Unit 3 Biology, BIOL 1010-Evolution and Its Processes Study Guide; Chp.11, Chapter 11 Concept Checks, BIOL-1020-GH1 FINALE!!!!, BIOL 1010-Biotechnology Study Guide; Chp. 10, exam 4 GUIDE

How many strands of DNA get transcribed into mRNA?

1

Three outcomes on the organisms' appearance

1. A mutation may alter the phenotype of the organism in a way that gives it reduced fitness. 2. A mutation may produce a phenotype with a beneficial effect on fitness. 3. Many mutations, called neutral mutations, will have no effect on fitness.

5 evolutionary forces

1. Natural selection 2. Mutation 3. Genetic drift 4. Migration 5. Non-random mating

Three principles for Natural Selection

1. The characteristics of organisms are inherited, or passed from parent to offspring. 2. More offspring are produced than are able to survive. 3. Offspring vary among each other in regard to their characteristics and those variations are inherited.

How many bases make up an mRNA codon?

3

Adaptation

A heritable trait or behavior in an organism that aids in its survival in its present environment.

Founder effect (2)

A magnification of genetic drift in a small population that migrates away from a large parent population carrying with it an unrepresentative set of alleles; new location and population.

Gene Therapy

A means of curing genetic disease by replacing mutated genes with healthy genes

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A method for creating copies of DNA

Inheritance of acquired characteristics (2)

A phrase that describes the mechanism of evolution proposed by Lamarck. In which traits acquired by individuals through use or disuse could be passed on to their offspring thus leading to evolutionary change in the population.

Vestigal structure

A physical structure present in an organism but that has no apparent function and appears to be from a functional structure in a distant ancestor.

Gel electrophoresis

A process in which genetic molecules are separated through a semisolid gel in response to an electric current

Sympatric speciation

A speciation that occurs in the same geographic location.

Adaptive Radiation

A speciation when one species radiates out to form several other species; a population of one species disperses throughout an area.

The word "theory" in theory of evolution is best replaced by ________. A. fact B. hypothesis C. idea D. alternate explanation

A. fact

Population genetics is the study of ________. A. how allele frequencies in a population change over time B. populations of cells in an individual C. the rate of population growth D. how genes affect embryological development

A. how allele frequencies in a population change over time.

Fill in the blank: The start codon _____ sets the reading frame for translation, near the 5' end of the mRNA.

AUG

Dispersal

An allopatric speciation that occurs when a few members of a species move to a new geographical area.

Vicariance

An allopatric speciation that occurs when something in the environment separates organisms of the same species into separate groups.

Divergent evolution

An evolution that results in different forms in two species with a common ancestor.

Convergent evolution

An evolution that results in similar forms on different species.

Which variable increases the likelihood of allopatric speciation taking place more quickly? A. lower rate of mutation B. longer distance between divided groups C. increased instances of hybrid formation D. equivalent numbers of individuals in each population

B. longer distance between divided groups

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover? A. mutation B. natural selection C. overbreeding D. sexual reproduction

B. natural selection

Why are alternative scientific theories to evolution not taught in public school? A. more theories would confuse students B. there are no viable scientific alternatives C. it is against the law D. alternative scientific theories are suppressed by the science establishment

B. there are no viable scientific alternatives

Which of the following is the gene from bacteria which has been introduced into many plant genomes to confer the ability to produce toxic crystals that kill many insects?

Bacillus Thuringiensis

Do antibiotics fight against bacterial infections or viruses?

Bacterial infections.

When artificial methods are used to modify living organisms to produce new compounds or perform new functions, which is this process called?

Biotechnology

What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution? A. Microevolution describes the evolution of small organisms, such as insects, while macroevolution describes the evolution of large organisms, like people and elephants. B. Microevolution describes the evolution of microscopic entities, such as molecules and proteins, while macroevolution describes the evolution of whole organisms. C. Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time. D. Microevolution describes the evolution of organisms over their lifetimes, while macroevolution describes the evolution of organisms over multiple generations.

C. Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time.

The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ________. A. vestigial structures B. molecular structures C. homologous structures D. analogous structures

C. homologous structures

Bactera transfer genes to other bacteria through the process of....

Conjugation

Fill in the blank: Ribosomes are location in the _____ of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Cytoplasm

Which of the following situations will lead to natural selection? A. The seeds of two plants land near each other and one grows larger than the other. B. Two types of fish eat the same kind of food, and one is better able to gather food than the other. C. Male lions compete for the right to mate with females, with only one possible winner. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

The fact that DNA sequences are more similar in more closely related organisms is evidence of what? A. optimal design in organisms B. adaptation C. mutation D. descent with modification

D. descent with modification

What enzyme is responsible for proofreading activities during DNA replication?

DNA polymerase

Charles Darwin (3)

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882). H.M.S. Beagle. Studied birds in Galapagos Islands.

What is gene regulation that occurs in a eukaryotic organism when the DNA is uncoiled and loosened from nucleosomes to bind transcription factors called?

Epigenetic level of regulation

Which sequences of RNA are spliced into functional mRNA and sent to a ribosome for translation?

Exons

Transgenic bacteria and animals. have been used for which of the following?

Expressing HGH genes to produce growth hormone

Charles Darwin knew about Mendel's work at the time of his publication of the Origin of the Species. T or F

F.

True or false: At the end of the process of elongation, an enzyme adds a string of approximately 200 adenine residues to the 5' end of the pre-mRNA strand.

False At the end of the process of elongation, an enzyme then adds a string of approximately 200 adenine residues to the 3' end of the pre-mRNA strand.

True or false: During the process of translation, the large subunit of a ribosome binds the mRNA template, while the small subunit binds tRNA.

False During the process of translation, the small subunit of a ribosome binds the mRNA template, while the large subunit binds tRNA.

True or false: Each domain of organisms has its own unique genetic code for protein synthesis.

False Each domain of organisms uses the same genetic code for protein synthesis.

True or false: Gel electrophoresis allows biologists to study the exact base pair sequence of a genetic fragment.

False Gel electrophoresis does not allow biologists to study the exact base pair sequence of a genetic fragment.

True or false: Gene therapy in humans is a common procedure to treat and prevent genetic diseases.

False Gene therapy in humans is not a common procedure to treat and prevent genetic diseases, and is still quite experimental

True or false: Telomeres grow in length with each round of DNA replication.

False Telomeres get shorter in length with each round of DNA replication.

Evidence of evolution (5)

Fossil, anatomy, embryology, vestigial structures, biogeography.

Fill in the blank: _____ is regulated primarily at the transcriptional level in prokaryotes, while it is regulated at many levels in eukaryotes.

Gene expression

Mutation and sexual reproduction cause _____________ _____________.

Genetic;diversity.

The codon for GGU codes for which amino acid?

Glycine (Gly)

Which of the following has been genetically modified or enhanced for commercialized medical or agricultural purposes?

H1N1 Flu Vaccine

What enzyme is responsible for unwinding the DNA during replication?

Helicase

What type of bonds hold nitrogenous bases from complementary strands together?

Hydrogen bonds

Example of allopatric speciation (2).

If a river forms to separate individuals of one species into two groups. These groups evolve into two separate species and this would be considered allopatric speciation because a new species could form in the different places.

Conjugation

In bacteria, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Fill in the blank: All the pre-mRNA's _____ need to be removed before protein synthesis to prevent transcription errors.

Introns

Allopatric speciation

Involves a geographic separation of populations from a parent species and subsequent evolution.

The codon AUA codes for which amino acid?

Isoleucine (Ile)

After a plasmid has been inserted into a section of DNA and hydrogen bonds have formed between complementary bases, what enzyme ensures the DNA fragments are permanently bonded together with covalent bonds?

Ligase

Which of the following is involved in DNA replication?

Ligase

What is the study of genomes of multiple species that interact in an environment, which can also be used to identify new species, called?

Metagenomics

5 assumptions for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Not selection, no mutation, no migration, large population and random mating.

Fill in the blank: _____ excision repair, in which the DNA double helix is unwound and separated, is one method in which genetic material is repaired after damage caused by ultraviolet light.

Nucleotide

Where does epigenetic regulation take place in a eukaryotic cell?

Nucleus

When a patient has been prescribed certain medications that will be most effective based on their genome sequence, which of the following fields has been applied?

Pharmacogenomics

Fill in the blank: _____, independent circular DNA fragments, are essential to the process of molecular cloning.

Plasmids

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Population's allele and genotype frequencies are constant unless there is an evolutionary force acting on them.

What is the term for gene regulation that occurs by removing introns and splicing together exons that will be sent to a ribosome?

Post-transcriptional level of regulation

Which of the following terms describes gene regulation that occurs by rendering a protein non-functional?

Post-translational level of regulation

Macroevolution

Processed that gave rise to new species and higher taxonomic groups with widely divergent characters.

Fill in the blank: Great strides have been made in the early detection of cancer in humans through the process of _____, which tests for protein signatures.

Proteomics

What protein is responsible for creating new strands of mRNA?

RNA polymerase

Proteins that are created via DNA that has been modified with plasmid DNA are referred to as which of the following?

Recombinant

Which of the following is associated with RNA?

Ribose

Which of the following is involved during the process of translation?

Ribosomes

Analogous Structure

Similar in function and appearance, but do not share an origin in a common ancestor. Ex: wings of bats and insects

Fill in the blank: Long lengths of DNA fit into the small space in an Escherichia coli bacterium through a process called _____.

Supercoiling

Which of the following is a step during translation?

Termination at the stop codon

The different beak shapes in the Galapagos island finches is best explained by the idea that...(3)

That they descended from a common South American ancestor. Those who had beaks best suited for their unique environments were more likely to pass on their advantageous traits to their offspring. Over time, created a wide variety of beaks suited for different food sources.

Microevolution (2)

The changes in a population's genetic structure (i.e., allele frequency); gradual change of a population over time.

How does a tRNA know which amino acid to add to the growing peptide chain during translation?

The codon on the mRNA and the anti-codon on the tRNA are complementary.

Speciation

The formation of two species from one original species.

Natural selection

The greater relative survival and reproduction of individuals in a population that have favorable heritable traits, leading to evolutionary change.

Bottleneck effect (2)

The magnification of genetic drift as a result of natural events or catastrophes; large portion of the genome suddenly being wiped out.

Molecular Cloning

The means of copying a short stretch of genetic material

Reproductive Cloning

The means of creating an exact genetic copy of an entire multicellular organism

Migration (2)

The movement of individuals of a population to a new location; in population genetics it refers to the movement of individuals and their alleles from one population to another, potentially changing allele frequencies in both the old and the new population.

Modern synthesis

The overarching evolutionary paradigm that took shape by the 1940s and is generally accepted today.

Cloning

The production of an exact genetic copy of gene, cell, or organism

Population genetics

The study of how selective forces change the allele frequencies in a population over time.

Variation

The variety of alleles in a population.

Most of the gene regulation that occurs in a prokaryotic cell occurs at which level?

Transcriptional level

Fill in the blank: The insertion of the Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) toxin into the genetic code of certain crops as a natural insecticide creates a _____ plant.

Transgenic

True or false: Animals such as mice and fruit flies have enough similarities to humans to be used as model organisms, leading to key life-saving medical discoveries.

True

True or false: In eukaryotes, DNA wraps around proteins known as histones inside the nucleus of the cell.

True

True or false: The processes of transcription and translation occur almost simultaneously in prokaryotic organisms.

True

Bacteria can transfer genes to other bacteria. T or F

True.

Which of the following is a type of RNA?

mRNA

Allele frequency formula

p + q = 1 p-dominant frequency q-recessive frequency

Genotype frequency

p² + 2pq + q² = 1 p²-Homozygous dominant 2pq-Heterozygous q²-Homozygous recessive