. d. Syria. e. the Balkans.
b.
The tremendous decline of the Indian population in Mexico was matched by the rapid increase in a. silver imports. b. European livestock. c. imports of cotton cloth. d. technological development. e. Spanish women.
b.
Under whose rule was unity achieved among the numerous Akan clans of Asante? a. Shaka b. Osei Tutu c. Usuman Dan Fodio d. Sotho e. Agaja
b.
Which of the following statements concerning mid-18th century Western society is most accurate?
Agricultural changes, commercialism and manufacturing had combined to produce a rapidly growing population in the West.
By the 16th century, at what age did most Europeans marry?
28-29
Which of the following was a Western response to the commercial revolution of the 16th century that was proletarian in outlook?
A wave of popular protests resulting in uprisings caused by social tension.
What determined the age of marriage for many people in Europe?
Access to real property
What was the church that established by Henry VII in England?
Anglican
Who used astronomical observation and mathematical calculation to disprove the Hellenistic belief that the Earth was the center of the universe?
Copernicus
The Spanish term for a healthy adult male slave was a. indies piece. b. servus dei. c. calderon. d. creole. e. mulatto.
a.
Which of the following states stood apart from the trend toward absolute monarchy in the 17th century and retained a parliamentary regime?
Britain
What was the political impact of Calvinism?
Calvinists sought the participation of all believers in church administration, which encouraged the idea of a wider access to government.
The aftermath of the Scientific Revolution spilled over into a new intellectual movement in the 18th century called the
Enlightment
The average Western peasant or artisan owned about how many times more "things" than his or her counterpart in southeastern Europe?
Five
What monarch is associated with the establishment of enlightened despotism in Prussia in the middle of the 18th century?
Frederick the Great
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the reason why Martin Luther picked up widespread support among the German elite?
German princes who turned protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories.
Which of the following was NOT a participant in the 15th century Italian renaissance?
Giotto
Which of the following statements concerning Italian humanism is more accurate?
Humanists focused on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor.
Which of the following was NOT a basic principle of the Enlightenment?
If people were not controlled, general social decline was inevitable. Human beings are naturally good and can be educated to do better.
What new religious order was associated with the catholic reformation?
Jesuits
The monarch most associated with absolute monarchy was
Louis XIV of France
Which of the following reason suggests why common people supported the Lutheran Reformation?
Lutheranism sanctioned money-making and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did the traditional Catholicism.
Who is generally credited with initiating the protestant Reformation in 1517?
Martin Luther
Which of the following descriptions most accurately defines mercantilism?
Mercantilism held that government should promote the internal economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations.
How did agricultural change in the late 17th century?
New technology and better stock-breeding methods resulted in higher productivity.
What was one of the primary differences between the Northern and Italian Renaissance?
Northern humanists focused more on religion than their Italian counterparts.
What was the European-style family pattern that emerged in the 15th century?
Nuclear families, late marriage ages
Which of the following changes associated changes associated with treatment of children was associated with the Enlightenment?
Parents became more interested in freer movement and greater interaction for young children.
Which of the following was NOT a religious proposition advanced my Martin Luther?
Priests should practice celibacy.
Which of the following was NOT typical of the commercial revolution of the 16th century?
Significant reduction in prices encouraging consumer spending.
What was Isaac Newton's work published in 1687 that drew various theories together into framework of natural laws?
Principia
Which of the following statements most accurately describes a change in popular mentality as a result of the Protestant Reformation?
Protestants and Catholics considered the family in more positive terms, not simply as an institution necessary because of human lust.
Besides France, where else did absolute monarchy develop during the period of 1450 to 1750?
Prussia
Which of the following sequences lists the major developments of Western civilization in proper sequence?
Renaissance,Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, enlightenment.
Which of the following accounts in part for the decline of the Italian Renaissance circa 1500?
Routes through Russia to the East undercut the Italian monopoly of trade.
Which of the following states fell back from European ascendancy following the religious wars?
Spain
Adam Smith's economic theory advocated
That governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of manufacturing in the later 18th century?
The 18th century witnessed a rapid spread of household production of textiles and metal products, mostly by rural workers who alternated manufacturing with some agriculture.
Which of the following statement about the Renaissance is NOT accurate?
The Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization.
How did the Western view of science compare with that of other civilizations?
The West was not alone in developing crucial scientific data, but its thinkers were the only ones to see science in broader philosophical terms as central to intellectual life.
John harvey was responsible for what discovery during the Scientific Revolution
The circular movement of blood in animals
All of the following were typical of 16th century absolute monarchy EXCEPT
The destruction of provincial councils
In 1733, James Kay of England introduced
The flying shuttle to automate weaving.
Which of the following areas was NOT successfully defended by the Catholic reformation?
The neatherlands
Which of the following was NOT a result of the Thirty Years War?
The treaty that ended the war established Spain as the principal power of Western Europe.
Which of the following was NOT an impact of the renaissance on politics and commerce?
Under humanist influence, wars among Italian city-states became less frequent
17. In characterizing the period from 1450 to 1750 in the West, which of the following statements is NOT accurate?
What was once an agricultural society had become a predominantly manufacturing economy.
Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the view of Deists?
While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion.
The religious wars followed the Protestant Reformation led generally to
a limited acceptance of the idea of religious pluralism
Following the invasions of Timur, the Ottoman Empire was restored under a. Mehmed II. b. Akbar. c. Shah Abbas the Great. d. Muhammad Ali. e. Suleyman the Magnificent.
a.
How did the British organize the shipment of slaves to the Americas? a. In Britain, the chartered Royal African Company was granted a monopoly over the shipment of slaves to colonies in the Americas. b. The British government directly participated in the slave trade through use of the Royal Navy. c. All merchant marine ships were used for this purpose under the guidance of the Ministry of Ships. d. In Britain, unlike elsewhere, the slave trade was carried out by uncontrolled private venture. e. The British refused to participate in the slave trade and attempted to intercept shipments of slaves to the Americas beginning in the 1660s.
a.
How did the Savafid economy compare to that of the Ottomans? a. The Ottoman empire benefited in the short run from non-Muslim traders (Christians and Jews) who had extensive contacts with overseas empires that the Safavid empire lacked. b. Only the Ottoman sultans actively sought to encourage handicraft production and trade in their empire. c. The Safavid empire made a more concerted and successful attempt to enlarge their market economy, particularly by attracting merchants from the West. d. The Safavid economy, because of the geographical location of the empire, was oriented exclusively toward the East and had no contact with Western merchants. e. The Safavids traded mainly in the Indian Ocean basin, and the Ottomans traded in the western Mediterranean.
a.
How was the commercial experience of the Portuguese extended to the Americas? a. The Portuguese experience in Africa and their involvement in slave trading were extended to the Americas. b. The Portuguese introduction of tobacco estate agriculture into the Caribbean was a significant factor in American colonization. c. The Portuguese were responsible for the use of galleys in the Atlantic passage. d. The Portuguese began commercial trade after the Spanish discovered gold in the Americas. e. The Portuguese were familiar with the routes to the Far East that resulted in the circumnavigation of the globe.
a.
How was the global trade network of the 15th century different from that of previous eras? a. In previous eras, most attention was given to the development of regional economies and cultural zones, rather than a global network. b. Trade was controlled by the Chinese due to their naval presence in the Indian Ocean. c. Trade in previous eras was almost entirely in the hands of the West as a result of overwhelming advantages in technology d. There was no significant trade between civilizations prior to the 15th century. e. Trade prior to the 15th century was limited to the Eastern Hemisphere as a result of the military dominance of Eastern nations.
a.
In 1652 what group established a colony at the Cape of Good Hope? a. The Dutch East India Company b. The French Colonial Federation c. The British East India Company d. The Ottoman Empire e. The Royal African Company
a.
