Unit 3
Pontiac's Rebellion
1763 -Uprising after the French and Indian War, led by Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. British used smallpox infected blankets.The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.
Currency Act
1764- Stopped colonial printing of paper money & forced colonists to pay in gold and silver
Battle of Concord
After Lexington, British troops marched to Concord. Minutemen forced the British to retreat.
Thomas Jefferson
Democratic-Republican: Weak federal government
Second Continental Congress
Established the Continental Army led by GW.
What was the effect of the XYZ Affair on John Adams?
He gained great popularity from the people while France lost all American sympathy
Which of the following historical developments most directly precipitated the conditions leading to the argument in the passage above
The large British debt incurred from the Seven Years' War
Proclamation of Neutrality
Washington declares America neutral, doesn't help France during the French Revolution
The XYZ Affair, Sedition Act, and Convention of 1800
demonstrated the challenges America faced as result of the French Revolution and the spread of its ideals
Navigation Acts
1650 laws that all goods to and from the colonies be transported on British ships: mercantilism
The Seven Years' War (French& Indian War)
1689-1763- The English and the French battled for colonial domination in North America. Result of colonial expansion. NA allied with the French bc they had friendly relations.
Quebec Act
1744- law passed by Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party: gave Catholics greater liberties, expanded the borders of Canada, took land away from the colonies and gave it to Quebec
Sugar Act
1764- New regulation and taxes imposed on colonies. Controlling colonial trade, British deeply in debt from French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.
Stamp Act
1765- law that taxed all printed goods. Intended to raise revenue, taxed all legal documents & licenses, taxed goods produced within the colonies.
Townshend Act
1767- laws intended to raise revenue in the colonies that were passed by Parliament after Stamp Act crisis, that stated new taxes would be applied only to imported goods: glass, tea, paper, lead. Repealed.
Tea Act
1773- Approved by Parliament, placed no new tax on tea nor was it designed to increase revenue. Gave the East India Company exclusive right to sell tea in colonies creating a monopoly of the American tea market. Led to Boston Tea Party.
First Continental Congress
1774- Delegates from all colonies except Georgia met to discuss problems with Britain and to promote independence
The Declaration of Independence
1776- Written by Thomas Jefferson: enumerated colonial grievances, individual liberty, unalienable rights, government's fundamental responsibility to serve the people.
The Articles of Confederation
1777- Congress sent the Articles of Confederation, the first national constitution, to the colonies. Colonists intentionally limited the power of the central government bc they did not want to create their own tyrannical government.
The Treaty of Paris
1783- Granted the US independence and territorial rights
Shay's Rebellion
1786- 1500 farmers protesting unfair policies, unable to pay their debts to creditors and unable to pay taxes to repair war debts, famers use mobs to shut down government, eventually ended by militia hired by merchants, all politicians then re-elected, a moratorium put on repaying all debts, no consistent method to repay government debts, government couldn't raise a force with no centralized leadership leading to "anarchy" Significance: conveys that the Articles of Confederation are weak
Why did the congress increase the size of the military during the Adams administration?
A defensive preparation for a French invasion
Bicameral Legislature
A legislature consisting of two or houses. The House of Representatives and the Senate. Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person.
Committees of Correspondence
A network of communication set up in the colonies to trade ideas and inform one another of political mood.
Sons of Liberty
A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Abolished slavery in Northwest territories, set specific regulations for territories to apply for statehood. Also contained a Bill of Rights guaranteeing trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excessive punishment.
Why did Adams so eagerly seek peace with France while Hamilton & the Federalists sought war?
Adams thought resolution could be achieved through peaceful negotiations
Bill of Rights
Added to the constitution in 1791: freedom of speech, press, assembly, right to bear arms...
Loyalists
American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.
Declaratory Act
Asserted that British government had the right to tax and legislate anywhere in the colonies.
The United States faced all of the following problems with foreign nations under the Articles of Confederation EXCEPT that
Britain declined to repeal the Navigation Laws
John Dickinson, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies was written in response to
British efforts to tax the colonies
Virtual Representation
British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members
Strengths of the Articles of Confederation
Chief executive, newly independent states, Northwest ordinance precursor for Bill of Rights & Expansion of Government, Land Ordinance, land management, townships, National Assembly, democratic representation, Peace/Alliance/Sign treaties
Legislative Branch
Congress
Strict Construction
Constitution only granted Congress specific powers or those absolutely necessary to execute enumerated powers
Loose construction
Creation of the bank was an implied power because the government already had explicit power to coin money and collect taxes
Which of the following was not an issue for the Adams Administration?
Criticism for beginning hostilities with Britain
The Battle of Saratoga proved to be a significant turning point in the Revolutionary War because it
Demonstrated to France that the American might win the war and subsequently led to the Franco-American Alliance of 1778
Judiciary Branch
Determine constitutionality of laws
In the decades before the American Revolution, the English colonial westward movement
Disrupted the existing French-Indian fur trade
Alexander Hamilton
Federalist: Strong federal government
Whiskey Rebellion
Hamilton imposed this tax to increase revenue to pay for revolution debt: Farmers resisted excise tax on whiskey.
Federal it's
Hamilton, Washington, Adams, Jay, Marshall: economy based on commerce, strong federal government, loose construction, necessary national bank, more sympathetic towards Great Britain
Boston Tea Party
In response to Parliament imposing new taxes the Sons of Liberty disguised as Mohawks and dumped cargo into Boston Harbor.
The aftermath of the American Revolution triggered all of the following social changes EXCEPT that
Inheritance laws were restructured so that all property would go to a familiy's eldest son
What did the Northwest Ordinance accomplish?
