Unit 3: Physical Development and Parenting Styles

Schemata

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.

Developmental psychologist

A psychologist who research about study of how physical, cognitive, and social development changes over a lifetime.

Cross-sectional research

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

Integrity vs despair

According to Erikson,achieving a sense of integrity means fully accepting oneself and coming to termswith the death. Accepting responsibility for your life and being able to undothe past and achieve satisfaction with self is essential. The inability to dothis results in a feeling of despair.

Preconventional stage

According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgments are based largely on expectation of rewards or punishments.

Postconventional stage

According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgments are derived from moral principles and people look to themselves to set moral standards.

Conventional stage

According to Kohlberg, a period during which moral judgments largely reflect social conventions; a "law and order" approach to morality.

Accommodation

Adapting our current understanding (schemas) to incorporate new information.

Identity vs role confusion

Adolescence is the period of life between childhood and adulthood. According to psychologist Erik Erikson, adolescents go through the psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion, which involves exploring who they are as individuals.

Teratogens

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Alfred Binet

Alfred Binet (French: [binɛ]; July 8, 1857 - October 18, 1911) was a French psychologist who invented the first practical intelligence test, the Binet-Simon scale. His principal goal was to identify students who needed special help in coping with the school curriculum.

Attachment

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the second stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development. This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to approximately age two to three years. According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control.

Metacognition

Awareness and understanding of one's own thought processes.

Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory

Cognitive development is Jean Piaget's theory. Through a series of stages, Piaget proposed four stages of cognitive development: the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational period.

Concepts of conservation

Conservation refers to a logical thinking ability which, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget, is not present in children during the preoperational stage of their development at ages 2-7, but develops in the concrete operational stage at ages 7-11.

Permissive parents

Do not set clear guidelines for their children.

Erik Erikson

Erik Erikson has made a contribution to the field of psychology with his developmental theory. He can be compared to Sigmund Freud in that he claimed that humans develop in stages. Erikson developed eight psychosocial stages in which humans develop through throughout their entire life span.

Erik Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated by Erik Erikson, in collaboration with Joan Erikson, is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood

Generativity vs stagnation

Generativity versus stagnation is the seventh stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place during middle adulthood between the ages of approximately 40 and 65.

Nature vs nurture

Genetic code vs environmental influence.

Carol Gilligan

Gilligan began teaching at Harvard in 1967 with renowned psychologist Erik Erikson. In 1970 she became a research assistant for Lawrence Kohlberg. Kohlberg is known for his research on moral development and his stage theory of moral development, justice and rights.

Harry Harlow

Harry Frederick Harlow (October 31, 1905 - December 6, 1981) was an American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importanceof caregiving and companionship in social and cognitive development.

Authoritative parents

Have set, consistent standard for their children's' behavior.

Phallic stage

In Freudian psychoanalysis, the phallic stage is the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of three to six years, wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon his or her genitalia as the erogenous zone.

Oral stage

In Freudian psychoanalysis, the term oral stage denotes the first psychosexual development stage where in the mouth of the infant is his or her primary erogenous zone.

Egocentric

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.

Preoperational stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to about 6 or 7 of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Sensorimotor stage

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Concrete operations

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

Formal operations

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

Industry vs inferiority

Industry (competence) vs. Inferiority. Children are at the stage (aged 5 to 12 yrs) where they will be learning to read and write, to do sums, to do things on their own. Teachers begin to take an important role in the child's life as they teach the child specific skills.

Anxious/ambivalent attachments

Infants with anxious/ambivalent attachment (12%) have ambivalent reaction to the parents. They may show extreme stress when the parents leave but resist being comforted by them when they return.

Avoidant attachment

Infants with avoidant attachment (21%) may resist being held by the parents and will explore the environment and do not go to the parents when they return after an absence.

Secure attachment

Infants with secure attachment (66%) confidently explore the environment while the parents are present, are distressed when they leave, and come to the parents when they return.

Assimilation

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.

Intimacy vs isolation

Intimacy Versus Isolation. As we enter young adulthood in our early 20s, we also enter Erikson's stage known as intimacy vs. isolation. During this stage, young adults face the challenge of forming close relationships with others. They develop intimate friendships and partnerships.

Konrad Lorenz

Konrad Lorenz Lorenz is best known among biologists for his pioneering work on imprinting in young animals.

Mary Ainsworth

Mary Dinsmore Salter Ainsworth (December 1, 1913 - March 21, 1999) was an American-Canadian developmental psychologist known for her work in early emotional attachment with "Strange Situation" as well as her work in the development of Attachment Theory.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.

Jean Piaget

Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. Piaget believed that one's childhood plays a vital and active role in a person's development Piaget's idea is primarily known as a developmental stage theory.

Longitudinal research

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.

Authoritarian parents

Set strict standards for children's behavior & apply punishments for violations.

Diana Baumrind

She discoverd these dimensions were then used to develop a typology of qualitatively different parenting styles based on levels of responsiveness and control: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive indulgent, and permissive uninvolved (Baumrind, 1971; Maccoby & Martin, 1983).

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality argued that human behavior was the result of the interaction of three component parts of the mind: the id, ego, and superego. His structural theory placed great importance on the role of unconscious psychological conflicts in shaping behavior and personality.

Newborn reflexes

Specific, inborn, automatic responses to certain specific stimuli; newborn reflexes gradually disappear as you mature.

Harry Harlow's attachment research

Studied attachment by experimenting by monkeys. Baby monkey still preffed the terry cloth mother monkey as their secure base even though it didn't have any food. Conclude, baby monkey chose physical comfort.

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation

Studied attachment differences by placing infants "strange situations."

Anal stage

The anal stage is the second stage in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, lasting from age 18 months to three years. According to Freud, the anus is the primary erogenous zone and pleasure is derived from controlling bladder and bowel movement.

Object permanence

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.

Genital stage

The genital stage is the final stage in Freud's theory of psychosexual development and begins in puberty. During this stage, the teenager has overcome latency, made associations with one gender or the other, and now seeks out pleasure through sexual contact with others.

Lawrence Kohlberg's moral developmental theory

Theory of Moral Development. The Theory of Moral Development is a very interesting subject that stemmed from Jean Piaget's theory of moral reasoning. Developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, this theory made us understand that morality starts from the early childhood years and can be affected by several factors.

Initiative vs guilt

This stage occurs during the preschool years, between the ages of three and five. During the initiative versus guiltstage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.

Trust vs mistrust

Trust vs. mistrust is the first stage in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at birth and lasts through one year of age. Infants learn to trust that their caregivers will meet their basic needs. If these needs are not consistently met, mistrust, suspicion, and anxiety may develop.

Lev Vygotsky

Vygotsky, a Russian developmental psychologist, pictured here with his daughter, studied how a child's mind feeds on the language of social interactions.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Whio rate, The Theory of Moral Development is a very interesting subject that stemmed from Jean Piaget's theory of moral reasoning. Developed by psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, this theory made us understand that morality starts from the early childhood years and can be affected by several factors.