In 1818 who assumed leadership in the Zulu chiefdom of the Nguni people of southern Africa? a. Shaka b. Agaja c. Usuman Dan Fodio d. Sokoto e. Osei Tutu
a.
In what way did the importation of American bullion negatively affect the Spanish economy? a. The arrival of American treasure contributed to a sharp rise in prices and a general inflation. b. The supply of bullion to Spain was highly irregular, so that the government could not accurately gauge its income or anticipate its expenditures. c. The supply of bullion kept the Spanish from purchasing manufactured goods from England. d. American bullion made up nearly 90 percent of Spain's state revenue, so that any disruption in the arrival of silver from America plunged the government into crisis. e. The apparent dependence of Spain on its bullion supply caused European bankers to avoid loaning money to the Spanish government.
a.
In what way were the artisans of Constantinople similar to their counterparts in the West? a. Like their counterparts in medieval European towns, the artisans were organized into guilds. b. They produced goods that were much in demand in Asia and other eastern markets. c. Like the earlier West, craft production was limited and there were few independent artisans. d. In the capital city of the Ottoman Empire, artisans were free of governmental supervision. e. They had begun to form a proletariat.
a.
On the east coast of Africa, the Swahili trading cities a. continued their commerce in the Indian Ocean with both the Portuguese and the Ottoman Turks. b. were decimated following European naval attacks. c. abandoned trade with Islam in favor of trade with the Europeans. d. fell entirely within the orbit of the Portuguese global trade network. e. were unique in Africa because of their refusal to participate in the slave trade.
a.
The Catholic church introduced all of the following to American life EXCEPT a. the sense of independence from the state. b. establishing missions in outlaying areas. c. the construction of baroque churches. d. monasteries. e. universities.
a.
The Dominican friar Bartolom de Las Casas, a conquistador-turned-priest a. became an ardent supporter of conversion of Indians and an advocate of Indian rights. b. was responsible for the brutal laws oppressing the Indians. c. was responsible for the bloody annihilation of the Indian population of Tenochtitlan in 1520. d. accompanied Columbus and counseled him on Indian affairs. e. was named head of the Council of the Indies in 1518.
a.
The Spanish convoy system that controlled trade with the Americas was made possible by the development of a. galleons. b. oared galleys. c. the astrolabe. d. gunpowder. e. lateen sail.
a.
What did the Ottomans do to Constantinople following its fall in 1453? a. Soon after its conquest, the Ottoman sultan undertook the restoration and beautification of Constantinople. b. The Ottomans rapidly abandoned Constantinople to the leaders of the Orthodox church who were responsible for its restoration and the construction of significant churches. c. The original city remained, but in a much reduced condition that the Ottomans did little to restore. d. They used it only as a port city but did rebuild the walls and turned the churches into mosques. e. The Ottomans destroyed the city and moved their capital to Sophia.
a.
What group of people was most critical to the bureaucratic administration of the Spanish colonies in America? a. University-trained lawyers b. The nobility c. Military commanders d. Viceroys e. Friars and monks
a.
What led to the rapid demise of the Safavid empire? a. Like the Ottoman Empire, the lack of a principle of succession led Abbas the Great to eliminate all capable rivals, leaving no capable ruler following his death. b. The threat of Mongol conquest destabilized the government, which led to a revolt of the Janissaries. c. The Safavid defeat at the battle of Panipat at the hands of a Russian army stripped the empire of its military forces just as pressure from outside enemies increased. d. The successful conquest of the Ottoman Empire overextended the Safavid resources, so that the central government became increasingly inefficient. e. The collapse of the Safavid economy in the 18th century diminished the revenues of the empire to the point that the central government could no longer function.
a.
What permitted the Janissaries to gain a position of prominence in the Ottoman Empire? a. Their control of artillery and firearms gave them prominence over the aristocratic Turkish cavalry. b. They rapidly gained control of the mosques of the Ottoman Empire and were able to define religious orthodoxy. c. Their control of the bureaucracy made them indispensable to the operation of the empire. d. Islamic law defined their authority as written in the Quran and the Sunna. e. As members of the royal family, they had access to the sultans.
a.
What was the chosen language of the Ottoman court? a. Turkish b. Arabic c. Russian d. Persian e. Greek
a.
What was the critical feature of Akbar's new religion, the Din-i-Ilahi? a. It attempted to blend elements of the many faiths with which he was familiar as a means of reconciling Hindus and Muslims. b. It was very similar to Zoroastrianism but included elements of Christianity and Judaism. c. Although it retained the formal appearance of Islam, the popular aspects of the new religion were almost entirely Buddhist. d. Like the Safavids to whom early members of the Mughal dynasty fled in exile, Akbar adopted militant Shi'ism. e. It sought to purify the Islamic faith and remove Hindu influences by adopting many of the Sufi teachings already extant in India.
a.
What was the negative impact of the discovery of gold on Portugal? a. Portugal failed to develop internal industries because the supply of gold allowed the Portuguese to purchase manufactured goods from other European countries. b. Portugal became increasingly dependent on France due to the wars of the 18th century. c. Portugal was forced to hand Brazil over to the more powerful Dutch navy. d. Portugal's trade with China began to decline rapidly which caused a negative trade balance. e. Portugal's agricultural economy was devastated by the flow of capital from domestic produce to Brazilian imports.
a.
What was the political impact of the presence of Europeans on the African coast? a. West and central African kingdoms just inland from the forts began to redirect their trade and expand their influence. b. States were more likely to form in the savanna regions of Africa. c. State formation in Africa took place on the Indian Ocean coast away from the trade routes established by the Europeans. d. Strong centralized states began to form on the coastline in close proximity to the European trade forts. e. Europeans immediately divided up the entire continent and established colonies.
a.
What was the primary difference between the Spanish and Portuguese empires? a. Unlike the Spanish empire that was almost exclusively American, the Portuguese empire included colonies and outposts in Asia and Africa as well as Brazil. b. Portuguese colonies did not have the heavy influence of the Catholic church found in Spanish colonies. c. The Portuguese colony of Brazil was more intellectually independent of the mother country than were the Spanish colonies in Latin America. d. Portuguese colonies lacked the bureaucratic structure that characterized the Spanish colonies after the middle of the 16th century. e. The Portuguese treated their slaves better than did the Spanish due to the influence of the Catholic church.
a.
Which of the following areas of trade was NOT dominated by the West after the establishment of a global trading network in the 17th century? a. The Indian Ocean b. The Pacific c. The Atlantic d. The Mediterranean e. The Caribbean
a.
Which of the following groups represented such extreme conservatism within the Ottoman Empire that reform was frustrated? a. Janissaries b. Merchants c. Peasants d. Sultans e. Artisans
a.
Which of the following represents a difference between the origins of the Ottomans and the Safavids? a. The Safavids represented the Shi'a strain of Islam. b. The Safavids represented a highly militant strain of Islam. c. The Safavids were originally frontier warriors. d. The Safavids were of Chinese origin. e. The Safavids originated from a Turkish nomadic group.
a.
Which of the following statements concerning slave families is most accurate? a. Despite enormous difficulties, slaves continued to live in family units. b. The conditions of slavery destroyed family concepts among Africans in the New World. c. Family relations were stronger in the slave families than in the settler families. d. The onerous conditions of slavery and the shortage of women resulted in the creation of artificial clans and extended lineages. e. Lacking women, men substituted slave "fraternities" for the more traditional organization.
a.
Which of the following statements concerning the economy of the Mughal empire is most accurate? a. European traders brought products from throughout Asia to exchange for the subcontinent's famed cotton textiles. b. The Indian markets of the Mughals were flooded with Western products. c. The Mughal empire produced nothing of value to the West, but served as a conduit of products from southeastern Asia much in demand among the Europeans. d. Unlike the other Muslim empires, the Mughals successfully banned European merchants from their markets. e. The Mughal economy was self-sufficient and operated under a strict Islamic code of behavior.
a.