It established procedures by which territories could become states
British colonists were outraged by the Townshend Act for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that
It included a provision to close any colonial port that did not pay the duties
Which of the following was an outcome of the American Revolution?
It inspired a number of other independence movements
What were the Alien & Sedition Act intended to do?
Jail/deport anyone speaking ill of the government at a time of war
Democratic-Republicans
Jefferson, Madison: economy based on agriculture, stronger state government, strict construction, national bank only desirable, more sympathetic towards France
Thomas Jefferson relied on the ideas of John Locke in writing the American Declaration of Independence in all of the following ways EXCEPT Locke's belief that
Man must submit to the General Will to protect his natural rights
The Boston Massacre
March 5, 1770- Colonists gathered outside the Boston customs house. Snowballs, rocks, and oyster shells were thrown by the Boston mob. British shots were fired killing five colonists.
Colonists came away from their experience of the French and Indian War feeling
More unified as a common colonial community
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
No tax levying capabilities so they tried to print money which led to inflation, no power to regulate trade, Too much power to states and not enough to the central government, Unresponsive/unable to respond to challenges, Amendments are unanimous, 1 state holds all hostage, No national currency, Separation of tariffs
Despite England's superior military, industrialized economy, and larger population, the colonists were ultimately able to succeed in their war for independence because they possessed all of the following EXCEPT
Overwhelming popular support
Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)
Parliament closes Boston Harbor and declares it closed until tea was paid for.
The Proclamation of 1763 prohibiting colonial migration west of the Appalachian Mountains resulted from all of the following EXCEPT
Parliament's decision to punish the colonies for their refusal to pay taxes
Olive Branch Petition
Proposal by John Dickinson to King George III to avoid military conflict but was rejected
Albany Plan of Union
Proposed in 1754 by Benjamin Franklin: The plan provided for an intercolonial government, and a system for collecting taxes
Which of the following was NOT among the reasons for revising the Articles of Confederation at the 1787 meeting of state delegates in Philadelphia?
Protecting existing institutions, including slavery
The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 was historically significant in that it...
Represented a first step in colonial unity aganst Britain
The Proclamation of 1763
Response to Indian attacks: Parliament forbade settlement west of The Appalachians.
Which of the following exposed the inability of the federal government under the Articles of Confederation to put down civil unrest and prompted calls for a new, stronger central government?
Shays' Rebellion
What did the Alien & Sedition Act actually do?
Silence Democratic Republicans
Which of the following set of historical events is in the correct chronological order?
Stamp Act, Committees of Correspondence, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Acts
Which of the following was NOT a provision of Hamilton's financial plan?
Taxing the states to pay off the war debt
Mercy Otis Warren, Observations on the New Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions, by a Columbian Patriot, Boston, 1788: Some of the concerns expressed in the passage above were best echoed in the legislative reforms supported by which of the following political parties?
The Democratic-Republicans
Which option is not part of the Intolerable Acts?
The Sugar Act
In 1798 President John Adams delivered the following message to Congress:
The XYZ Affair
No Taxation without Representation
Theory that colonists were not obliged to pay taxes because they did not elect member of Parliament and were not represented.
Which of the following is true of the Virginia and New Jersey plans that were presented at the Constitutional Convention
They illustrated the struggle between states for representation and power in the creation of the new government.
Which of the following was a primary reason why Indian tribes attempted to form advantageous alliances with other tribes and European countries during the mid- and late 1700s?
They wanted to limit the movement of white settlers
The Olive Branch Petition was
a last-ditch effort by the Continental Congress to urge King George to end the hostilities
The Great Compromise of 1787 resulted in
a system of political representation for the states in the federal government
Land Ordinance 1785
attempt to raise money for nation, proposed by Jefferson to create townships managed by the government
Great Compromise
blended the Virginia plan and the New Jersey plan to have a bicameral legislature and the Constitution
The Virginia Plan
called for an entirely new government based on the principle of checks and balances and for the number of state representatives to be based upon state population.
The New Jersey Plan
called for modifications of the Articles of Confederation, also called for equal representation from each state
Executive Branch
carries out the laws, veto power,
The chief goal of the Alien and Sedition Acts was to
check the power of the Democratic-Repiblicans
The Quartering Act of 1765
colonists required to furnish British troops with living quarters and certain supplies
According to the theory of virtual representation
colonists were represented in Parliament by virtue of their British citizenship
The Constitution created a government unlike any in the world at the time because it
combined self-rule and a self-limiting system of checks and balances, allowing for liberty and order
The Constitution
counted slaves as 3/5 of a person, executive, legislative, and judicial branch
Mercy Otis Warren, Observations on the New Constitution, and on the Federal and State Conventions, by a Columbian Patriot, Boston, 1788: The excerpt above was most clearly written in response to
debates over the ratification of the United States Constitution
National Bank
help regulate and strengthen economy
The Franco-American Alliance
negotiated by Ben Franklin: French sided with colonists after Saratoga.
Anti-Federalists
opposed the power of the federal government under the Constitution
The Articles of Confederation suffered from all of the following weaknesses EXCEPT
prohibiting amendments to the original articles
The Albany Plan for Union was rejected by the colonies because
there was not enough independence for individual colonies
The American colonists objected to the policies imposed by Parliament after the French and Indian War for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
they believed they should be represented in Parliament if they were subjected to mercantilist restrictions
Americans were angered by the XYZ Affair with France because
they likened it to a bribe rather than respectable diplomacy
All of the following are true statements about the anti-Federalists EXCEPT
they opposed adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution
