UNIT 3 AP GOV

"The original understanding of the Second Amendment was neither an individual right to self-defense nor a collective right of the states, but rather a civic right that guaranteed that citizens would be able to keep and bear those arms needed to meet their legal obligation to participate in a well-regulated militia. Nothing better captured this constitutional ideal than the minuteman. The author's main argument is the Second Amendment... A-was added to the Constitution to ensure that militias would have arms B-protects an individual's right to own a gun for personal protection C-should not be applied to states that do not have a militia D-did not extend privacy rights

A

(3.11) The clause of the United States Constitution that was used in the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) was... A-The equal protection clause B-The due process clause C-The free exercise clause D-The necessary and proper clause

A

(3.2) The free-exercise clause protects A-voluntary prayer by student groups before school B-a person's right to practice polygamy C-the president from forcibly revealing private conversations with staff D-individuals who, for religious reasons, refuse to pay Social Security taxes

A

A committee chair in the House of Representatives is always... A-a member of the majority party in the chamber B-the member with the longest service on the committee C-the member with the longest service in the House D-a trusted ally of the President

A

The debates between Federalists and Anti-Federalists were primarily about which of the following issues? A-The scope of power of the national (central) government B-The right of the people to rebel C-The need to establish a standard currency D-The representation of large and small states

A

Which of the following describes the ruling in Shaw v. Reno (1993) ? A-Racial gerrymandering was ruled unconstitutional. B-It was decided that congressional districts needed to be equal in size. C-The poll tax was eliminated. D-The Voting Rights Act was ruled unconstitutional.

A

Which of the following explains why the author believes presidential power has expanded? A-The United States has emerged as a global power, which has enhanced the power of the president in foreign affairs. B-The chief executive's role as defender of freedom and democracy has promoted support for a more active presidency. C-The media has influenced public opinion to support the president's unrestrained control of foreign policy. D-Congress has passed legislation requesting that the president take on a stronger leadership role in foreign affairs.

A

(3.11) The Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause declares that "No State shall . . . deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." In which of the following scenarios is this clause most likely to be used by the Supreme Court in its decision? A-A state law levies a tax on a bank established by the federal government. B-A local school district mandates racially segregated schools. C-A local school district mandates racially segregated schools. D-A local school district mandates racially segregated schools.

B

(3.13) The Supreme Court addressed the admissions policy of the University of Michigan Law School in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003). Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote for the court, "in the context of its individualized inquiry into the possible diversity contributions of all applicants, the Law School's race-conscious admissions program does not unduly harm nonminority applicants." The primary issue of controversy in the Grutter v. Bollinger decision involves... A-selective incorporation B-affirmative action C-national supremacy D-judicial review

B

(3.7) In the case of McDonald v. Chicago (2010) the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense was applicable to the states. This ruling is an example of the application of the doctrine of... A-Strict scrutiny B-Selective incorporation C-Stare decisis D-Literalism

B

(3.7) The process of extending the protections of the Bill of Rights by means of the Fourteenth Amendment to apply to the actions of state governments is known as... A- broad construction B- selective incorporation C-stare decisis D-judicial review

B

According to James Madison, in Federalist Paper number 10, which of the following best controls the effects of faction? A-Direct Democracy B-A large republic C-The popular election of state judges D-The creation of a merit-based civil service

B

In The Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton states, "A constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning." Which of the following Supreme Court cases is most relevant to this statement? A-Baker v. Carr (1962) B-Marbury v. Madison (1803) C-McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) D-Shaw v. Reno (1993)

B

Which of the following provisions of the Bill of Rights could support the actions that César Chávez is encouraging the farmworkers to take? A- The right to an attorney B- The right to assemble C- The right to bear arms D- The right to a fair trial

B

(3.1 )Which of the following best defines civil liberties? A-Those features of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution that pertain to the actions of individuals and groups B-Precedents pertaining to criminal procedure that are set by the Supreme Court that are upheld in the lower courts C-Provisions in the Bill of Rights that provide guarantees against arbitrary interference by government D-The freedom to refuse to obey laws an individual considers to be immoral violations of civil rights

C

(3.10) Civil rights activists, such as those who campaign for gay and lesbian equal rights and those who advocated for racial equality in the 1950s and 1960s, often find the most effective way to secure those rights is... A-through mass demonstrations to raise awareness of their cause B-through lobbying of individual members of Congress for support on legislation C-through litigation in the courts to gain legal protections against discrimination D-by launching educational campaigns to increase the level of public support for their cause

C

(3.10) Which of the following is a similarity between the views expressed in the excerpt above and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail"? A-Unlike Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., César Chávez supported the use of violence as a means to start the movement. B-Unlike César Chávez, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. supported the use of violence after all other means had been exhausted. C-Both César Chávez and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. argued for the continued use of nonviolence to further their causes. D-Both César Chávez and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. argued for the use of nonviolence after standards of equality had been met.