Which of the following statements concerning the relationship between Asian civilizations and the world commercial network of the 16th and 17th centuries is NOT accurate? Select one: a. China was able, thanks to the existence of its coastal navy, to prevent the establishment of European ports. b. Most of the silver mined and exported by the Spanish ended up in China in order for the Spanish to purchase Chinese manufactured goods. c. Asian civilizations had ample political strength and economic sophistication to avoid dependent status. d. East Asia constituted the civilization that remained most fully and consciously external to the world economy. e. China depended on extensive government regulation to keep European activities in check.
a.
Which of the following was NOT an African religion transported to the Americas? a. Asantehene b. Vodun c. Candomble d. Aja e. Obeah
a.
Which of the following was NOT one of the early modern Islamic empires? a. Abbasid b. Safavid c. Ottoman d. Mughal e. Followers of Shi'a Islam in former Persian territory
a.
Who was the leader of the Indian revolution in Peru in 1781? a. Tupac Amaru b. Garcia Floridablanca c. Emiliano Zapata d. Nez Percé e. Chichen Itza
a.
Why did the initiative in early conquest and exploration pass to northern European nations in the later 16th century? a. The Dutch and the British improved the design of oceanic vessels, producing faster ships than their Catholic rivals. b. Conquered nations rose up against Spain and Portugal, requiring large forces to suppress them. c. Spain and Portugal were defeated in a critical war with the Ottoman Empire. d. Famine and disease disastrously reduced the population of the Iberian peninsula after 1588. e. The Spanish defeat of the English Armada cut England off from further advances in Europe and forced English attention to foreign conquest.
a.
Why was the discovery of mercury in Peru critical to the colonial economy? a. Mercury was indispensable to the extraction of silver from ore-bearing rock. b. It was much in demand in Europe due to the belief that it could cure diseases. c. Mercury was a critical food component for the growing livestock inventories of New World ranches. d. Mercury was even more valuable than silver as an export commodity. e. Mercury became a medium of exchange in place of money in the American economy.
a.
Which of the following regions was NOT part of the Spanish colonial empire? a. Brazil b. Panama c. Mexico d. Cuba, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico e. Hispaniola
a. Brazil
Which of the following statements concerning the interaction of North American colonists with the Indians is most accurate? a. Colonists interacted with Indians, learned from them, and misused them, but did not forge a new cultural grouping as occurred in much of Latin America. b. The occurrence of disease that rapidly decimated the Indian populations of Latin America did not take place in North America, thus Indian populations remained large and intermingled with the European immigrants. c. Rapid intermarriage between Europeans and the Native Americans resulted in the creation of a new class of people, the mestizos, who continued to play a significant role in North American colonial development. d. Constant warfare between the numerous sedentary agricultural tribes and the European colonists resulted in limited immigration from Europe. e. Indian populations grew as a result of new foods and goods introduced by European settlers.
a. Colonists interacted with Indians, learned from them, and misused them, but did not forge a new cultural grouping as occurred in much of Latin America.
16. As part of the "Colombian Exchange," which of the following was a European contribution to the Americas? a. Horses b. Bullion c. Potatoes d. Raw materials e. Corn
a. Horses
What economic policy encouraged the development of colonies, particularly by northern Europe countries? a. Mercantilism b. Free trade c. Communism d. Boycotts e. Socialism
a. Mercantilism
Where was the first Spanish colony on the American mainland? a. Panama b. Mexico c. Peru d. Florida e. California
a. Panama
The British were able to oust the French from Canada following the a. Seven Years War. b. battle of Manzikert. c. Taipei rebellion. d. Sepoy rebellion. e. Battle of Algiers.
a. Seven Year War.
Which of the following represents an impact on western Europe from the development of colonies? a. The use of colonially produced sugar spread widely in Europe. b. The development of colonies hastened the growth of centralized governments and destroyed the growth of the merchant class in western Europe. c. Colonialism had limited impact on Europe due to the policy of natives selling free-access goods. d. Colonial development resulted in a greater sense of cooperation among European nations. e. The decline of the Catholic church and its power resulted from many Europeans moving to the colonies.
a. The use of colonially produced sugar spread widely in Europe.
What was the purpose of the early English voyages to North America? a. To discover an Arctic route to China b. To drive the Spanish from the Americas c. To establish colonies d. To convert natives to Catholicism e. To create a fortified port and trading region
a. To discover an Arctic route to China
In Asia, significant conversion to Christianity a. occurred only in the northern Philippines. b. occurred in Korea. c. was limited to the Dutch holding in Indonesia. d. happened wherever the Westerners were able to establish colonies. e. failed to occur anywhere.
a. occurred only in the northern Philippines.
19. The minister responsible for the 18th-century reforms in Portugal and Brazil was a. José de Escandon. b. the Marquis of Pombal. c. Elijio Martínez. d. José de Gálvez. e. Garcia Floridablanca.
b.
All of the following were advantages the Spanish enjoyed over the Indians EXCEPT a. the use of horses by the Spanish since the natives did not have any similar animal b. the failure of nomadic tribes to mount significant resistance to conquest. c. the use of firearms and superior steel weapons. d. internal divisions and internal rivalries among the Indians. e. epidemic disease that weakened the Indians and reduced their numbers.
b.
Because of the switch from indigenous methods of mining to the extraction of silver through a process of amalgamation with mercury, silver production in the Americas expanded rapidly after a. 1750 b. 1580. c. 1500. d. 1650. e. 1700.
b.
Between 1532 and 1549, colonization in Brazil was in the hands of minor Portuguese nobles granted strips of land called a. mitas b. captaincies. c. duchies. d. consulados. e. proprietary colonies.
b.
Followers of the Safavids' followers were called a. the White Lotus Society. b. Red Heads. c. Plum Blossoms. d. the Red Hand. e. Yellow Turbans.
b.
How did the Ottoman dynasty compare to other ruling families? a. The Ottoman dynasty was among the most long-lasting in history, surviving for over 200 years—exceeded only by the Chinese dynasties. b. The Ottoman dynasty lasted for over 600 years-a feat matched by no other ruling family. c. Because the Ottoman succession was elective, it is misleading to think of the sultans as a single dynasty. d. Due to the lack of a principle of succession, the Ottomans endured constant dynastic change with individual families surviving only for decades. e. It was a series of brief kingships with long periods of disorder and warfare due to succession problems.
b.
In what way did the European slave trade enable centralizing states to expand more rapidly? a. The slave trade was restricted to the coasts, leaving the political units of interior Africa free of European interference. b. Slaves were traded for firearms that allowed expanding states to overpower their neighbors, resulting in more slaves. c. The slave trade declined in the cross-Sahara trade routes leading to the introduction of stronger Muslim kingdoms. d. The Europeans rapidly created military alliances and added their armies to those of their slave-trading allies. e. The European slave trade weakened the states of central and western Africa, allowing the centralizing states of eastern Africa to expand without competition.
b.
One of the most beautiful of the Ottoman mosques of Constantinople was the a. Kahil Jibran. b. Süleymaniye. c. Taj Mahal. d. St. Basilís. e. Saffah.
b.
One of the unique features of the east African coast that differed from west Africa was a. the existence of the slave trade. b. the establishment of plantations using African slave labor. c. the widespread appearance of epidemic disease. d. the existence of large European colonies. e. connection to global trade.
b.
South of their trade forts along the Gold Coast, the Portuguese established Luanda, which became the basis for the Portuguese colony of a. Kongo. b. Angola. c. Lesotho. d. Matabele. e. Kilwa.
b.
The Janissaries were a. Islamic judges not subject to state authority but only answered to the caliphs in Bagdad. b. slave troops of the Ottomans forcibly conscripted as adolescents from conquered territories. c. powerful members of the scholar-gentry aristocracy within the Ottoman Empire who dominated regional administration. d. eunuchs from the royal family charged with care of the imperial harem. e. religious leaders under the control of the Ottoman state.
b.
The Safavid dynasty had its origins in the 14th century in a family devoted to what variant of Islam? a. Kurd b. Sufi c. Sikh d. Sunni e. Ismaili
b.
The capital of the Safavid empire under Abbas the Great was a. Tabriz. b. Isfahan. c. Mosul. d. Kabul. e. Baghdad.
b.
The center of the Safavid empire was the modern-day state of a. Jordan. b. Iran. c. Syria. d. Turkey. e. Iraq.
b.
The first Safavid shah was a. Akbar. b. Isma'il. c. Osman. d. Suleyman the Great. e. Abbas the Great.
b.
The head of the Ottoman central bureaucracy was the a. patriarch. b. vizier. c. caliph. d. dhimmi. e. eunuch.
b.
The initiative for Western exploration and conquest came from the kingdom of a. Venice. b. Portugal. c. France. d. Sicily. e. Spain.
b.
The law code that became the basis of law in the Indies was called the a. Legalia Indiana. b. Recopilacion. c. Plan de Ayala. d. Corpus Juris Civilis. e. Casa de la Contratación.
b.
The most important Portuguese trade fort or factory was located where? a. Angola b. El Mina c. Sokoto d. Zambesi e. Zimbabwe
b.
What conditions undercut the position of the Brazilian sugar plantation economy? a. A series of unusually wet winters flooded the traditional sugar regions and caused Brazilian planters to seek new land for the production of sugar. b. Competition from English, French, and Dutch plantation colonies in the Caribbean led to rising prices for slaves and falling prices for sugar. c. The growth of manufacturing made plantations less important to the economy. d. The European market was flooded with sugar supplied from Asian colonies. e. A demographic disaster among the Indians of Brazil resulted in a shortage of labor for the sugar plantations shortly after 1700.
b.
What region of the world became the dominant culture in the period after 1450? a. China b. The West c. The Islamic Middle East d. Africa e. Central Asia
b.
What was the demographic impact of the slave trade on Africa? a. As a result of the slave trade, the population of Africa was only one-third of what it would have been without the export of men and women. b. The slave trade had the impact of skewing the population of central Africa in favor of a disproportional number of women. c. The slave trade exported millions, but the loss was made up as a result of the natural prolificacy of the Africans. d. The African population grew as kingdoms had more slaves but was skewed toward an older population. e. Population in Africa seems actually to have grown, despite the number of men, women, and children exported to the Americas.
b.
What was the impact of Aurangzeb's religious policies? a. Aurangzeb's introduction of Christianity to India began the process by which millions of Indians were converted to the new religion. b. Aurangzeb's religious policies gravely weakened the internal alliances between Hindus and Muslims and disrupted the social peace that Akbar had established. c. Aurangzeb's religious policies succeeded in removing Buddhism from India. d. The emperor succeeded in reestablishing the political and social dominance of the Hindu majority in India. e. More freedom for all religious groups with the exception of Christians
b.
Which of the following statements about slavery in Europe before 1450 was most accurate? a. Slavery had been extensive in the ancient world, but had died out during the Middle Ages in all regions in the West. b. Slavery had died out in the Middle Ages in most of Europe except along the military frontier between Christians and Muslims in the Mediterranean. c. Slavery was common to Europe in all eras prior to 1450, although it tended to become more dominant during the Middle Ages. d. During the Middle Ages, most European states took conquered people as slaves but only if they were Muslims. e. Europe had never had a tradition of slavery going back to the Roman Empire.
b.
Which of the following statements concerning slavery on the continent of Africa before the arrival of the Europeans is most accurate? a. Most African societies were egalitarian—that is, most people enjoyed the same social status—and slavery was generally unknown. b. In many African societies, the control of slaves was one of the few ways in which individuals or lineages could increase their wealth and status. c. While common elsewhere in Africa, slavery was not common in the forest states of west Africa prior to the coming of the Europeans. d. Slavery in Africa was restricted to those areas where Islamic influence had introduced the concept in the period after the 7th century. e. Slavery had virtually been abolished in Africa before the arrival of the Europeans due to tribal and clan conflicts.
b.
Which of the following statements concerning the 18th-century Spanish reforms in America is most accurate? a. The Spanish reforms did little to alter the patterns of local administration and the fundamental structure of power and authority in the Latin American colonies. b. The French Intendancy system was introduced but the traditional patterns of influence and power among the Creole bureaucrats was disrupted. c. The English system of justices of the peace was introduced to replace the audiencias, causing the decline in influence of the educated lawyers in America. d. The Spanish colonies were largely demilitarized, as Spain became increasingly dependent on the navy of France to protect its interests in America. e. Governments were formed based on natural rights based on the writings of John Locke.
b.
Which of the following statements concerning the agricultural system of Spanish America is NOT accurate? a. Colonists faced with declining Indian populations found landownership more attractive. b. Plantation crops like sugar and later cacao were exported to Europe in sufficient quantities to exceed the value of bullion exports. c. In places where large sedentary populations existed, Indian communal agriculture of traditional crops continued. d. South America was not known as a producer of wheat or rye. e. Spanish America remained predominantly an agrarian economy.
b.
Which of the following statements concerning the reign of Akbar is NOT accurate? a. He encouraged intermarriage between the Mughal aristocracy and the Hindu Rajput rulers. b. He attempted to purify Islam by removing Hindu influences. c. He patronized the arts. d. He personally oversaw the building of the military and administrative system. e. He extended the Mughal conquests in central and northern India.
b.
Which of the following statements concerning the shape of the commerce in African slaves is most accurate? a. The African states of the interior actively resisted the slave trade. b. The Atlantic slave trade drew slaves from across the African continent and its concentration shifted from Senegambia to central and western Africa over time. c. Fewer slaves crossed the Atlantic than the Sahara due to the military needs of the Arabic kingdoms. d. The Atlantic trade drew its slaves almost exclusively from southern Africa until the 19th century. e. The emergence of the Atlantic slave trade caused the immediate end of the older trans-Saharan slave trade in the hands of the Muslims.
b.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the state of the Portuguese and Spanish American colonies by the middle of the 18th century? a. Following the disruption of the plantation economies, the Portuguese and Spanish American colonies experienced population loss and economic depression. b. The American colonies of Spain and Portugal were experiencing considerable growth in population and productive capacity. c. While the population of the American colonies was growing, largely due to the importation of African slaves, the economy was largely stagnant. d. England was threatening to take over the Caribbean colonies and Spain fell into economic dependency status. e. The population of the American colonies never recovered from the initial loss of Indian population.
b.
Which of the following was NOT a result of the Ottoman loss of monopoly over the Indian trade? a. Internal unrest further undermined Ottoman rule. b. Bullion caused by a negative balance of trade flowed out of the Ottoman Empire to the West. c. Direct carriage of eastern goods to ports in the West implied loss of revenues in taxes in Muslim trading centers. d. Military setbacks revealed the obsolescence of the Muslim fleets. e. Spices carried around Africa by Europeans enriched the Ottomans' Christian rivals.
b.
The British East India Company through negotiation with local Mughal princes gained a station at a. Delhi. b. Calcutta. c. Ceylon. d. Goa. e. Constantinople.
b. Calcutta.
In which of the following regions was European settlement a significant factor in the establishment of colonies? a. Arabia b. Dutch South Africa c. West Indies d. Indonesia e. China
b. Dutch South Africa
Which of the following Western trade goods was of most interest to the Japanese? a. Cotton cloth b. Gunnery c. Porcelain d. Glassware e. Woolen cloth
b. Gunnery
Which of the following statements best accounts for the Spanish failure to hold a position of dominance in world trade? a. Spain's interests were increasingly directed toward the destruction of the Ottoman Empire. b. Spain's internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accommodate the bullion from the new world and lacked significant manufacturing capability. c. Spain exported more finished goods than it imported due to the high quality of its artisans and craftsmen. d. The Spanish withdrew voluntarily from the race for world trade dominance and established a policy of international isolation. e. The Catholic church that dominated Spanish society argued against the establishment of a commercial mentality in Spain.
b. Spain's internal economy and banking system were not sufficient to accommodate the bullion from the new world and lacked significant manufacturing capability.
What British commercial institution ruled India for much of the 18th century? a. The British Tea and Spice Company b. The British East India Company c. The Raj Trading Company d. Lloyd's Bank e. The Calcutta and Madras Limited
b. The British East India Company
20. What development led to an intensification of the Portuguese involvement in the African slave trade? a. The extension of the agricultural system in Europe b. The Black Death, which decreased the available supply of labor in Europe c. The development of sugar plantations on the Atlantic island of Madeira d. Spanish reconquista and the establishment of New Granada e. The growth of the Ottoman Empire
c.
After Chaldiran, the official language of the Safavid empire became a. Turkish. b. Hindi. c. Persian. d. Arabic. e. Farsi.
c.
An example of the acceptance of Nilotic peoples as ruling dynasties among the Bantu was the Luo at a. El Mina. b. Benin. c. Bunyoro. d. San. e. Zanzibar.
c.
As a result of what treaty did the French lose their colony in North America to the British? a. Treaty of Ryswick, 1705 b. Treaty of Utrecht, 1714 c. Treaty of Paris, 1763 d. Treaty of Versailles, 1919 e. Treaty of Westphalia, 1648
c.
How were the British colonies of the southern Atlantic coast of North America different from the Latin American colonies? a. Manumission of slaves tended to be more common in the British colonies. b. There was no slavery there. c. The British colonies depended less on imported Africans because of the positive rate of growth among the slaves. d. The British colonies were primarily industrial. e. Although urban slavery was common, there was no plantation agricultural system on the North American mainland.
c.
In what region was gold discovered in Brazil in 1695? a. Orinoco b. Siglo D'Oro c. Minas Gerais d. Salvador e. Casas Orientes
c.
In what year was the first Safavid declared shah? a. 1453 b. 1553 c. 1501 d. 1571 e. 1722
c.
Prior to the Mongol invasions of their empire, the Abbasid dynasty was dominated by a. the Ozbeg Turks. b. the Mamluks. c. the Seljuk Turks. d. Timur-i-Lang. e. the West.
c.
The Muslim reform movement of the 1770s that swept through the trade networks in Senegambia and the western Sudan was what variant of Islam? a. Shi'a b. Ismaili c. Sufi d. Fatimid e. Nizari
c.
The first Mughal emperor successfully defeated the Muslim ruler of the Lodi dynasty in 1526 at the battle of a. Kandahar. b. Chaldiran. c. Panipat. d. Delhi. e. Farghana.
c.
The first landfall in the colony of Brazil took place in 1500 under the leadership of a. Hernan Cortés. b. Ferdinand Magellan. c. Pedro Alvares Cabral. d. Francisco Pizarro. e. Pedro de Valdivia.
c.
The grants of Indians to individual Spaniards as a labor system were called a. audiencias. b. Alcaldes. c. encomiendas. d. obrajes. e. consulados.
c.
Usuman Dan Fodio's rebellion eventually led to the formation of what caliphal state? a. Sudan b. Lesotho c. Sokoto d. Kongo e. Benin
c.
What Spanish dynasty was responsible for the series of 18th-century reforms that recast the colonial administration of the Americas? a. Carlist b. Habsburg c. Bourbon d. Aragon e. Pombal
c.
What accounted for the majority of the population loss suffered by Native Americans after the European arrival? a. Losses in warfare b. Failure of marriage patterns among the Indians c. Epidemic diseases d. Enslavement e. Internal civil conflicts
c.
What area of Africa was least affected by the slave trade? a. Central and west Africa b. West Africa c. Southern Africa d. East Africa e. The savanna and the Sudan
c.
What is the best estimate of the number of Africans shipped across the Atlantic between 1450 and 1850? a. 8 million b. 20 million c. 12 million d. 10 million e. 14 million
c.
What land was claimed for Spain as the result of Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe beginning in 1519? a. Australia b. Macao c. Philippines d. Chile e. New Zealand
c.
What port was associated with the discovery of gold in Brazil and subsequently became the capital of the colony? a. Buenos Aires b. Salvador c. Rio de Janeiro d. Recife e. Santiago
c.
What was the impact of the Mfecane? a. Greater cooperation between natives and settlers b. As a result, the Portuguese were able to absorb most of the east African Swahili trading cities. c. The resulting political disruption sent African groups fleeing before the Zulus into both Portuguese coastal regions and the Boer farms of southern Africa. d. It destroyed the Bantu peoples of eastern Africa. e. The Boers were forced out of southern Africa.
c.
What was the outcome of the Din-i-Ilahi? a. The new religion was widely accepted during Akbar's lifetime and became the state religion of the Mughal empire. b. Accepted by Hindus who benefited from the lenient policies of Akbar, the new religion was rejected by the Muslims. c. By Akbar's death in 1605, the Din-i-Ilahi was rejected by both Muslims and Hindus. d. Accepted by Muslims who saw it as a means of cementing the authority of the Mughals over the traditional Hindu rulers, the new religion was rejected by Hindus. e. It maintained a large number of believers until the introduction of Christianity in the 18th century by the British.
c.
What was the status of the Turkish chiefs under the Safavid shahs? a. Unlike the Ottomans, the Turkish cavalrymen were driven from the Safavid empire. b. The former Turkish nomads were reduced to slavery, but still composed the foundation of the Safavid military. c. Like the Ottomans, the Turkish chiefs were gradually transformed into a warrior nobility with assigned villages and peasant labor. d. The former Turkish warriors were replaced entirely by the indigenous Persian nobility who formed a mercenary military force. e. Turkish chiefs were nominally independent of any centralized control or rule.
c.
What was the term utilized for the commercial arrangement by which African slaves were shipped to the Americas, sugar and tobacco were carried to Europe, and European manufactured goods were transported to Africa? a. The "Atlantic Express" b. The "Four Corners" c. Triangular trade d. The "Colombian Exchange" e. Mercantilism
c.
Where in the Americas did the Spanish first create the models that were applied throughout their possessions in the New World? a. Peru b. California c. The Caribbean d. Brazil e. Mexico
c.
Which of the following Indian institutions was retained by the Spanish in Mexico and Peru to serve European administrative purposes? a. The priestly class b. The Aztec emperor c. The Indian nobility d. Native American religion e. Inca warriors
c.
Which of the following statements concerning Ottoman naval power is most accurate? a. The Ottomans retained their naval dominance in the Indian Ocean, but almost immediately lost all of their Mediterranean possessions. b. The Ottoman Empire used both Western and Chinese naval technologies and established naval bases in Italy. c. Powerful Ottoman galley fleets captured major island bases in the eastern Mediterranean, but were unable to prevent Western advances in the Indian Ocean. d. The Ottoman Empire was sufficiently powerful at sea that until the 18th century they were able to monopolize the Arabian Sea. e. The Ottoman Empire never developed a navy, thus were unable to control the Mediterranean or challenge the growing naval supremacy of the West.
c.
Which of the following statements concerning resistance to slavery is most accurate? a. Resistance to slavery was experienced on the mainland, but the plantation economies of the Caribbean suffered no rebellions. b. Although there were one or two slave rebellions in isolated areas, in general there was no organized resistance to slavery. c. Recalcitrance, running away, and direct rebellion were present wherever slaves were employed. d. The only consistent location for slave resistance and rebellion was the British colonies of the southern Atlantic coast. e. Few slaves ever rebelled against their captivity or their owners.
c.