C

(3.12) In the case Boynton v. Virginia (1960), the Supreme Court ruled that segregation at a bus stop restaurant was illegal based on the Interstate Commerce Act. Which of the following explains how this case is similar to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) ? A-Both cases ruled that the federal government did not have the authority to address segregation. B-Both cases were related to school bussing. C-Both cases struck down local ordinances that prescribed segregation. D-Both cases were primarily about the application of the commerce clause to address segregation.

C

(3.12) Which of the following was an argument used by the Supreme Court in upholding federal statutes outlawing segregation in public accommodations? A-Such segregation violated the Tenth Amendment's reservation of power to state governments, and Congress therefore had the authority to outlaw it. B-Such segregation violated the First Amendment's protection of the right to free assembly, and Congress therefore had the authority to outlaw it. C-Such segregation affected interstate commerce, and Congress therefore had the authority to outlaw it. D-Such segregation was wrong in principle, and Congress had moral authority to outlaw it even though the statutes lacked a strict constitutional basis E-Since such segregation affected citizens of different states, it fell under the original jurisdiction of the federal courts and could therefore be outlawed by Congress.

C

(3.3) Which of the following is true about the right of free speech, as currently interpreted by the Supreme Court? A-It is protected from infringement by the federal government but not from infringement by state governments. B-It protects the use of language deemed obscene by the courts. C-It protects the right to express opinions even without the actual use of words. D-It allows citizens to disobey laws that they believe to be unjust.

C

(3.4) A classified Department of Defense study on the effectiveness of the United States involvement in the Afghanistan War is obtained by a newspaper. The president seeks to block the publication of the document. The court rules in favor of the newspaper, citing as precedent the Supreme Court's decision in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971). Based on the ruling in the Supreme Court's decision, which of the following lines of reasoning does the court most likely use? A-Freedom of the press cannot be abridged except for restrictions on time, place, and manner of the communication. B-Freedom of the press cannot be abridged by the actions of the president without a law passed by Congress. C-Freedom of the press requires that the government show a significant danger to national security in order to stop publication. D-Freedom of the press permits the press to print any story, but if the story embarrasses public officials, they can sue under defamation laws.

C

(3.8) Which of the following principles protects a citizen from imprisonment without trial? A-Popular sovereignty B-Separation of powers C-Due process D-Checks and balances

C

(3.9) In Roe v. Wade, the majority of Supreme Court justices determined that... A-abortions could be performed only during the first twelve weeks of a pregnancy B-a constitutional right to privacy necessitated making contraceptives legal C-the United States Constitution implies a right to privacy and thus made abortions legal D-a husband is allowed to veto his wife's decision to have an abortion

C

(3.9) The 1973 Roe v. Wade decision that upheld a woman's right to secure an abortion was based on the right to... A-equality guaranteed by the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments B-due process of law enumerated in the Fifth and Sixth amendments C-privacy implied in the Bill of Rights D-adequate medical care implied in the Preamble to the Constitution

C

The author explains that the powers given to each branch "sometimes appear to swing like a pendulum" from one branch to another. Which of the following best describes how these shifts ensure that constitutional government is functional? A-Each branch of government is elected by the people, which ensures that they all reflect the preferences of the population. B-The greatest power resides within the legislative branch of government, but the legislature can give this power to the executive branch. C-Separation of powers divides responsibilities and authority between branches, which allows each branch to be checked by the other two branches to ensure accountability. D- The coequal branches have power evenly distributed between them and are not permitted to check another branch of government.

C

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the rules for debate used by the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate? A-House of Representatives Members can filibuster. Senate Members cannot filibuster. B-House of Representatives Members cannot filibuster. Senate Only the majority leader can filibuster. C-House of Representatives Debate is limited. Senate Members can filibuster. D-House of Representatives Debate is unlimited. Senate Debate is unlimited.

C

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the reasoning for the decision in Baker v. Carr (1962) ? A-To ensure equal protection under the law, there should be an equal number of rural and urban districts in a state. B-There should be redistricting every ten years at the federal level, but the state can choose not to redistrict at the state and local levels. C-Because rural districts had fewer people, representation was unevenly distributed; thus, Baker was denied equal protection under the law. D- Congressional redistricting must involve traditionally excluded groups in the process or it violates the equal protection clause.

C

"The original understanding of the Second Amendment was neither an individual right to self-defense nor a collective right of the states, but rather a civic right that guaranteed that citizens would be able to keep and bear those arms needed to meet their legal obligation to participate in a well-regulated militia. Which of the following Supreme Court cases is most relevant to the topic of the article? A-Engel v. Vitale (1962) B-Baker v. Carr (1962) C-McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) D-McDonald v. Chicago (2010)

D

(3.11) Which of the following scenarios best explains the inclusion of Title IX as part of the Education Amendments of 1972 ? A-Paid lobbyists added the amendment on behalf of teachers unions in order to increase pay and tenure for public school teachers. B-The Department of Justice added the amendment in order to provide legal guidance to states to enforce the Equal Rights Amendment. C-President Lyndon Johnson used the power of the bully pulpit to pressure members of Congress to pass a bill that would legally desegregate schools. D-Members of Congress added the amendment to the bill in response to social movements seeking to address inequality in education for women.

D

(3.13) Which of the following applications of affirmative action would the United States Supreme Court likely consider unconstitutional? A-The United States Department of Transportation hires a contractor with a history of hiring and promoting minorities and women for the construction of an interstate highway. B-A university values racial diversity on its campus and considers race as one of many factors when considering applicants to its freshman class. C-A company actively recruits women and minorities in its hiring practices for a federal contract. D-A state university refuses acceptance of any new applicants from a specific race.

D

(3.2) Which of the following illustrates a situation that would not be protected by the First Amendment due to time, place, and manner restrictions? A-An organization regarded as a hate group is not able to obtain a permit to march through a major city because of its message. B-An independent political advocacy organization is prevented by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from running political advertisements on television. C-A student is expelled from school for wearing a black T-shirt expressing opposition to a law recently passed by the state legislature. D- Antibusiness protestors are arrested and prosecuted for shutting down major intersections in New York City's Times Square during rush hour.

D

(3.3) Which of the following Supreme Court decisions allows public school students to wear T-shirts protesting a school board decision that eliminates funding for high school arts programs? A-New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) B-Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972) C-Engel v. Vitale (1962) D-Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)

D

(3.4) The president privately discusses with his staff a decision to increase economic sanctions on Iran. Before a final decision is made, a draft of the proposal is leaked to a reporter. The president orders the reporter and her newspaper to suspend publication of the plan, citing issues of national and economic security. Which of the following best indicates how a court would rule in this case if the Supreme Court's ruling in New York Times Co. v. United States (1971) was used as a precedent? A- The president has the authority to stop the publication of the story because the administration has asserted that the information in the story threatens national security. B- Although the documents have already been obtained by the press, a court must review the documents prior to publication to ensure that no information that threatens national security is made public. C- Freedom of the press includes a heavy presumption against government censorship, and the documents can be published by the press. D-Because the president's staff leaked the documents and the newspaper obtained them in a legal manner, they may be published without prior restraint.

D

(3.6) The Supreme Court has ruled which of the following concerning the death penalty? A- A state may not impose the death penalty on a noncitizen. B-Females may not be executed. C- Lethal injection is the only constitutionally acceptable method of execution. D- The death penalty is not necessarily cruel and unusual punishment.

D

(3.8) In Gideon v. Wainwright, the United States Supreme Court ruled that the... A-Bible could be distributed at public schools under the free exercise clause of the First Amendment B-exclusionary rule prevented the introduction of evidence seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment from being introduced in court C-eminent domain clause of the Fifth Amendment prevents government from taking religious property for public purposes D-Sixth Amendment right-to-counsel provision applies to those accused of major crimes under state laws

D

The reserved powers of the state governments can be best described as those powers... A- implied in the Fifth Amendment B- exercised by both national and state governments. C-listed specifically in the tenth amendment. D-not specifically granted to the national government or denied to the states.

D

Which of the following best defines the constitutional interpretation of federalism? A-The federal government and the states each have separate and mutually exclusive roles and responsibilities; neither controls the other. B-The federal government may exercise only those powers specifically expressed in the Constitution. C-The states have some powers reserved to them which they may exercise if the Supreme Court permits. D-The federal government and the states have separate but overlapping powers, where these powers conflict the federal government prevails.

D