Which of the following statements concerning the men who conquered much of Latin America for Spain is NOT accurate? a. Few of the conquerors were professional soldiers. b. An agreement was drawn up between the leader and the Spanish crown that granted authority for the expedition in return for a promise to pay one-fifth of all treasure to the crown. c. Leadership was based on reputation and past achievement. d. Most conquerors were cruel and ambitious and many were of humble origins. e. The conquerors, many of humble origins, came to see themselves as a new nobility entitled to dominion over a new peasantry, the Indians.
c.
Which of the following statements concerning the volume of the slave trade to the American colonies is most accurate? a. The volume of the slave trade dwindled rapidly after the 17th century because the plantation economies of the Americas collapsed. b. The volume of the slave trade decreased as mortality rates increased and the American economy shifted to manufacturing. c. The high volume of the slave trade was a necessity because slave mortality was high and fertility was low leading to a loss of slave population. d. Demand for slaves continued to remain high due to the competing demand for slaves in Europe. e. The shift from plantation economies to mining economies in which slaves were not utilized rapidly diminished the American demand for slaves.
c.
Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes the reign of Humayan? a. Humayan was assassinated shortly after his accession and the Mughal dynasty was briefly replaced by a Hindu family. b. Humayan completed the task of crushing opposition to the Mughal dynasty during the first 20 years of his reign, but settled into dissolute behavior later in his life. c. Despite the seeming stability of Babur's reign, his son Humayan was exiled by 1540 and forced to fight to restore the Mughal rule. d. Humayan was able to build on the reforms of his father and enjoyed one of the most stable and prosperous reigns of the Mughal dynasty. e. Humayan fell ill and during his long illness the army mutinied leading to a new dynastic ruler.
c.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the economy in Spanish America? a. The agricultural economy of Latin America absorbed virtually its entire population because of the absence of large domesticated animals prior to 1800. b. The majority of people in Latin America were rapidly organized into a light industrial economy intended to produce goods for American society. c. Although the majority of people were engaged in agriculture, the whole Spanish commercial system was organized around the mining economy. d. Most people made their living in manufacturing, with a small segment working in the agricultural sector. e. Latin America received almost its entire food supply from Europe, because the Spanish colonies were entirely geared to the production of sugar on estate agricultural systems.
c.
Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Bourbon reforms on colonial economy? a. The extension of the plantation agricultural system to Cuba b. The establishment of state monopolies on items like tobacco and gunpowder c. The frontiers of Spanish America became fixed d. The growth of Buenos Aires as a regional trade center e. More government control over the economy
c.
Which of the following was a British opponent of the slave trade? a. William Penn b. William Hanover c. William Wilberforce d. John Wilkes e. John C. Calhoun
c.
Why was the battle of Chaldiran in 1514 so important? a. It signaled the beginning of Islamic regional dominance, which would lead to the beginning of secular type governments in the Middle East. b. The combined armies of the Safavids and Ottomans defeated the Mughal armies and ended the policy of expansion undertaken by the Mughal emperors of India. c. The Safavids were dealt a devastating defeat that checked the westward advance of Shi'ism and decimated the ranks of the Turkic warriors who had built the Safavid empire. d. The battle established the military supremacy of the Safavids over the Ottomans and marked the end to eastern expansion of the Ottoman Empire. e. The defeat of the Safavids by a Western army reduced the Islamic empire to economic dependency on the West and military inferiority to the other Muslim empires.
c.
What region in the Americas was claimed by Portugal? a. Mexico b. Peru c. Brazil d. Panama e. Bermuda
c. Brazil.
Why did the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard win importance before those farther north? a. The need to defend the southern colonies against Spanish settlers. b. Only the southern colonies were able to eliminate the native Indian population. c. Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there. d. The harsh climate of the northern colonies left those regions virtually unsettled. e. Gold was discovered within the southern colonies of the Atlantic seaboard.
c. Cultivation of cash crops produced by coercive labor emerged there.
A Spanish-led fleet defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1571 at the battle of a. Cyprus. b. the Sargasso Sea. c. Lepanto. d. Nicaea. e. Civitate.
c. Lepanto.
What noble was responsible for initiating a series of expeditions along the African coast and outward to the Azores in the 15th century? a. Prince Henry of England b. Cardinal Mazarin, regent of France c. Prince Henry the Navigator d. Duke of Saxony e. Hugh Dupuy, Count Marechal
c. Prince Henry the Navigator
What was the impact of the introduction of American crops into Europe? a. Although American crops were introduced around the world by European traders, they were not adopted in Europe itself. b. Most Europeans rejected the new foods as uncivilized and began to import rice from China. c. The introduction of corn and the potato led to major population growth in Europe. d. Fungi introduced to Europe along with American crops led to a severe decline in agricultural productivity. e. Plantation agriculture fueled by slave labor became the norm in European agricultural systems.
c. The introduction of corn and the potato led to major population growth in Europe.
21. Which of the following descriptions of the accomplishments of Babur is NOT accurate? a. He was a fine military strategist and fierce fighter who went into battle alongside his troops. b. He defeated a much larger force in 1526 at the Battle of Panipat, which led to the establishment of his dynasty. c. He wrote one of the great histories of India and was a fine musician. d. He reformed the ineffective Lodi bureaucracy to create a streamlined administration. e. He was a fine musician and designed gardens for his new capital at Delhi.
d.
By 1700, slaves comprised approximately what proportion of the Brazilian population? a. One third b. Three fourths c. One quarter d. One half e. Two thirds
d.
Following the model established by the Portuguese, which of the following was NOT one of the principal patterns of European contact with Africa? a. The predominance of commercial relations b. A system of fortified trading stations c. The combination of force and diplomacy including alliances with local leaders d. Widespread European colonization e. Fair trade with native peoples for free-access goods
d.
How did the profitability of the slave trade compare to that of other contemporary business ventures? a. The slave trade was less profitable on the whole than other business ventures because of the high costs and risks involved. b. The slave trade became increasingly dangerous and risky, so that by the 18th century its returns were minimal and most participants were bankrupted. c. Profits from the slave trade in the 18th century were so lucrative that capital derived from the trade in human beings was used to capitalize the European Industrial Revolution. d. The slave trade was little more profitable than most business activities of the age and was not a major source for the Industrial Revolution of Europe. e. The slave trade was less profitable in the Sahara trade but extremely profitable for the Atlantic slave traders.
d.
In what way did the trans-Saharan slave trade differ from that of the Atlantic slave trade? a. The trans-Saharan slave trade was much more arduous and cruel than the trans-Atlantic trade. b. The Atlantic slave trade was carried out almost exclusively by Muslims. c. The African preference for retaining young male slaves to extend kinship lines implied that primarily women were available to the Atlantic trade, while men converted to Islam were more likely trade objects for the trans-Saharan trade. d. The trans-Saharan slave trade concentrated on women, but the Atlantic slave trade concentrated on young men. e. The trans-Saharan slave trade was carried out in much greater volume than the Atlantic slave trade.
d.
In what way were the early Dutch and British exploration and trade projects different from those of the Iberian nations? a. The Dutch and British operated joint explorations in the names of both governments while Portugal and Spain competed in the competition for conquest. b. The expeditions of Spain and Portugal did not enjoy government support. c. The Dutch and British projects were financed with banking capital from Italy and the Florentines. d. Dutch and British exploration owed much to private initiative of merchant groups and the formation of chartered trading companies. e. Dutch and British exploratory expeditions were independent of their respective governments.
d.
In which of the following colonies did a deeper appreciation of Western institutions and values take place? a. Spanish Latin America b. Brazil c. Macao d. French and British colonies of North America e. India
d.
The Safavid empire reached its greatest extent under Shah a. Isma'il. b. Tahmasp I. c. Reza Pahlavi. d. Abbas the Great. e. Suleyman the Great.
d.
The colonial governments replaced the labor of the encomienda with Indian labor extracted through local officials. Such forced labor was called the a. obrajes. b. consulado. c. peninsulares. d. mita. e. obreros.
d.
The first slaves brought directly to Portugal from Africa arrived in a. 1509. b. 1492. c. 1453. d. 1441. e. 1557.
d.
The founder of the Mughal dynasty was a. Nadir Khan Afshar. b. Mehmet II. c. Akbar. d. Babur. e. Timur.
d.
The slave voyage to the Americas was referred to as the a. "Atlantic Mistral." b. "American Tragedy." c. "Ocean Express." d. "Middle Passage." e. "Rite of Passage."
d.
Usuman Dan Fodio began a rebellion in what African kingdoms in 1804? a. Kani b. Kongo c. Benin d. Hausa e. Luanda
d.
What European nation first established direct contact with black Africa? a. Spain b. England c. Italy d. Portugal e. France
d.
What European nation first threatened the Ottoman monopoly of trade with east Africa and India? a. France b. England c. Spain d. Portugal e. Germany
d.
What Italian captain sailing for the monarchs of Spain reached the Americas in 1492? a. Dante Alighieri b. Bartolomeo Dias c. Ferdinand Magellan d. Christopher Columbus e. Amerigo Vespucci
d.
What was the average mortality rate for slaves shipped to the Americas in the Atlantic slave trade? a. 18-20 percent b. 10-15 percent c. less than 10 percent d. 25-40 percent e. 55-65 percent
d.
What was the average profitability of the English slave trade in the late 18th century? a. 100 percent b. 25-30 percent c. Over 50 percent d. 5-10 percent e. 15-20 percent
d.
What was the nature of the trade between eastern and western Europe in the 17th century? a. The inability of eastern Europe to produce anything of value to the West frustrated attempts to establish trading connections between the two halves of Europe. b. Eastern Europe emerged as a powerful challenger to Western domination of the global commercial network. c. Eastern Europe provided a trade route for Asian goods because of the role Moscow played as a trade nexus. d. Western Europe imported grain in increasing amounts from eastern Europe in return for art objects and manufactured goods. e. Eastern and western Europe remained economically isolated, as Russia, Poland, and Prussia extended their trade relationships with the Ottoman Empire.
d.
Which of the African kingdoms was most successfully converted to Christianity by Portuguese missionaries? a. Luanda b. Zimbabwe c. Benin d. Kongo e. Sokoto
d.
Which of the following represents a difference between the declines of the Abbasids and the Ottomans? a. Only the Ottoman Empire suffered from the intervention of mercenary soldiers in politics. b. The Abbasid decline was much more gradual than that of the Ottoman Empire. c. Only the Abbasids declined as a result of revolts by peasants and townsmen oppressed by the landed classes. d. The Ottomans were at a much greater disadvantage as a result of the more potent threat from the West. e. Only the Ottomans failed to develop a principle of succession leading to civil strife.
d.
Which of the following statements concerning the Spanish commercial system is most accurate? a. The Council of the Indies regulated all trade and established a sub-council in Spanish America. b. All trade from Spain after the mid-16th century was funneled through the city of Madrid. c. The intent of the consulado was to keep prices in the Spanish colonies low. d. The merchant guild in Seville had virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to America and handled much of the silver received in return until the 18th century. e. Nearly all trade with the Spanish colonies was carried in ships built in the New World and captained by colonists.
d.
Which of the following statements concerning the early Portuguese trade forts is most accurate? a. They were intended as the first step toward inland colonization and domination. b. The Portuguese trade forts permitted the political control of much of the African interior. c. The Portuguese trade forts were the nodal points for colonial administration on the model of the American colonies. d. Most of the forts were established with the agreement or license of local rulers. e. Where Portuguese trade forts were established, large European colonies rapidly developed.
d.
Which of the following was NOT considered a factor in the development of large kingdoms in Africa? a. European demand for slaves b. The use of firearms c. Improved agriculture d. The collapse of the Christian kingdom in Ethiopia in the face of Muslim advance e. A population expansion that followed the diffusion of iron tools and improved agriculture
d.
Why were the encomiendas discontinued by the 1540s and all but gone by the 1620s? a. The Indians refused to continue to serve under the imperial conditions established in the 1500s and demanded a new arrangement with the Spanish crown. b. As new land became scarce, existing encomiendas were divided among owners instead of new ones being created. c. The viceroys of the American colonies ordered their abolition in favor of enslavement of the Indian population. d. The Spanish crown was unwilling to see the growth of a new nobility and the decline of the Indian population made them less attractive. e. Despite the continued economic prosperity of the encomienda system, the Spanish crown discontinued them in order to establish a free labor system in the Americas.
d.
The first Portuguese fleet rounded the Cape of Good Hope in a. 1519. b. 1433. c. 1354. d. 1488. e. 1291.
d. 1488.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the impact of the development of core-dependent economic zones on state formation? a. Dependent regions and their governments grew stronger in response to the European threat. b. No state government benefited from the creation of core-dependent zones. Neither core regions nor colonies were able to develop strong, centralized governments. c. While the profits of global trade tended to strengthen the governments of core regions, the creation of colonies extended powerful governments to dependent zones as well. d. Forced labor and European influence tended to generate weak governments in dependent regions, while increased trade revenues tended to generate increasing government strength in core states. e. The efforts of international trade tended to enrich private commercial interests but weaken core governments who were unable to tap the wealth. Dependent zone governments, based on company organization, tended to be strong.
d. Forced labor and European influence tended to generate weak governments in dependent regions, while increased trade revenues tended to generate increasing government strength in core states.
In what region of the world did the Dutch challenge the Portuguese for commercial dominance? a. Brazil b. Mesoamerica c. India d. Southeast Asia e. Scandinavia
d. Southeast Asia
Which of the following regions were dependents to the core zone of the global trade network? a. France b. England c. Spain d. Sub-Saharan Africa e. Holland
d. Sub-Saharan Africa
How did Caribbean cities differ from those of Europe? a. American cities lacked churches. b. There was an absence of commerce in American cities. c. There were no Caribbean cities d. They were built near water. e. American cities were laid out in a grid plan.
e.
In what century did the Atlantic slave trade reach its zenith in terms of numbers of Africans exported? a. 17th b. 14th c. 15th d. 16th e. 18th
e.
In what manner did the Portuguese seize most of the slaves that were transported from Africa? a. They purchased them from the Muslim slave traders of the east African trading cities. b. They captured them in raids into the African interior. c. They traded for slaves from other European powers such as France and England. d. As a result of the defeat of most of the African kingdoms, the Portuguese obtained a ready supply of slaves. e. They traded for them with African rulers.
e.
On the sea, the Ottoman galleys were eclipsed by Western naval power as early as the a. 17th century. b. 15th century. c. 18th century. d. 14th century. e. 16th century.
e.
The Brazilian model of a plantation colony was later followed in the 18th century by other European nations in a. Mexico. b. Costa Rica. c. Panama. d. Canada. e. the Caribbean.
e.
The Minister of the Indies responsible for the 18th-century reforms within the Spanish empire was a. José de San Martin b. Garcia Floridablanca. c. the Marquis of Pombal. d. Elijio Martínez. e. José de Gálvez.
e.
The Ottomans conquered Constantinople and ended the Byzantine Empire in a. 1245. b. 1683. c. 1337. d. 1519. e. 1453.
e.
The greatest silver mine in Spanish America was located at a. Santiago. b. Huancavelica. c. Veracruz. d. Mexico City. e. Potosí.
e.
The man responsible for the conquest of the Aztec empire in Mexico was a. Francisco Vazquez de Coronado. b. Francisco Pizarro. c. Pedro de Valdivia. d. Panfilo de Narvaez. e. Hernan Cortés.
e.
The title given to the supreme civil and religious ruler of the Asante kingdom was a. Khoikhoi. b. swazi. c. bunyoro. d. kowazi. e. asantehene.
e.
What American colony became the first major plantation zone, organized to produce a tropical crop demanded in Europe? a. Chile b. Mexico c. Peru d. Yucatan e. Brazil
e.
What accounts for the general failure of 18th century colonial revolutions against Spanish and Portuguese rule? a. The Spanish reforms were generally so successful that there were few dissatisfied elements in the colonies. b. Rebel armies enjoyed no success against the military forces of the colonial government. c. They were challenging popularly elected governments led by the Creoles. d. Indians were so little incorporated into American society that they were not interested in changing the political organization of their masters. e. The various racial and social groups, fearful of unsettling the social hierarchy, failed to work together to unseat the colonial governments.
e.
What group of Indians supplied agricultural labor for the Spaniards in the Caribbean? a. Aztec b. Lakota c. Unami d. Inca e. Taino
e.
What region in the Americas received more slaves than any other between 1550 and 1850? a. The Caribbean b. The southern British colonies of North America c. Bermuda d. Mexico e. Brazil
e.
What was the African contribution to the "Colombian Exchange"? a. Potatoes b. Tapioca c. Large mammals d. Manioc e. Slaves
e.
What was the basis for the social hierarchy that developed in the Americas? a. Education b. Wealth c. The prestige associated with one's occupation d. The Spanish cultural hierarchy e. Racial origins
e.
What was the impact of the 18th-century reforms on slavery in Brazil? a. The slave trade with Africa was abolished. b. Slave imports were restricted to encourage the elimination of the plantation economy. c. Slavery was abolished. d. It led to an overall decline in economic exports to the mother country. e. Brazil remained as profoundly based on slavery in the late 18th century as it had ever been.
e.
What was the principle of succession within the Ottoman Empire? a. Like the early Islamic administration of the orthodox caliphs, the successions within the Ottoman Empire were elective. b. A committee of chieftains made the selection after the death of the sultan by electing one of their own. c. Ottoman sultans selected their successors prior to their death and elevated them as co-rulers. d. Succession within the Ottoman Empire was based on primogeniture, that is, the oldest son automatically succeeded the previous sultan. e. Like earlier Islamic dynasties, the Ottoman Empire lacked a principle of succession, a fact that led to protracted warfare among prospective successors.
e.
What was the state of the Mughal dynasty at the outset of the reign of Aurangzeb? a. The status of women in the Mughal empire was higher than at the beginning of the dynasty. b. The Mughal bureaucracy remained efficient and effective, but the military had lapsed into technological conservatism. c. Although the cultural level of the empire had declined, the administrative reforms of Shah Jahan renewed the spirit of the empire. d. Affairs of state had taken precedence over military issues due to the demands of the bureaucracy. e. The Mughal bureaucracy was bloated and corrupt, the army was backward in weaponry and tactics, and the peasants and artisans had seen living standards fall.
e.
What was the state of the Mughal empire following Aurangzeb's death in 1707? a. The Mughal empire had shrunken so much during Aurangzeb's reign that the dynasty controlled only Bengal. b. The empire included more territory than ever before and there was greater religious homogeneity than earlier in the reign. c. The empire collapsed in the face of a Safavid invasion from the Indus River valley. d. The empire managed to arrange treaties with western powers, which in the long run provided enough resources for the empire to grow. e. The empire was far larger than earlier, but control and state revenues passed increasingly to regional lords who gave little more than tribute payments to the emperors.
e.
Which of the following statements concerning the Portuguese presence in east Africa is most accurate? a. The Portuguese presence in east Africa precipitated the population movement among the Bantu that became the Mfecane. b. Unlike the Portuguese settlements on the coast of western Africa, Mozambique became the basis for a large European colony. c. The Portuguese presence was preceded by French and the English colonization movements. d. After the 1570s, the Portuguese gained complete control over the east African trade in the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. e. Portuguese bases in east Africa gave them access to the gold trade of east Africa, but they were unable to completely disrupt the Muslim trade with the region.
e.
Which of the following statements concerning the ending of the slave trade is most accurate? a. Leadership in the drive to abolish the slave trade was assumed by France. b. The end of the Atlantic slave trade in the 19th century led to the end of slavery in Africa itself. c. In general the Enlightenment with its advocacy of free trade accepted the practice even if it did not approve of the slave trade. d. Rousseau and Smith favored the continuation of slavery but only under certain conditions. e. While it is true that legitimate products began to replace slaves in the European commerce with Africa, it is difficult to demonstrate a link between economic self-interest and the abolition of the slave trade.
e.
Which of the following was NOT a cause for the decline of the Ottoman Empire? a. The ability of individual sultans to rule declined. b. Western Europe grew more powerful and challenged their existence. c. Local officials began to retain increasing amounts of revenue for their own purposes. d. Oppressive demands of local officials caused the peasantry to abandon their holdings and flee. e. The addition of European military technology such as light artillery made the Janissaries so powerful that they could challenge the authority of the sultan.
e.
Which of the following was NOT a crop imported into Europe as a result of the "Colombian Exchange"? a. Corn b. Squash c. Tobacco d. Potatoes e. Millet
e.
Which of the following was NOT characteristic of Iberian society? a. Heavy urbanization b. Emphasis on nobility c. Emphasis on patriarchal ideals d. Patriarchal families e. Absence of slaveholding traditions
e.
Which of the following was a large African state that developed in western Africa during the period of the Atlantic slave trade? a. Swazi b. Lesotho c. Zulu d. Mali e. Asantee
e.
Why were Africans sought for plantation labor in the Americas? a. There was no other labor supply available in the Americas. b. Native Americans refused to perform the labor and were few in numbers. c. Africans rapidly expanded their population in the Latin American colonies. d. Sugar was a crop native to Africa and exported to the Americas from there. e. West Africans were already familiar with metallurgy, herding, and intensive agriculture whereas Indians were not.
e.
In what year did Spanish settlement of the American mainland begin? a. 1607 b. 1492 c. 1588 d. 1610 e. 1509
e. 1509
Which of the following civilizations was fully part of the global trading network in the 16th century? a. Safavid Persia b. Ottoman Empire c. Russia d. Mughal empire e. China
e. China
Which of the following was NOT a technological improvement introduced during the 15th century in the West? a. Deep-draft, round-hulled ships b. Moveable type c. Gunpowder adapted to gunnery d. Use of the compass for navigation e. Lateen sails
e. Lateen sails
Despite Japan's official policy of isolation, the Dutch were able to gain special access to the port of a. Kyoto. b. Osaka. c. Yokohama. d. Nissei. e. Nagasaki.
e. Nagasaki.
What is the most accepted figure for the percentage of the population of American Indians who died following the European colonization? a. Over 33 percent b. Over 25 percent c. Less than 10 percent d. Over 15 percent e. Over 50 percent
e. Over 50 percent
Which of the following was one of the first new areas brought into the global commercial network after 1450? a. Eastern Africa b. Asia Minor c. Ming China d. Scandinavia e. The Americas
e. The Americas
The captain of the first Portuguese fleet to reach India was a. Panfilo de Narvaez. b. Christopher Columbus. c. Amerigo Vespucci. d. Ferdinand Magellan. e. Vasco da Gama.
e. Vasco da Gama.
Dependence in the world economy and the consequent need to produce unprocessed goods cheaply led to the development of ________ labor systems. a. independent b. dependant c. socialist d. free e. coercive
e. coercive
The dominant commercial nations of northern Europe made up the ________ zone of the world economy. a. dependent b. free trade c. peripheral d. negative trade e. core
e. core
The most important Dutch colony in Africa was located on a. Madagascar. b. the island of Ceylon. c. Mozambique. d. Zanzibar. e. the Cape of Good Hope.
e. the Cape of Good Hope.
The Edict of Nantes, issued in France in 1598
granted tolerance t Protestants and helped end the French civil wars of religion.
The theological foundation of Jean Calvin's Protestantism was
predestination
Inflation and commercialization in the West produced a group of people without access to producing property called the
proletariat
Johannes Gutenberg was responsible for
the invention of the movable type in the West.